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Comm 101 Cards

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He is good at writing and understanding literature; she is a whiz at math and statistics; together they make a great pair. The concept of friendship illustrated here is

complementary

Transactional Communication Model

"It takes two to tango" Together we create our own meaning includes use of body language, tone, etc.

Interview

A conversation that consists of questions and answers that takes place for a particular purpose.

Extemporaneous Delivery

A speech delivery method where the presentation is prepared in advance, practiced, and delivered from a brief set of notes or an outline.

Intercultural Communication

Communication between individuals who belong to different racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic groups.

Which communication principle considers variables such as verbal, nonverbal, and behavioral aspects; the channel used; and audience characteristics?

Communication is complicated.

T or F: Denotative meaning refers to the individualized, personalized meaning that we give to a word

False

T or F: Dialectic theory assumes that relationships remain relatively stable and unchanging over time

False

T or F: Egocentrism is defensiveness carried to an extreme

False

T or F: Encoding is the assigning of meaning to an idea or thoguht

False

T or F: People of different cultures tend the perceive things in the same way

False

T or F: The term 'dyadic communication' refers to the context in which people in a group communicate with each other

False

T or F: Women exhibit discomfort at the small space they are allowed by others

False

Tattoos are perceived similarly for both men and women.

False

The process of understanding and sharing meaning within the self is called interpersonal communication

False

The process of understanding and sharing meaning within the self is called interpersonal communication.

False

The study of nonverbal communication includes symbols that are not words as well as nonword sounds that convey meaning.

False

The term dyadic communication refers to the context in which people in a group communicate with each other.

False

The word communication comes from a Latin term meaning "to speak with understanding."

False

True of False: All facial expressions are learned.

False

True of False: Eye behavior is the second most important source of nonverbal communication.

False

True of False: Several parts of the eye can change, which creates complex eye behavior.

False

True or False: Research has answered most questions about our sense of smell.

False

Using your computer to check the voice mail for your office telephone is an example of media convergence.

False

Vocal cues have no persuasive effect; nor do they convey information about the speaker's character.

False

When communicating with an American, it is important to keep in mind that a greater emphasis is placed on nonverbal messages as compared to verbal messages.

False

When we say that "words are arbitrary," we mean that words have a meaning in and of themselves, a meaning that is the same for everyone using that language.

False

When we say that "words are arbitrary," we mean that words have a meaning in and of themselves, a meaning that is the same for everyone using that language. Select one: True False

False

When you say that you "need to use the rest room" instead of saying you "have to go to the toilet," you are using slang. Select one: True False

False

When you say that you need "to use the rest room" instead of saying, "I have to go to the toilet," you are using slang.

False

When you wave "hello" to someone in the distance, you are using a nonverbal cue called an illustrator.

False

A systematic arrangement of symbols, letters, or words is called nonverbal communication. Select one: True False

False- Communication competence is simply the ability to effectively exchange meaning through a common system of symbols or behavior. As you will learn in this course, communication competence is not necessarily easy to achieve.

Which of the following is the best example of selective attention?

She immediately spotted the guy with the earring who looked so much like someone she had known before.

Interpretation

The act of assigning meaning to the stimuli we have selected and organized.

^Dissolution Stage (Dissolving)

The breaking of the bonds holding an interpersonal relationship together. (The end of a relationship) Stagnating- This step involves going through the motions with limited emotional engagement. -Employees going through the motions of their job -Couples who maintain routine with little enthusiasm -Friends who hang out because it's better than boredom or being alone Avoiding- This step involves the pulling away of one party, limiting contact, or eliminating it altogether. -Telling a friend, "I've been sick lately and haven't been in the mood to see anyone" -Telling a partner, "I don't want to talk about that" Terminating- This step is the action of dissolving the relationship. It can include overt interactions, such as an employee quitting, or covert interactions, such as not returning phone calls or moving away. -An intimate relationship can end with divorce -A friendship can end when friends acknowledge they do not want to spend as much time together or no longer have something in common

Selective Attention

The choice we make to focus attention on a specific sound or word.

Role Conflict

The clash between the expectations of different roles in our lives.

When a professor says that in order to avoid being counted absent you must come to scheduled classes, come to class before the bell, stay the entire class period, and leave only when dismissed, she is using an operational definition. Select one: True False

True

Kinesics is the study of posture, movement, gestures, and facial expression.

True

Men claim more space for themselves than small people and women.

True

Noticing the women in the room more than the men in the room is an example of selective attention.

True

Paralinguistic features of vocal cues are called "nonverbal" even though they include nonword sounds.

True

People are objectively aware of their own and each of their partner's physical attractiveness.

True

Perception is the mental process through which we interpret that which we sense

True

Perception is the mental process through which we interpret that which we sense.

True

Prejudices interfere with accurate perceptions of others

True

Prejudices interfere with our accurate perceptions of others.

True

Semantics in the science of meaning in language

True

Semantics is the science of meaning in language.

True

Syntax refers to the rules by which we arrange words

True

Syntax refers to the rules by which we arrange words.

