COM100
problem-solving pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe a problem and then offer solutions for it
topic pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories
cause-and-effect pattern
a pattern that organizes the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes and effects of an event and then identify its consequences
anxiety
a psychological state characterized by worry and unease
fight or flight response
a reaction that helps to prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor
Symbol
a representation of an idea
rule of parallel structure
a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and subpoints in an outline should have the same grammatical structure
rule of division
a rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into subpoints, it must have at least two subpoints
rule of subordination
a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others
slideshow
a selection of images and text created in a presentation software and projected on a screen for the audience to see
stuttering
a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses
preview transition
a statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to shift to a new topic
main point
a statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic
verbal footnote
a statement giving credit for the words to their original source
summary transition
a statement that briefly reminds listeners of points a speaker has already made
transition
a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next
working outline
a structured set of all the points and subpoints in a speech
speaking notes
an abbreviated version of a formal speech outline
speaking outline
an abbreviated version of a formal speech outline
graphic slide
an electronic display of information in a visually compelling format
text slide
an electronic display of text used to accompany a speech
noise
anything that distracts people from listening to what they wish to listen to
presentation aids
anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses
evaluation
assessing the value of information we have received
self-monitoring
awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others
supporting
expressing your agreement with the speaker's opinion or point of view
avatars
graphic representations of people
instrumental needs
practical, everyday needs
pseudolistening
pretending to listen
ethics
principles that guide judgements about whether something is morally right or wrong
analyzing
providing your own perspective on what the speaker has said, such as explaining you opinion or describing your experience
empathy
the ability to think and feel as others do
cognitive complexity
the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways
listening
the active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message
relational needs
the essential elements people seek in their relationships with others
articulation
the extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly
specific purpose
the main goal for a speech or oral presentation
thesis
the main message of a speech
receiver
the party who interprets a message
context
the physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs
competitive interrupting
the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation
communication
the process by which people use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning
interpretation
the process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized
desensitization
the process of confronting frightening situations directly, to reduce the stress they cause
rebuttal tendency
the propensity to debate a speaker's point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking
hearing
the sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds
information overload
the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day
closed-mindedness
the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees
vividness effect
the tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perceptions of reality
confirmation bias
the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one's values and beliefs while discounting or ignoring information that doesn't
copyright infringement
the use of materials that are protected by copyright - such as photos or works of art - without gaming permission or giving proper recognition to their source
anticipatory anxiety
the worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech
decode
to interpret or give meaning to a message
adapt
to modify ones behavior to accommodate what others are doing
encode
to put an idea into language or gesture
backchanneling
using facial expressions, nods, vocalizations, and verbal statements to let a speaker know you are paying attention
message
verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning
Feedback
verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
transaction model
a model describing communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver most complete and widely used
interaction model
a model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context
HURIER model
a model of effective listening that involves hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding
thesis statement
a one-sentence version of the message in a speech
channel
a pathway through which messages are conveyed
space pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech according to areas
purpose statement
a declaration of the specific goal for a speech
model
a formal description of a process
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
skepticism
a method of questioning that involves evaluating evidence for a stated claim
action model
a model describing communication as a one-way process
time pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order
advising
communicating advice to the speaker about what he or she should think, feel, or do
Metacommunication
communication about communication
public communication
communication directed at an audience that is larger than a small group
channel-lean context
communication environments involving few channels at once
channel-rich context
communication environments involving many channels at once
small group communication
communication occurring within small groups of 3 to 20 people
communication competence
communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation
interpersonal communication
communication that occurs between two people in the context of their relationship
mass communication
communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media
intrapersonal communication
communication with oneself
empathizing
conveying to the speaker that you understand and share his or her feelings on the topic being discussed
glazing over
daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking
visualization
developing a mental image, such as an image of oneself giving a successful performance
mnemonics
devices that can aid short and long term memory
plagiarism
knowingly using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source
selective attention
listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest
critical listening
listening to evaluate or analyze
empathic listening
listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels
informational listening
listening to learn
content dimension
literal information that is communicated by a message
source
originator of a though or an idea
attending
paying attention to someone's words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate
stonewalling
responding with silence and a lack of expression on your face
paraphrasing
restating in your own words what the speaker has said, to show that you understand
explicit rules
rules that have been clearly articulated
implicit rules
rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood
relational dimension
signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
signposts
single words and phrases that distinguish one point in a presentation from another and help listeners follow the speaker's path
fluency
smoothness of speech
