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cocultural theory
explores the role of power in daily interactions
pragmatics
field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals
variables that influence listening
gender, age, nationality
influence on verbal communication
gender, age, regionality, ethnicity, race, education, occupation
emblems
gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning
regulators
gestures used to control conversation
adaptors
gestures used to manage emotions
conversational rules
govern the ways in which communicators organize conversation
connotative meaning
the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word
functional touch
the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word
attractiveness
the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities and/or behavior
passing away
the process by which relationships decline over time
sudden death
the process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant
listening
the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoke and/or nonverbal messages
syntax
the rules that govern word order
jargon
the specialized terms that develop in many professions
grammar
the structural rules that govern the generation of meaning in a language
proxemics
the study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate
semantics
the study of meaning
haptics
the study of the communicative function of touch
phonology
the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning
chronemics
the study of the way people use time as a message
matching hypothesis
the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are
love-intimate touch
the touch most often used with one's romantic partners and family
vocalizations
uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language
confirming communication
validate positive self-images of others
lexical choice
vocabulary
disconfirming communication
when people make comments that reject or invalidate a self-image, positive or negative, of their conversational partners
contextual rules
your use of language varies depending on the communication situation
ebonics
a version of English that has its roots in west African, Caribbean, and US slave languages
paralinguistics
all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress
nonverbal behavior
all the nonverbal actions people perform
human-nature value orientation
the perceived relationship between humans and nature
collectivism
a value orientation that stresses the needs of the group
uncertainty reduction theory
a theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other
predicted outcome theory
a theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion
attraction theory
a theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together
social penetration theory
a theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self disclosure
demand touching
a type of touch used to establish dominance and power
view of human nature
a value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture
preferred personality
a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to do or to be
power distance
a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power
dialect
a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
individualism
a value orientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals
listening style
a set of attitudes, ebeliefs, and predispositions about the how, where, when, who and what of the information receiving and encoding process
cocultural group
a significant minority group within a dominant majority that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns
culture shock
a feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues
withdrawal/avoidance
a friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other
people-oriented listening
a listening style that is associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others
time-oriented listening
a listening style that prefers brief, concise speech
content-oriented listening
a listening style that reflects an interest in detailed and complex information, simply for the content itself
polytheistic
belief in more than one god
monotheistic
belief in one god
cultural values
beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned
illustrators
signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal message
speech act theory
branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words
appearance and artifacts
clothing and other accessories
intercultural communication
communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different
deception
concealment, distortion, or lying in communication
reverse culture shock/re-entry shock
culture shock experienced by travelers upon returning to their home country
similarity
degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background
nonverbal codes
distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use
heterogeneous
diverse
polychronically
engaging in multiple activities simultaneously
monochronically
engaging in one task or behavior at a time
immediacy
how close or involved people appear to be with each other
proximity
how physically close one is to others
sapir-whorf hypothesis
idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world
culture
learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people
supportive listening
listening skills focused not only on understanding information but also to listening to others' feelings
critical listening
listening skills that are useful in a wide variety of situations - particularly those involving persuasive speaking
informational listening
listening skills that are useful in situations requiring attention to content
action oriented listening
listening style that reflects a preference for error-free and well organized speaking
nonverbal communication
nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning
gestures
nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving, or holding up a hand to direct people's attention
kinesics
nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior
encapsulated marginal people
people who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures
border dwellers
people who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns
constructive marginal people
people who thrive in a border-dweller life, while recognizing its tremendous challenges
barriers to listening
physical and physiological; psychological; conflicting objectives; poor listening habits (wandering, rejecting, judging, predicting, and rehearsing)
voice qualities
qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the 'music' of the human voice
SUER
sensing, understanding, evaluating, responding
relaxation
the degree of tension displayed by one's body
denotative meaning
the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word
long-term and short-term orientation
the dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth
soundscape
the everyday sounds in our environment
cohort effect
the influence of shared characteristics of a group that twas born and reared in the same general period
nominalists
those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker's perception of the world
relativists
those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but is itself the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individual's mental activity
friendship touch
touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring
social-polite touch
touch that is part of daily interaction in the US; it is more intimate than professional touch but is still impersonal
professional touch
type of touch used by certain workers, such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood, also known as functional touch
heuristic function of language 4
use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding
informative function of language 3
use of language to communicate information or report facts
regulatory function of language 2
use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others
interactional function of language 5
use of language to establish and define social relationships
personal language function of language 6
use of language to express individuality and personality
imaginative function of language 7
use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively
instrumental function of language 1
use of language to obtain what you need or desire
hate speech
use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category