True

Syntax refers to the rules by which we arrange words. Select one: True False

True

T or F: As we become closer to another person, we are more likely to reveal negative information about ourselves

True

T or F: Bargaining is when two parties attempt to reach an agreement about what each should give and receive in a transaction between them

True

T or F: Communication changes in different contexts

True

T or F: Connotative meaning refers to the individualized, personalized meaning that we give to a word.

True

T or F: Critical listening challenges the speaker's message and evaluates its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility.

True

T or F: Empathetic listening is essentially the same as active listening with the added provision that it includes a special effort to reach an understanding with another person

True

T or F: In the Johari window, the hidden area includes information that you know but others do not know.

True

T or F: Initially in a relationship we are more interested in a person's attractiveness, but later we are more interested in their empathy, care, and concern.

True

T or F: The process of perception includes selection, organization, and interpretation

True

T or F: Your perceptions shape your speaking and your listening

True

Temporary conditions like fatigue, hunger, or a headache can affect your perceptions.

True

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that our perception of reality is shaped by our language.

True

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that our perception of reality is shaped by our language. Select one: True False

True

The context of communication requires the most pre-structuring of the message in public communication.

True

The least touching occurs between fathers and sons.

True

The process of perception includes selection, organization, and interpretation.

True

The study of nonverbal communication includes symbols that are not words as well as nonword sounds that convey meaning.

True

To say that "fraternity members are rich" is a violation of the general semanticist's notion of indexing. Select one: True False

True

True of False: Facial expression is the most important source of nonverbal communication.

True

True or False: How we position our body and use our hands and arms is called body language.

True

True or False: Rules for nonverbal behavior are often culturally determined.

True

True or False: The process of using messages to generate meaning within the self is called interpersonal communication.

True

Vocal cues help a public speaker establish credibility.

True

If I notice that Heng and Yolanda are often together and I "fill in" my inference that they are now lovers, then I am illustrating the concept of perception called

closure.

Which of the following terms is NOT part of the definition of communication: codes signs meaning process

codes

Understanding another person's messages does not occur unless

common meanings for words, phrases, and nonverbal codes are elicited.

Intercultural communication

communication between two or more people with different cultural backgrounds

Which of the following is defined as the ability to effectively exchange meaning through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior?

communication competence

Interpersonal communication

communication that takes place between two people

True or False: According to the book, the most intimate context of human communication is interpersonal communication.

false

True or False: An increased quantity of communication promotes more harmony and understanding.

false

True or False: Communication is the simple transmission of information from one person to another.

false

True or False: Communication plays a minor role in fulfilling the purposes of a democratic society.

false

True or False: Learning about communication will diminish your self-perception.

false

True or False: The means by which a message moves from source to receiver is called feedback.

false

True or False: The term dyadic communication refers to the context in which people in a group communicate with each other.

false

True or False: Using your computer to check the voice mail for your office telephone is an example of media convergence.

false

t or f "No matter who sees a chair, they all see the same chair" illustrates the idea of active perception.

false

t or f Our physical characteristics are unrelated to our perceptions.

false

t or f People of different cultures tend to perceive things in the same way.

false

Which of the following is NOT a context of communication: interpersonal feedback intrapersonal public

feedback

__________ is the response to a message.

feedback

Organizational communication

formal and informal communication that affects the functioning of a business or other organization

Public communication

formal communication that takes place in large groups when face-to-face contact cannot be maintained

When you respond to a speaker with a verbal or nonverbal cue, you are

giving feedback

What is one strategy for appropriate self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships

reveal information to others as they reveal information to you

A realistic group leader understands that

the group may need help staying focused.

Situation

the location where communication takes place

Communication Process

the means by which we attempt to share meaning.

The critical-thinking ability is

the most important to the perceptual checking process.

Communication

the ongoing process of successfully transferring meaning

Communication

the ongoing process of successfully transferring meaning.

*(Lesson 11)* Self-Concept-

the process of visualizing one's self. An individual's self-evaluation or self-appraisal. Learn who you are: See yourself through the eyes of others; compare yourself to similar (and admired) others; examine the influences of culture; and observe, interpret, and evaluate your own message behaviors.

Small-group communication

three or more people

Why is it important to understand the elements of nonverbal communication?

to ensure your verbal and nonverbal messages match.

True or False: Communication is the process of using messages to generate meaning.

true

True or False: Communication scholars believe that people are the product of messages others send to them.

true

True or False: Having a local newspaper start placing video about news events on its website is an example of media convergence.

true

True or False: The context of communication requires the most prestructuring of the message in public communication.

true

True or False: The message that is sent to another person or group of people can be both verbal and nonverbal.

true

True or False: There are more opportunities for feedback in the dyadic context than in the small group context.

true

t or f Noticing the women in the room more than the men in the room is an example of selective attention.

true

t or f Perception is the process of using the senses to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation.

true

t or f Temporary conditions like fatigue, hunger, or a headache can affect your perceptions.

true

t or f The position adopted in the book is that everyone sees everything in his or her own unique way.

true

t or f The process of perception includes selection, organization, and interpretation.

true

Perception checking is a skill that helps us

understand another person and his or her message more accurately.

