COM 101 Final Exam

What are the 7 don'ts of using visuals?

1. Don't write and talk at the same time 2. Don't talk to your visual 3. Don't make visual/text too small 4. Don't use sentences - use key words 5. Don't pass anything around for the audience to look at 6. Don't leave up irrelevant visuals 7. Don't use transitions or sound effects on slides in PPT

Explain two reasons why it is important from an ethical standpoint for a public speaker to be fully prepared for each speech.

1. With a poorly prepared speech, the speaker wastes only a short amount of their own time. If the speech is 30 minutes, they waste a half hour of their own, where as in a crowd of 200 people they would waste nearly 100 hours of the audience's time. 2. Your speech can have a genuine impact on your listeners so you have to be fully informed about your subject and make sure not to communicate erroneous information and misleading advice.

In a PowerPoint presentation, the font should be no smaller than _______ point.

24

A research paper is _____ percent research and ______ percent author's analysis

25; 75

You should use quotations when there are _______ or more consecutive words

3

What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?

A particular part of the audience that you want to reach with your speech, whether that be those who are hostile toward your position, those who favor it, those who are undecided, or those who do not care

What is a question of fact?

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

What are 3 academic databases used to find scholarly articles and research?

Academic OneFile, JSTOR, Google Scholar

What does your textbook recommend as a way to deal with stage fright?

Acquire speaking experience. Turn negative thoughts into positive ones. Don't expect perfection.

This step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence is done by requesting that the audience do something

Action

What three things can make a speech vivid?

Adjectives, paralanguage, gesture

The following phrase is reasoning through what? If you are good at surfing, you will be good at snowboarding too

Analogical

_____________ reasoning is using reasoning that assumes

Analogical

What 5 steps should you take when managing and Q&A session?

Approach questions positively, listen carefully, direct answers to entire audience, be honest and straightforward, stay on track

This step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence is done using a particular tactic to create a hook in the introduction

Attention

What are the 5 steps in Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action

What are the 3 criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the internet?

Authorship, sponsorship, recency

What four uses of inclusive language can no longer be ignored by speakers?

Avoid the general "He," Avoid "man" when referring to both men and women, Avoid stereotyping jobs and social gender roles, use names that groups use to identify themselves

What are the 6 guidelines for preparing an introduction speech?

Be brief, make sure remarks are accurate, adapt remarks to the occasion, adapt remarks to main speaker, adapt remarks to audience, try to create a sense of anticipation/drama

What does your textbook recommend for developing your first classroom speech?

Be creative in structuring the speech. Use colorful, descriptive language. Describe an exciting experience.

What is presented in your textbook as a guideline for ethical speechmaking?

Be fully prepared for each speech.

What are four tips for using evidence effectively?

Be specific, use novel evidence, use credible sources, make the point of your evidence clear

When you need information about people in the news, ______ ______ are the most helpful

Biographical aids

What are the three purpose of a speech of introduction?

Build enthusiasm for upcoming speaker, build enthusiasm for a topic, establish a welcoming climate that will boost speaker's credibility

How does language help create our sense of reality?

By giving meaning to events

If we reason by _________ __________, we reason the cause and effect

Causal reasoning

The following phrase is reasoning through what? Because the exam was hard, I received a bad grade

Causal reasoning

Which two visuals help show change over time or compare different items?

Charts and Graphs

Which kind of speeches are much shorter in length, usually two to three minutes?

Special-occasion

The following phrase is reasoning through what? You know three students who are communication majors and they all like public speaking, so therefore, all communication majors like public speaking

Specific instance

What are 4 things to consider when doing research?

Start early, make a preliminary bibliography, take notes efficiently, think about your materials as you research

Which of the following is recommended by your textbook as a way to improve your listening?

Suspend judgment until you hear all the speaker has to say.

Which visual helps organize parts?

Table

What are the 6 different types of visuals?

Tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, illustrations/clipart, photos/video

What 4 things should you consider when taking effective notes during your research?

