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cocultural theory

explores the role of power in daily interactions

pragmatics

field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals

variables that influence listening

gender, age, nationality

influence on verbal communication

gender, age, regionality, ethnicity, race, education, occupation

emblems

gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning

regulators

gestures used to control conversation

adaptors

gestures used to manage emotions

conversational rules

govern the ways in which communicators organize conversation

connotative meaning

the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word

functional touch

the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word

attractiveness

the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities and/or behavior

passing away

the process by which relationships decline over time

sudden death

the process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant

listening

the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoke and/or nonverbal messages

syntax

the rules that govern word order

jargon

the specialized terms that develop in many professions

grammar

the structural rules that govern the generation of meaning in a language

proxemics

the study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate

semantics

the study of meaning

haptics

the study of the communicative function of touch

phonology

the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning

chronemics

the study of the way people use time as a message

matching hypothesis

the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

love-intimate touch

the touch most often used with one's romantic partners and family

vocalizations

uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language

confirming communication

validate positive self-images of others

lexical choice

vocabulary

disconfirming communication

when people make comments that reject or invalidate a self-image, positive or negative, of their conversational partners

contextual rules

your use of language varies depending on the communication situation

ebonics

a version of English that has its roots in west African, Caribbean, and US slave languages

paralinguistics

all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress

nonverbal behavior

all the nonverbal actions people perform

human-nature value orientation

the perceived relationship between humans and nature

collectivism

a value orientation that stresses the needs of the group

uncertainty reduction theory

a theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other

predicted outcome theory

a theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion

attraction theory

a theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together

social penetration theory

a theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self disclosure

demand touching

a type of touch used to establish dominance and power

view of human nature

a value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture

preferred personality

a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to do or to be

power distance

a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power

dialect

a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

individualism

a value orientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals

listening style

a set of attitudes, ebeliefs, and predispositions about the how, where, when, who and what of the information receiving and encoding process

cocultural group

a significant minority group within a dominant majority that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns

culture shock

a feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues

withdrawal/avoidance

a friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other

people-oriented listening

a listening style that is associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others

time-oriented listening

a listening style that prefers brief, concise speech

content-oriented listening

a listening style that reflects an interest in detailed and complex information, simply for the content itself

polytheistic

belief in more than one god

monotheistic

belief in one god

cultural values

beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned

illustrators

signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal message

speech act theory

branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words

appearance and artifacts

clothing and other accessories

intercultural communication

communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different

deception

concealment, distortion, or lying in communication

reverse culture shock/re-entry shock

culture shock experienced by travelers upon returning to their home country

similarity

degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background

nonverbal codes

distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use

heterogeneous

diverse

polychronically

engaging in multiple activities simultaneously

monochronically

engaging in one task or behavior at a time

immediacy

how close or involved people appear to be with each other

proximity

how physically close one is to others

sapir-whorf hypothesis

idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world

culture

learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people

supportive listening

listening skills focused not only on understanding information but also to listening to others' feelings

critical listening

listening skills that are useful in a wide variety of situations - particularly those involving persuasive speaking

informational listening

listening skills that are useful in situations requiring attention to content

action oriented listening

listening style that reflects a preference for error-free and well organized speaking

nonverbal communication

nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning

gestures

nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving, or holding up a hand to direct people's attention

kinesics

nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior

encapsulated marginal people

people who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures

border dwellers

people who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns

constructive marginal people

people who thrive in a border-dweller life, while recognizing its tremendous challenges

barriers to listening

physical and physiological; psychological; conflicting objectives; poor listening habits (wandering, rejecting, judging, predicting, and rehearsing)

voice qualities

qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the 'music' of the human voice

SUER

sensing, understanding, evaluating, responding

relaxation

the degree of tension displayed by one's body

denotative meaning

the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word

long-term and short-term orientation

the dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth

soundscape

the everyday sounds in our environment

cohort effect

the influence of shared characteristics of a group that twas born and reared in the same general period

nominalists

those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker's perception of the world

relativists

those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but is itself the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individual's mental activity

friendship touch

touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring

social-polite touch

touch that is part of daily interaction in the US; it is more intimate than professional touch but is still impersonal

professional touch

type of touch used by certain workers, such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood, also known as functional touch

heuristic function of language 4

use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding

informative function of language 3

use of language to communicate information or report facts

regulatory function of language 2

use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others

interactional function of language 5

use of language to establish and define social relationships

personal language function of language 6

use of language to express individuality and personality

imaginative function of language 7

use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively

instrumental function of language 1

use of language to obtain what you need or desire

hate speech

use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category