Perceptual checking is a skill that helps us

understand another person and his or her message more accurately.

Symbol

A sign that has a specific meaning or that represents something else.

Value

A belief about how people should behave or what goals are worth striving for.

Non-gendered language-

"The average student worries about his/her grade." "The average student worries about grades." Taking out the pronoun altogether is the optimum to ensure non-gendered language.

*(Lesson 3)* Critical thinking-

"The process of logically evaluating reasons and evidence and reaching a judgment on the basis of this analysis." -The art of identifying and evaluating information to guide effective decision making -Reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe and do -Requires rigorous standards of excellence and the skillful application of them

^Spatial Communication

(Distance or use of space) Intimate Distance The closest proxemic distance, ranging from touching to 18 inches away. This distance is short, and most people do not consider it an appropriate distance in public, such as kissing. Personal Distance The second closest proxemic distance, ranging from 18 inches to four feet. This is the area that you consider your protection from others. For example, we are generally not okay if strangers come into our personal space when we are standing in line; touching each other would be an invasion of our personal space. Social Distance The third proxemic distance, ranging from 4 to 12 feet; the distance at which business is usually conducted. Considered the "norm" when interacting in public, such as social functions, the workplace, and so forth. Public Distance The longest proxemic distance, ranging from 12 to more than 25 feet. We generally "stay away" from those we perceive as a threat. We are close enough to have that person in our vision, yet we are at a safe distance. ____________________________________________ (Territory or areas you personally claim) Primary Territories The longest proxemic distance, ranging from 12 to more than 25 feet. Personal territories that are areas you would call your own, such as your desk, your room, or your car. Secondary Territory Area that does not belong to a particular person but that has been occupied by that person and is therefore associated with her or him-for example, the seat a person normally takes in class. Public Territory Area that is open to all people-for example, a restaurant, park, theater, and so forth.

Barriers to critical thinking-

*Being smart-*Although being smart is a good thing, like all other good things, you must consider the implications.For example, people with a higher IQ might not be as likely to consider all aspects of a subject because they are confident in their own knowledge. *Human nature-*Because we are emotional beings, we are more likely to be empathic and sympathetic to those around us. However, these same emotions that can lead to empathy and sympathy can also lead to false or premature judgments and assumptions. For example, Shelly knows she has to see a therapist on Thursday to help her handle the death of her father. She has several judgments about therapists: they are too touchy-feely, they want you to talk about yourself so they can hold it against you, and they want to confront problems from your childhood that really aren't relevant to your current issues. Because of these premature judgments, Shelly is not very communicative with the therapist and ultimately only sees the therapist for two brief sessions. *Time-*Time is another barrier to critical thinking. We are typically in a hurry. We rush our interactions and conclusions. We do not have a lot of time to get to know someone or do a lot of research, and so we rely on what we already know or heard previously. This way of thinking leads to inaccurate assumptions and minimizes the possibility to understanding the big picture. For example, you observe a student crying in the hallway outside of a classroom. You determine that the student got a bad score on an exam and decide that the student is being overly emotional. After all, it's just one exam. This conclusion prevents you from reaching out to this student and *learning the whole story.*

Types of Groups

*Brainstorming group* a common type of group in the workplace that is created to generate ideas. *Informational group* created to share information related to a particular topic or objective. *Learning group* created to foster education and to create understanding. *Focus group* created for research. Groups are created for the purpose of answering questions related to a product, topic, or question. *Problem solving group* created to help address a problem or issue. Often, group members are experts in the problem or issue and can provide relevant and useful information. *Task group* created to complete a job. Their sole purpose is to get something done.

Facial Expression

A change that registers on a person's face in response to internal or external stimuli.

Selection

A choice we make about what aspects of our environment we focus our attention on.

Small Group

A collection of between 3 and 15 individuals who freely interact with one another and share a common goal.

*(Lesson 16)* Groups-

A collection of individuals who are related to one another by some common purpose and in which some structure exists. ex: 5 students working on a school history project.

Avoidance

A conflict resolution style in which you ignore, deny, or choose not to deal with an issue.

Competition

A conflict resolution style in which you view conflict as a contest you strive to win.

Transactional Communication Model

A contemporary view of communication in which we are senders and receivers of communication all the time and we influence others and create relationships through our communications.