Take plenty, record them in a consistent format, make a separate entry for each, and distinguish among direct quotes, paraphrases, and your own ideas

What are three types of imagery?

Concrete language, simile, metaphor

What four things are important when it comes to speaking

Confidence, sincerity, thoughtfulness, credibility

What are 2 things you should do to make your language vivid and animated?

Consider imagery and rhythm

What are the three types of supporting materials?

Examples, statistics, testimony

What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?

Expert testimonies are from acknowledged authorities in a field and peer testimonies are opinions of people like ourselves

A speech that is fully prepared in advance but delivered from a brief set of notes or a speaking outline is called a(n) __________ speech.

Extemporaneous

_______ _______ is the hardest part of the speech to get right

Facial expression

T/F: Language mirrors reality

False

T/F: Poster boards are effective for a large audience

False

T/F: You don't need a backup plan when considering your visual aid

False

T/F: Video clips are easy to use in a speech it is easy to make them flow well and everyone will see the correlation the way you do.

False - Difficult to use, hard to make them flow well, people may not see them the way you do

T/F: The design of your visual will help draw the audience's attention to it, so you should make it as dramatic as possible

False - It will draw attention, but keep it simple

T/F: Projection of a visual aid is optional for a large audience.

False - It's a must

T/F: Evidence should be generalized, not specific

False - Specific, not generalized

T/F: Gesturing randomly with your arms is effective

False - ineffective

T/F: It is easier to listen than it is to read

False - it is harder to listen than it is to read

T/F: You can cite an article in your speech based on an abstract

False - never

What are the two types of evidence?

Firsthand research Secondhand research

What 2 steps should you take when preparing for a question and answer session?

Formulate answers to possible questions and practice delivery of answers

What are the 5 aspects you should focus on when practicing speech delivery?

Go through preparation outline aloud, prepare speaking outline, practice speech aloud using only speaking outline, publish and refine delivery, give speech as a dress rehearsal

What are ten logical fallacies?

Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty

Explain the major advantages of using visual aids in a speech.

Heighten audience interest Shift attention away from the speaker Give the speaker greater confidence in presentation as a whole

How is a persuasive speech on a question of fact different from an informative speech?

In an informative speech, the speaker is nonpartisan and is strictly giving information, while in a persuasive speech on a question of fact, the speaker is partisan and the speaker acts as an advocate to present one view of the facts

This type of credibility is what the speaker has before they speak

Initial

What are the three types of credibility?

Initial, Derived, Terminal

Why is Monroe's Motivated Sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action?

It follows the process of human thinking and leads the speaker step by step to desired action

Why is a preliminary bibliography helpful in researching a speech?

It gives you a variety of sources and plenty of information that will be useful in your speech

Why is determining the specific purpose such a vital step in the process of preparing a speech?

It indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve and lets the audience know what you will be talking about

How is reasoning from principle different from reasoning from specific instances?

It moves from general to specific whereas reasoning moves from specific to general

What is one advantage of using the Internet for research>

It often has more recent information

Why is it important to start your research early?

It will always take longer than you expect and it gives you plenty of time to think about what you find.

What two things should you do after an interview?

Review notes as soon as possible and transcribe them

This step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence is done by explaining how the problem can be solved

Satisfaction

What type of source is interpreted, analyzed, or summarized?

Secondary

What three things can you do to enhance your credibility?

Show audience that you have competence on the subject, explain common ground and giving the audience respect, being clear and enthusiastic while creating your own personal style

_________ helps emphasize the information and helps the audience remember distinct information

Signposting

What are the two main considerations for visuals?

Size and design

This type of credibility comes at the end of a speech

Terminal

___________ are stories given from a witness perspective

Testimonies

What does it mean to say that people are egocentric? What implications does the egocentrism of audiences have for you as a speaker?

The audience is most interested in things that affect them and relate to their own beliefs, values, and well-being. This implies that the speaker must show why the topic they are speaking about is important to the listeners.

