COM100

problem-solving pattern

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe a problem and then offer solutions for it

topic pattern

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories

cause-and-effect pattern

a pattern that organizes the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes and effects of an event and then identify its consequences

anxiety

a psychological state characterized by worry and unease

fight or flight response

a reaction that helps to prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor

Symbol

a representation of an idea

rule of parallel structure

a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and subpoints in an outline should have the same grammatical structure

rule of division

a rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into subpoints, it must have at least two subpoints

rule of subordination

a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others

slideshow

a selection of images and text created in a presentation software and projected on a screen for the audience to see

stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

preview transition

a statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to shift to a new topic

main point

a statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic

verbal footnote

a statement giving credit for the words to their original source

summary transition

a statement that briefly reminds listeners of points a speaker has already made

transition

a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next

working outline

a structured set of all the points and subpoints in a speech

speaking notes

an abbreviated version of a formal speech outline

speaking outline

an abbreviated version of a formal speech outline

graphic slide

an electronic display of information in a visually compelling format

text slide

an electronic display of text used to accompany a speech

noise

anything that distracts people from listening to what they wish to listen to

presentation aids

anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses

evaluation

assessing the value of information we have received

self-monitoring

awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others

supporting

expressing your agreement with the speaker's opinion or point of view

avatars

graphic representations of people

instrumental needs

practical, everyday needs

pseudolistening

pretending to listen

ethics

principles that guide judgements about whether something is morally right or wrong

analyzing

providing your own perspective on what the speaker has said, such as explaining you opinion or describing your experience

empathy

the ability to think and feel as others do

cognitive complexity

the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways

listening

the active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message

relational needs

the essential elements people seek in their relationships with others

articulation

the extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly

specific purpose

the main goal for a speech or oral presentation

thesis

the main message of a speech

receiver

the party who interprets a message

context

the physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs

competitive interrupting

the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation

communication

the process by which people use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning

interpretation

the process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized

desensitization

the process of confronting frightening situations directly, to reduce the stress they cause

rebuttal tendency

the propensity to debate a speaker's point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking

hearing

the sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds

information overload

the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day

closed-mindedness

the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees

vividness effect

the tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perceptions of reality

confirmation bias

the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one's values and beliefs while discounting or ignoring information that doesn't

copyright infringement

the use of materials that are protected by copyright - such as photos or works of art - without gaming permission or giving proper recognition to their source

anticipatory anxiety

the worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech

decode

to interpret or give meaning to a message

adapt

to modify ones behavior to accommodate what others are doing

encode

to put an idea into language or gesture

backchanneling

using facial expressions, nods, vocalizations, and verbal statements to let a speaker know you are paying attention

message

verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning

Feedback

verbal and nonverbal responses to a message

transaction model

a model describing communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver most complete and widely used

interaction model

a model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context

HURIER model

a model of effective listening that involves hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding

thesis statement

a one-sentence version of the message in a speech

channel

a pathway through which messages are conveyed

space pattern

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech according to areas

purpose statement

a declaration of the specific goal for a speech

model

a formal description of a process

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

skepticism

a method of questioning that involves evaluating evidence for a stated claim

action model

a model describing communication as a one-way process

time pattern

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order

advising

communicating advice to the speaker about what he or she should think, feel, or do

Metacommunication

communication about communication

public communication

communication directed at an audience that is larger than a small group

channel-lean context

communication environments involving few channels at once

channel-rich context

communication environments involving many channels at once

small group communication

communication occurring within small groups of 3 to 20 people

communication competence

communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation

interpersonal communication

communication that occurs between two people in the context of their relationship

mass communication

communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media

intrapersonal communication

communication with oneself

empathizing

conveying to the speaker that you understand and share his or her feelings on the topic being discussed

glazing over

daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking

visualization

developing a mental image, such as an image of oneself giving a successful performance

mnemonics

devices that can aid short and long term memory

plagiarism

knowingly using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source

selective attention

listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest

critical listening

listening to evaluate or analyze

empathic listening

listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels

informational listening

listening to learn

content dimension

literal information that is communicated by a message

source

originator of a though or an idea

attending

paying attention to someone's words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate

stonewalling

responding with silence and a lack of expression on your face

paraphrasing

restating in your own words what the speaker has said, to show that you understand

explicit rules

rules that have been clearly articulated

implicit rules

rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood

relational dimension

signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated

signposts

single words and phrases that distinguish one point in a presentation from another and help listeners follow the speaker's path

fluency

smoothness of speech