Identifying goals for creating an communication improvement plan

*Identify your issues-* identify your issues so that you can address them. ex. One issue I have concerning verbal messages is that I tend to generalize and use the terms always, never, everyone, and no one. This can make others feel defensive. When you say to your partner, "You never take out the trash," this most likely not true, and your partner may become defensive. To address this issue, it is my goal to stay in the moment. I will address the current situation, not past situations. For example, I can say, "It would help me a great deal if you could take out the trash today." *Reflect on effective communication-*reflect on effective communication and how you will practice it. ex. I observed Sally providing nonverbal feedback when listening. She was nodding, smiling, and making direct eye contact with Stan. This was useful because Stan recognized that Sally was supporting his input, and he even stated to Sally that he appreciated her genuine interest in the topic. This seemed to foster productive communication as well as to support a productive relationship. I will practice this behavior by providing nonverbal feedback when listening to my friends. I will let John know that I'm engaged and interested, and this will likely help him feel more appreciated. *Take stock in what you do well- *take stock in what you do well and then ask others their perception of that element. Then, determine how you can make the two perceptions more congruent Sherona feels listening and responding are her strong suits. However, Ronald feels she tends to interrupt when others are speaking. She is now determined to listen carefully and wait for cues that the speaker is finished speaking before herself.

Forming Supportive Messages-

-Ask questions Be engaged in the communication process. Ask questions of the other and listen to the answers without interrupting. -Be inclusive Singling out a person or group and applying all-or-nothing language can bring about non-supportive messages. -Present an inviation Invite the other to be part of the discussion. Encourage expression of thoughts and feelings. -Think critically Think about the elements that make up language and critically assess your messages for any element that may lend to nonproductive and ineffective language.

Which statement about stereotyping is true?

. Some stereotypes are positive.

According to the textbook, first impressions

. are based on comparisons to ourselves.

Erving Goffman's theory of self-presentation is based on what type of perspective?

. dramaturgy

. If Anu was unable to control his communication in a way that presented an "idealized" version of himself, he would be lacking in

. impression management.

Which of the following would NOT be an example of an identity factor that affects perception?

. mental distractions such as daydreaming

At what age do people, on average, begin receiving specialized attention based on physical attractiveness?

High Context Culture

A culture in which most of the information in the communication is contained in the context of the message (the nonverbal cues or the situation in which the communication occurs) and group members tend to be less explicit.

Low Context Culture

A culture in which most of the information in the communication is contained in the message itself. The culture emphasizes verbal messages and explicit communication.

Memorized Delivery

A delivery method where the speech is committed to memory and delivered without any notes.

Latent Disagreement

A disagreement that has not yet become a conflict.

Intergroup Conflict

A dispute between two or more groups.

Interpersonal Conflict

A dispute between two people.

Emergent Conflict

A dispute that has erupted into actual conflict.

Intragroup Conflict

A dispute within a group.

Language

A formal system of symbols with agreed-upon meanings among speakers.

Mnemonic Device

A formula, rhyme, acronyms, or other technique that aids memory.

Linear Communication Model

A historical view of communication as a one-way process in which one person sends a message and another person receives it.

Interactive Communication Model

A historical view of communication as a two-way process in which one person sends a message and another person receives it and responds.

Intractable Conflict

A long-standing dispute in which parties are entrenched in their positions and are extremely resistant to change.

Reflected Appraisal

A message about ourselves we get from others.

Manuscript Delivery

A mode of delivery where the speech is read from a prepared manuscript.

Impromptu Delivery

A mode of speech delivery in which you speak without any preparation or notes.

Johari Window

A model that illustrates the process of awareness and self-disclosure in human communication.

Perceptual filter

A physiological limit on our view of the world.

Leading Question

A question that contains the answer the interviewer expects.

Open Question

A question that encourages the person being interviewed to talk; it cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no" answer.

Primary Question

A question that introduces new topics or subjects in an interview.

Loaded Question

A question that is difficult to answer because it makes assumptions that might or might not be true or it forces the respondent to make an unreasonable choice.

Improper Question

A question that is discriminatory, is not asked of all candidates, or is illegal.

Behavioral Question

A question that requires you to provide a specific example of how you handled a situation in the past.

Closed Question

A question that restricts the answer to a single word or phrase or to a "yes" or "no" answer.

Subculture

A racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, or regional group within a culture that has values, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors that are different from the dominant culture.

Ritual

A series of symbolic actions—also known as a cultural convention or a custom.

^Maintenance Stage (Maintaining)

A stage of relationship stability at which the relationship does not progress or deteriorate significantly; a continuation as opposed to a dissolution of a relationship. Integrating- The two parties begin to mesh and eventually become one. Each person may take on some personality traits of the other, and they are referred to as a unit by others. -When social circles merge -When friends become friends of the couple -When best friends begin to speak or dress alike -When we provide resources willingly to the other person, such as rent money or gas money Bonding- This step is the public display of the relationship. -Couples getting married -Best friends becoming roommates -Business partners entering into a formal contract Differentiating- This step is when the bond begins to separate, and we develop more of an individual reference point again. This is also when partners begin to feel the need to be independent of the couple and to develop an identity outside of the relationship. -Taking separate vacations -Best friends quit living together -Partners, such as group members, explore personal projects Circumscribing- This step is often the precursor to the dissolution of a relationship. It's when interactions may become fewer, and communication may be less fruitful or less often. Parties begin to withdraw from each other. -One person might spend more time with friends than with the partner -Friends might make other friends or do things with other friends

Groupthink Phenomena-

A tendency observed in some groups in which agreement among members becomes more important than the exploration of the issues at hand. Recognize and actively counter any groupthink tendencies evidenced in a group. A group could presumably try to prevent the groupthink phenomena from occurring by avoiding stating preferences and opinions at the outset.