When providing citations orally, you should provide what four things?

The book/magazine/newspaper/document you are citing, author or sponsoring organization, author's qualifications, date it was published/updated

What are some downfalls of using the Internet compared to a library?

The internet has no central information desk, librarians, catalogues, or reference section

Before you interview for research, what 5 things need to be considered?

The purpose, whom to interview, arranging it, whether to record it, preparing questions

Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language?

The speaker must be respectful of the different groups that make up American society and avoid stereotypes based on race, age, gender, disability, etc.

Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in questions of policy?

The speaker needs to let the audience know that the policy has been effective elsewhere

What does your textbook recommend as a way to deal with nervousness in your speeches?

Think of your speech as an act of communication.

When using in-text citations, what four things do you need to consider?

Title, author, source, and year

What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech?

To inspire listeners and arouse/heighten their appreciation/admiration for a person, institution, or idea

What is the role of emotional appeal?

To make listeners feel emotion in relation to a value or policy

Give an example of a specific purpose statement for persuasive speech on a question of fact

To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next 10 years

Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a question of value

To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form off land transportation

Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a question of policy

To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards on amusement park rides

What is the main theme of a speech of presentation? What are two other themes you might include depending on topic?

To tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award Explaining the award if the audience is not familiar and praising the losers if the audience knows who they are

What determines the amount of attention you give to each of the issues that come with questions of policy?

Topic and audience

T/F: Instead of making direct eye contact, is looking at the tops of everyone's heads is helpful

True

T/F: It is fine for your papers to have an opinion, but it should be based off of research

True

T/F: On a poster, if you create a short list, it can be helpful to alternate colors every other line

True

T/F: One of the best ways to proofread is to go over your outline backwards sentence by sentence

True

T/F: Persuasive speeches are meant to make people feel emotions

True

T/F: Skimming material is an effective practice for doing research

True

T/F: The language that we use and vocabulary we select influence our speeches

True

T/F: Wikipedia is a good place to start learning about a topic

True

T/F: You should not use jargon when giving a speech

True

T/F: Your preview and review might be the same sentence

True

When it comes to the layout of your visual, less is more.

True - Keep it simple

What 8 steps should you take when giving a speech online?

Understand the special nature of online environment, know your technology, control visual environment, adapt nonverbal communication, adjust pacing, manage Q&A, rehearse, have a backup plan

What are three tactics for generating emotional appeal?

Use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

What 3 things should you do to use language clearly?

Use familiar words, concrete words, and eliminate clutter

What are 6 tips for using statistics in a speech?

Use them to quantify your ideas, use them sparingly, identify their sources, explain them, round off complicated statistics, use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What is one of the easiest ways to keep your visual clear?

Using bullet points

What are 4 criteria for using language in your speech effectively?

Using language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately

This step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence is done by giving examples of when whatever you are arguing for has been successful in the past

Visualization

What does your textbook recommend as a way to deal with nervousness in your speeches?

Visualize yourself giving a successful speech.

What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker? What does this mean for the speaker?

While the audience listens, the engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker by assessing credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals. They argue inside their own minds with the speaker, especially when the topic has a direct impact on their lives. This means the speaker must consider possible objections and address them in your speech.

What factors should you consider when planning to use presentation technology in your speech?

Why, how, and when to use it, which program you can use to greatest advantage, which aspects to illustrate,

Why is it important to reinforce reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

You have to demonstrate that the instances are representative to make your conclusion irrefutable

Why does a successful commemorative speech depend on creativity and subtle use of language?

You want to express feelings and penetrate the essence of your subject as well as generate a deep sense of respect

Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?

Your objective is more ambitious than speaking to inform and audience analysis and adaptation become much more demanding. Discussing controversial topics may increase audience resistance to persuasion and make the task more difficult.