Ethos

A term coined by Aristotle to describe the personal characteristics of a speaker.

Idiom

A word, phrase, or expression whose meaning cannot be derived from the individual words themselves.

three options for behaving in a relationship:

Adapting- Adapting is considered the healthiest option. This is when you intentionally apply strategic methods for interacting and operating in a relationship, including all the concepts studied in this course. To adapt healthily means to *communicate in good faith and to personify the concepts of a competent communicator.* Ultimately, you *engage in interactions that produce collaborative outcomes that enhance the relationship.* Maladapt- Maladapting is the most common option for communicators. This is when *you do the best you can, and go along with the relationship, although you are likely to experience side effects.* Maladapting is often the best any one of us can do. *The level of maladapting depends on your perception of your options and your perceived consequences.* "I hate my job, but it's a paycheck," "I stay in the relationship because of the kids." Deal Break- it is often the most difficult for people to invoke. Deal breaking is when you *exit the interaction or relationship to protect yourself, the other person, or the relationship.* It can be done on a macro level or a micro level.

Interpretation/interpret-

Also known as the evaluation stage, we now evaluate this information. For example, when people do not engage in a relationship, they are usually either mad or too busy.

Information overload

An amount of information that exceeds an individual's capacity to read and respond in an adequate and timely manner.

Expectation

An anticipated reaction.

Source Credibility

An audience's judgment of whether a speaker is believable.

Norm

An expectation that group members have about how others in the group will think and behave.

Neutral Question

An impartial, objective question.

Grapevine

An informal communication network in which messages or gossip are passed from person to person.

Task Role

An informal role that a member plays to help a group accomplish its work.

Maintenance Role

An informal role that a member plays to help a group maintain the relationships among group members.

Disruptive role

An informal role that interferes with the effective functioning of a group.

Structured Interview

An interview that consists of a series of prepared questions.

Unstructured Interview

An interview that might have prepared questions, but it also allows unscripted questions.

Demographic Analysis

An investigation of audience characteristics, such as race, age, income, and education.

Auditing

Another word for the term "understanding" in the listening process.

Noise

Any obstacle that prevents a message from being communicated.

What is considered an interpersonal relationship?

Any relationship involving two people that interact.

Tori wants to borrow his sister's car? What is the best example of effective communication?

Ask "Can I borrow your car to go take in a movie?"

Recall-

At some point in the future, it is likely you will recall this information to help you interpret the current situation. Be mindful that the recollection of this information is much more subjective than objective. For example, imagine that you are considering how to react to, or communicate with, your friend, and you go to that file drawer to recall your experiences with mad people. These experiences will guide your reactions, or communication. Also, pretend that the last time you confronted a friend about your feelings regarding her behavior, she got defensive. A big conflict ensued that ultimately resulted in harsh words, hurt feelings, and the end of the friendship.

Psychographic Variables

Audience characteristics related to values, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles.

process of self-assessment-

Be engaged in the process of self-assessment. With each interaction, assess your role before, during and after. Here are some tips:

Remembering

Being able to recall or to retrieve a message.

Ambiguous

Capable of being understood in more than one way.

Eye Behavior

Changes in the eye or the areas around the eye that communicate nonverbal messages.

The means by which a message is transmitted or the path the communication follows is called the

Channel or medium

Proximity

Close geographic contact.

Touch Communication-

Communication through tactile means. Meaning of touch -communicate positive emotions (a pat on the back) -playfulness (a slap on the knee). -direct behavior (holding another's hand for guidance). -Ritual touching can indicate familiarity (shaking hands, hugging). -Task-related touching supports another function (helping someone out of a car or helping another get dressed).

Verbal

Communication using words.

External Communication

Communication with the public and the media that goes outside the organization.

Nonverbal Communication

Communication without words.

*(Lesson 7)* Nonverbal Communication-

Communication without words; for example, communication by means of space, gestures, facial expressions, touching, vocal variation, or silence.

Stages of receiving and processing a message-

Conceptualization- Mentally visualizing an idea or plan Analysis- Breaking a complex idea or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. Evaluation- Appraisal or determination of the value of something. Synthesis- The product of combining a number of parts or elements toward a specific function. Application- Putting a product to a particular use or purpose.

Situation

Conditions at a certain moment in time.

Trust

Confidence that we can rely on someone else to meet our expectations of them.

Persuasion

Convincing others to share your point of view or to behave in a way you suggest.

What can contribute to effective communication in groups?