What is an instance of informative speaking?

a business manager reporting on next year's budget

A(n) __________ is a summary of a magazine or research article, written by someone other than the original author.

abstract

Amalia needs to find information from scholarly journals for her persuasive speech on prescription drug shortages. The best resource for her would be a(n)

academic database, such as JSTOR or Academic OneFile

You can find peer-reviewed journals in ______ _______

academic databses

In her speech introduction, Kailyn asked, "Have you ever looked through old family photo albums and laughed at what people were wearing? Like many of you, I've noticed the changes in fashion and feared that my effort to look stylish today may eventually be a source of amusement to my future children." According to your textbook, by attempting to show her listeners why they should care about her topic, Kailyn was

adapting to her audience

If you were giving a speech to a general audience on the topic of Elvis Presley, the most important demographic factor to consider in analyzing your audience would probably be its

age

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas usually in a parallel structure is called

antithesis

According to your textbook, when evaluating statistics you should ask whether they

are from a reliable source use statistical measures correctly are representative of what they claim to measure

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation is called

audience-centeredness

What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?

brevity, humility, graciousness

Another word for specific instances is

brief examples

What are the three types of examples?

brief, extended, hypothetical

The key to finding a book on a shelf in a library is the ______ ______

call number

A ________ lists al books, periodicals, and resources owned by a library

catalogue

What are the elements of good speech delivery?

does not call attention to itself, conveys speaker's ideas clearly/interestingly without distraction, combines formality with good conversation (directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal/facial expressiveness, lively sense of communication)

If you quoted Charles McCreery, director of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, on the new systems in place for early detection of tsunamis, you would be using __________ testimony.

expert

If you quoted your brother who plays football in high school about steroid use among high school athletes, you would be using __________ testimony.

peer

What four aspects of bodily actions should you concentrate on in a speech?

personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

Examples are especially helpful as supporting materials because they

personalize your ideas

Advocating a position is most appropriate when the general purpose of your speech is to

persuade

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions is called

persuasion

The biggest thing that will help you keep your speaking rate regulated is

practice

"To inform my audience about the steps in creating a rooftop garden" is an example of a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

process

Moving around in front of your audience is called

proxemics

Your visual should be ___________ and ____________ your message

purposeful; reinforce

As a public speaker, you face ethical issues when

selecting the topic for your speech researching your speech organizing your speech

_______ has a role in credibility and aids in emotional appeal

sincerity

What 5 things should be considered in the design of your visual?

size, layout, type, color, clarity

Reasoning through a ____________ _____________ is taking a certain occasion and generalizing it

specific instance

_________ _________ makes a speech unique and special and can be developed through the use of personal pronouns

Personal style

A speech on _______ takes facts and moves them to judgements on morals and beliefs.

value

A speech of policy takes a speech of _________ and moves it to policy and works well with _________ speeches

value; action

Changing your rate and volume for impact is

varying delivery

Search engines that combine Internet technology with traditional library methods of assessing data are called

virtual libraries

The three major components that affect your presence as a speaker are

voice, speaker appearance, and gesturing

What are the 8 aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in a speech?

volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

The biggest mistake students make when faced with a research project is

waiting too long to begin

The ________ and ____ _____ _____ that you choose will affect the formality of a speech

wording; level of formality

Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. They are

need, plan, and practicality

Thinking innovatively and posing new findings/ideas with explanations is called

novel evidence

What are the two types of meaning and what is the difference? How can you use them to convey your message?

Denotative and connotative Denotative is literal and objective while connotative is figurative and subjective Denotative can be used to give a literal meaning to a word or phrase and using words incorrectly can change the literal meaning of what you're saying (ex: persecution and prosecution) Connotative can be used to give words intensity and emotional power

This type of credibility comes during the speech, comes from the competence of the speaker, and is created by what you say and do

Derived

Which visual is good for showing the relationship between items?

Diagrams

What guidelines should you consider when presenting visual aids?

Display where listeners can all see them, avoid passing them among audience, display them only while discussing them, explain them clearly and concisely, talk to audience not aid, practice with them, check room and equipment

What 7 things should you consider during an interview?