Critical thinking understanding of subject matter interpersonal communication NOT individualism

^Cultural norms and expectations

Culture is not just ethnicity or origin; it can include associations such as family, religion, gender, group membership, and so forth. One of the most influential cultural norms and expectations are gender roles—how a man or woman should behave. Example: American women are expected to behave differently than Mexican women. The norm for Italian males is different than the norm for Indian males. An even simpler example often experienced in the United States is that boys are expected to be strong (limited expression of emotion) and girls are expected to be sensitive (emotionally expressive).

*(Lesson 14)* Defining Culture-

Culture is the way we believe or behave. It consists of values, relations, representations, and artifacts of a group of people. Here are some key elements that define culture: Society Because culture shapes society, it is important to be aware of the influence of culture and its relevance to our interactions. Learning Culture is about learning. We learn how to behave or what to believe by being a part of or observing a group. For example, the culture in one city is different than the culture in another city. In other words, each city operates, or behaves, differently. Furthermore, there are different cultures within the main culture. Although the main culture influences them, these subcultures operate independently. Indivdual Culture is also about the individual. Gender is a cultural element that is influenced by the main culture. For example, boys and girls are often taught how to behave or interact based on what the group teaches about attitudes, values, and expectations.

In this lesson, misleading communication or lying was referred to as __________.

Deception

Direct messages-

Direct language is a message that is clear and direct. For example: "It's cold in here". The speaker may want to have the heat turned up, but is not being clear and direct. A more effective (direct) message would be: "I'm cold. Would you please turn up the heat?"

Intrapersonal Conflict

Discord within yourself.

Ageism-

Discrimination based on age. Avoid it.

^Walk the walk-

During an interaction, play the role of a competent communicator. Smile, make eye contact, be assertive, do not interrupt, listen holistically, and respond appropriately. Acting the part helps you identify with the part, and soon you will be the part.

t or f Ground is what you focus on the most; figure is the context in which you see the ground.

FALSE

t or f Proximity is when we organize stimuli based on their likeness or similarity.

FALSE

"Birds of a feather flock together" is an expression that illustrates the concept of closure.

False

A complementary relationship is one in which the two people mutually reinforce each other with compliments

False

A nonverbal move that controls communication, such as starting to move away from a person, is an example of a nonverbal cue called an adaptor.

False

According to Hall's categories, standing 4 to 12 feet from another person is called public distance.

False

According to the book, the most intimate context of human communication is interpersonal communication.

False

An increased quantity of communication promotes more harmony and understanding.

False

Communication plays a minor role in fulfilling the purposes of a democratic society.

False

Conflict is always detrimental to relationships

False

Denotative meaning refers to the individualized, personalized meaning that we give to a word.

False

Denotative meaning refers to the individualized, personalized meaning that we give to a word. Select one: True False

False

Developing rituals together occurs as people maintain their relationships

False

Encoding means assigning meanings of words into thoughts of our own. Select one: True False

False

Ground is what you focus on the most; figure is the context in which you see the ground.

False

In a symmetrical relationship, Helen might do the family budget because Harry hates math

False

Interpretive perception involves only internal stimuli.

False

Male children receive more touching from their mothers than do female children.

False

Paraphrasing is the repetition of a message in the same words.

False

People of different cultures tend to perceive things in the same way.

False

Perceptual constancy means that past experience has little effect on our perceptions.

False

Prejudices and stereotypes are unrelated.

False

Proxemics is the study of pronunciation and articulation in nonverbal communication.

False

Proximity is when we organize stimuli based on their likeness or similarity.

False

Communication is the simple transmission of information from one person to another. Select one: True False

False- Communication is far more than simple information transmission. Communication involves choices about the multiple aspects of the message: the verbal, nonverbal, and behavioral aspects; the choices surrounding the transmission channels used; the characteristics of the speaker; the relationship between the speaker and the audience; the characteristics of the audience; and the situation in which the communication occurs. A change in any one of these variables affects the entire communication process.

The term dyadic communication refers to the context in which people in a group communicate with each other. Select one: True False

False- Dyadic communication is simply two-person communication, such as interviews with an employer or a teacher; talks with a parent, spouse, or child; and interactions among strangers, acquaintances, and friends

The means by which a message moves from source to receiver is called feedback. Select one: True False

False- Feedback is the receiver's verbal and nonverbal response to the source's message.

Communication plays a minor role in fulfilling the purposes of a democratic society. Select one: True False

False- Few nations have a bill of rights that invites people to convey their opinions and ideas, yet freedom of speech is essential to a democratic form of government.

Learning about communication will diminish your self-perception. Select one: True False

False- Studying communication can help you feel confident in voicing and advocating your opinions and create space to give voice to others.

Using your computer to check the voice mail for your office telephone is an example of media convergence. Select one: True False

False- Technological convergence has occurred as voice, data, video, audio, and other channels of communication have become consolidated in our digital lives.

Encoding is assigning meaning to an idea or thought. Select one: True False

False- encoding, the process of translating an idea or thought into a code.

An increased quantity of communication promotes more harmony and understanding. Select one: True False

False- greater amounts of communication do not necessarily lead to more harmony or more accurate and shared meanings.

Sounds, such as "um," "uh," and "like," that we use when we speak is a measure of our vocal __________.

Fluency

Attending

Focusing attention on a specific sound or word.

Probing Question

Follow-up question that requires a person being interviewed to elaborate or explain a previous answer.

Organization

Groups of individuals who interact and cooperate with one another in a structured way for a shared purpose.

Escalation

Growth in the intensity of a dispute.

^Reflective appraisals-

How you are shaped by others' perceptions. Example: "Tony, you are a smart and resourceful student!" This perception of you begins to shape your own thoughts about your role as student.

. Which of the following is the best example of how role affects perception?

I am an honor student and president of the student body.

Perception

The way in which we view ourselves and our world.

Impersonal vs intimate interpersonal communication.

Impersonal -A college student writes a blog about her latest blind date. -Two strangers on a park bench discuss the weather. -A shopper says "hello" to a cashier. Intimate -A husband and wife discuss having a baby. -A boyfriend sends a "I love you text" -A mother and daughter talk about adolescence.

According to William Shultz, three interpersonal needs that are satisfied through interaction with others are

Inclusion, affection, and control

Automatic Attention

Instinctive focus on a specific sound or word.

True statements about groups

Interdependence can lead to frustration There is usually a common purpose. Structure tends to exist within them.

__________ is defined as any obstacle that prevents a message from being communicated.

Interference or noise

Understanding

Interpreting and evaluating messages to give them meaning.

What is likely to be used by technical/professional people.

Jargon

Paul is at home watching a politically oriented discussion show on cable TV. One of the commentators is making arguments that are faulty, which makes Paul very angry. But Paul cannot express that to the commentator on TV. Paul is feeling the frustrations of which context of communication?

Mass Context

*(Lesson 13)* Stages of a relationship: ^Building Stage

Most scholars agree that there are three steps to the building stage: initiating, experimenting, and intensifying. Initiating- This step is the beginning of the interaction. It entails small talk, quick interactions, and even brief physical contact like a handshake. It's primarily the step for letting people know you are aware of them and that you are a friendly person. -Handshaking -Smiling -Remarking about the weather -Commenting on objects, such as, "You have a cool car!" Experimenting- This step involves our investment for the purpose of determining whether we want to get to know the other person. Do we want to form a relationship with this person? By asking questions like, "What do you do for a living?" and "What's your major?" Intensifying- the relationship begins to take shape. You spend more time with this person, you express emotion, and you express attraction. -Spending more time together -Asking for input from one another -Doing favors for each other -Getting to know the other's associations, friends, and family -Traveling together

^Body communication-

Movement, appearance, and facial movements.

Interaction

Mutual action that affects both the sender and the receiver.

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange of something such as information, goods, or privileges.

Reciprocal

Mutually beneficial.

Self Disclosure

The willingness to share information about ourselves with others.

Ethical standards within the communication discipline have been created by the

National Communication Association

When you do not listen well because you are daydreaming, it is because of

Noise

^Noise-

Noise is interference to the message: weather, lighting, hunger, tired, traffic, headache, emotions. This is the interference that influences the communication process. Physical, emotional, psychological, and environmental are examples of noise. For example, you are sitting in a classroom listening to a lecture. The temperature of the room is cold (environment), and this distracts you from listening. The temperature is an environmental interference.

Status Symbols

Objects that communicate a person's social or economic standing to others.

Organization/organize-

Once stimuli have gotten your attention, you must decide what to do with this information or how to organize it. Where does it go? Picture having file cabinets in our brains and trying to keep all of the information in order. These file cabinets have drawers for experiences, categories, or schemas, such as personalities and characteristics, or reels. These are also known as scripts, or how you believe an order of events will be. This stage is like putting the file labels on the file folders. To continue with our example: your friend is not spending time with you, and this got your attention. Now, you must "file" that behavior somewhere. You begin to open your file drawers and determine where to place this information.

Fact vs. Opinion-

Opinion- a personal view, judgment, attitude, or appraisal. It is typically based on grounds *insufficient to produce complete certainty.* Fact- verifiable information about a past or present situation that is presented as objective reality. A fact is *a provable concept.*

Interpersonal vs intrapersonal communication.

Our self-messages (intrapersonal communication) are the foundation for how we interact with others (interpersonal communication).

Social Comparison

Our view of how we measure up against others in certain areas of our life.

The characteristics of a person's voice that helps communicate meaning are called __________.

Paralanguage

Sanction

Penalty for breaking a rule.

Perception-

Perception is your understanding and truth. It is how you make sense of what is happening. Perception is influential to the communication process, because how we act or react, or communicate or interact, is the result of perception. For example, if your perception of a friend is that the friend is not contacting you because she is mad at you, you may either avoid or confront your friend. However, if your perception is that the friend is busy and needs to make time to hang out, you may call the friend and plan a date. Perception influences the communication process because it ultimately guides the way a person will communicate and/or react.

How high or how low a person's voice is on a musical scale is called __________.