Dress appropriately, be on time, repeat the purpose, set up recorder (if using one), keep interview on track, listen carefully, don't overstay your welcome

Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear with causal reasoning?

Many events have multiple causes

List the four methods of delivery discussed in your textbook.

Memorization Reading from manuscript Impromptu Extemporaneous

What are 5 tactics for supporting ideas?

Narrative, Testimonies, Statistics, Examples, Visual Aids

This step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence is done by creating a necessity for something

Need

What are three issues you deal with when it comes to questions of policy?

Need, Plan, Practicality

When using language appropriately you should consider what four things?

Occasion, audience, topic, speaker

_______________ is what keeps your speech from being monotone

Paralanguage

What four things should you consider when considering the rhythm of your speech?

Parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

What is the difference between passive agreement and immediate action?

Passive agreement is convincing the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging them to take action, while immediate action is convincing the audience to take action in support of a given policy

What guidelines should you follow when preparing a visual aid?

Prepare well in advance, keep them simple, make sure they're large enough, use limited text, use effective fonts and colors, use images strategically

Original and uninterpreted information is which type of source?

Primary

What are the two types of sources?

Primary Secondary

If we reason by __________, we connect the dots

Principle

The following phrase is reasoning through what? Black things are hot, my dog is black, and therefore my dog is hot

Principle

What four methods of organization are used in persuasive speeches on question of policy?

Problem-Solution Order, Problem-Cause-Solution Order, Comparative Advantages Order, Monroe's Motivated Sequence

What are questions of value?

Questions about the worst, rightness, or morality of an idea or action

What are questions of policy?

Questions about whether a specific course of action should/should not be taken

What 3 things should you avoid when asking questions in a research interview?

Questions you can answer without the interview, leading questions, hostile/loaded questions

What are 4 tips for using testimonies in a speech?

Quote/paraphrase accurately, use them from qualified sources, use them from unbiased sources, and identify the people you quote/paraphrase

What is reasoning for specific instances?

Reasoning that move from particular facts to a general conclusion.

What is recommended in your textbook as a way to reinforce the central idea in a speech conclusion?

Refer back to the introduction

According to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are

competence and character

Your visual aid should __________ you, not be your entire presentation.

complement

"To persuade my audience to give blood regularly and to become an organ donor" is a poorly phrased specific purpose statement for a classroom speech because it

contains more than one distinct idea

What three things should you look for to determine the recency of an Internet document?

copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision

Devon is president of the International Student Organization. He is listening to the Dean of Students present her plan for a new multicultural center so he can decide whether or not to support the plan. According to your textbook, Devon is engaged in __________ listening.

critical

What three things should you consider when wording for a presentation?

oral style, clarity, vividness

Narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes are all

extended examples

A speech on a question of __________ is something you are going to argue as right or wrong

fact

When considering your topic for a persuasive speech, what are the three topics you can choose from?

fact, value, or policy

A _________ is an error in reasoning

fallacy

Audience adaptation is an important factor in which steps of the speechmaking process?

formulating a specific purpose writing an introduction and conclusion choosing visual aids

Language helps to shape our sense of reality by

giving meaning to events

According to your textbook, a(n) __________ is an imaginary story that makes a general point.

hypothetical example

Speeches of value always have facts and always move to _________ and working with people's __________.

individuals; emotions

As explained in your textbook, the three main parts of a speech are called the

introduction, the body, and the conclusion

We can classify sources by their ________ and _________

topic; purpose

According to your textbook, what should you include what in your preparation outline?

transitions the central idea a bibliography

What is included among the four major causes of poor listening discussed in your textbook?

trying to remember everything the speaker says jumping to conclusions about the speaker's ideas taking written notes while the speech is in progress

What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?

use to clarify, reinforce, and personalize, make them vivid and richly textured, and practice delivery to enhance them

What does your textbook mention as an advantage of using visual aids in a public speech?

using visual aids enhances the clarity of the speaker's message using visual aids can help combat the speaker's stage fright