Pitch

Psychological Factors-

Psychology relates to how your audience thinks and feels about the interaction. What might be the attitude or the investment in the interaction? Let's look at some specific elements involving *Audience Analysis*: The process of analyzing a speaker's intended listeners. Analyze the audience in terms of its sociological and psychological characteristics and adapt your speech based on these findings. Resistance- An audience's willingness to interact in certain situations. Is the audience resistant to the interaction? This could mean that a group of people is required to interact, such as during workplace training, or it could mean that the person is not willing to interact, such as going to a family reunion when most of the family is estranged. Investment- Related benefits and incentives for the audience Is this audience invested in the interaction? Is there a part of the interaction from which the other party will benefit? It's of little use to meet with someone who is not willing or not invested in a production, interaction, or outcome. Benefits might include -An enhanced relationship -Sustaining productive communication -Meeting an objective -Collaborating on goals Knowledge- What your audience is already aware of and what they should be informed of. What does your audience know? This is not limited to information; it can also include what your audience knows about what will be discussed, your position, your intention, and your expectations. Helping the audience understand what to expect ahead of time goes a long way toward making the interaction productive. This technique is also useful on a personal level. It's not productive or practical to call a meeting with someone and surprise her with new information or decisions.

Encoding

Putting thoughts, ideas, or feelings into words.

125 to 150 words per minute is the average __________ of speech among speakers in the U.S.

Rate of speech

Responding

Reacting to indicate that we have heard, focused on, and interpreted a message.

*(Lesson 9)* Key listening skills-

Receiving Receiving is when hearing begins to shift to listening. understanding when you begin to decode the information that you have chosen to listen to. remembering The information you receive and understand must be stored so new information can be received and understood evaluating to judge a message. Messages may be evaluated for intent, meaning, emotion, the effect on the relationship to the speaker, and so forth. responding Responding can happen while the speaker is talking or after the speaker has stopped talking.

Long Term Memory

Relatively permanent storage of information.

Active Listening-

Responding to a person's message by repeating what you think they meant. A process of putting together into some meaningful whole an understanding of a speaker's total message-the verbal and the nonverbal, the content and the feelings. If you wish to listen actively, paraphrase the speaker's meaning, express understanding of the speaker's feelings, and ask questions when you need something clarified. when the listener is engaged in an interaction and not simply a bystander. By actively responding to the speaker, the listener can be both supportive and communicative. Paraphrase, ask questions, express understanding, stay focused. The best way to show that you are listening to a speaker is to maintain eye contact. If you do not do this, you may seem uninterested and distracted. Active listeners ask questions!

Is Self-Concept Different from Self-Esteem?

Self-esteem is the measuring tool for the value we place on our role (our self). If you consider self-concept to be peoples' objective assessment of who they are (their role), then self-esteem is the subjective evaluation of that role.

The parties who share messages with each other are called __________.

Senders-Receivers

Nonverbal Cue

Signal made without words.

Compatibility

Similarities in interests, attitudes, or values.

What is likely to be used in the neighborhood and on the streets.

Slang

What is not a true statement about slang and jargon?

Slang is not understood or used by most people

A distance of ten feet between two people talking is what Edward T. Hall referred to as..

Social distance

Stimulus

Something that causes an activity or action to occur.

Sociocentric Speech

Speech in which the sender and receiver interact to share meaning.

Egocentric Speech

Speech in which the sender does not adapt the language to the receiver.

Manners

Standards for politeness.

Five Elements of the Perception Process: Stimulation/Stimuli-

Stimulus-Any external or internal change that impinges on or arouses an organism. We are all drawn to stimuli, and these stimuli are different for each one of us. There is a saying: what gets your attention, gets you. This implies that, if the stimuli attract you, then you will have a reaction to them. For example, because your friend is not spending time with you, you are bothered. The situation has your attention.

Purpose Oriented Audience Analysis

Study of an audience based on the topic and purpose of a speech.

The term that refers to the arrangement of words is

Syntax

.t or f Closure is related to how we organize stimuli.

TRUE

t or f A speech of self-introduction initially requires intrapersonal communication.

TRUE

t or f We use similarity to engage in the organization of stimuli.

TRUE

Types of communication

Temporal context relates to time at which message is delivered. Social-psychological context refers to the relationships (norms, formalities) that influence a message. Cultural context involve the values, beliefs, and lifestyles of a certain group. Physical context relates to the environments effect on a message.

Short Term Memory

Temporary storage of information.

Key Elements of the Communication Process-

The communication process includes many variables that influence each interaction, thereby making each interaction unique. The source is where the message originates: face-to-face, media, computer mediated, and so on. The message is in the words or nonverbal cues. This is often confused with meaning, but we know that not all messages sent are in fact the same message received. Noise is interference to the message: weather, lighting, hunger, tired, traffic, headache, sad, happy.

Internal Communication

The communication that takes place between employees within the organization.

Message

The content a communicator intends to share.

Verbal Message

The content of communication devoted to words.

"Birds of a feather flock together" is an expression that illustrates the concept of closure. Select one: True False