COMM 1010 Ch. 17

Logicians note that there are about ______ types of fallacies.

125

Which of the following is an example of reasoning from principle?

"Lying is wrong. James lied to me. Therefore, James was wrong,"

Why can attaining credibility be complex for speakers?

A speaker may have more credibility on one topic than on another. Credibility exists in the mind of the audience.

If you were giving a persuasive speech opposing gun-control laws to an audience with varied attitudes on the topic, which would be the best source of evidence?

Academic research on the effects of gun laws

Which of the following is the fallacy that attacks a person to avoid dealing with the real issue in dispute?

Ad hominem

In their speech class, Robert, Sally, Lee, and Alicia each gave a presentation. Robert gave a thoughtful speech, which he delivered without any emotion. Sally spoke slowly to enunciate each word. Lee spoke with an even voice and was careful not to vary his tone or loudness. Alicia spoke with conviction, emphasizing her main points. Which speaker would likely have the most credibility based on speech delivery?

Alicia

Which of the following is the reasoning process in which two similar cases are compared and it is inferred that what is true for the first case is also true for the second?

Analogical reasoning

Which of the following statements is an example of specific evidence?

Approximately 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016.

Which of these is least likely to help speakers enhance their credibility?

Demonstrating objectivity about the topic

Which of the following is the type of credibility that results from what the speaker says and does during a speech?

Derived

Why can using causal reasoning be tricky?

Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy. Events can have more than one cause. The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it.

Which of the following is a way of enhancing your credibility as a speaker?

Establish common ground with your audience

Which of the following terms refers to the supporting material that proves or disproves something?

Evidence

Which of the following are benefits of using evidence in a speech?

Evidence can help persuade listeners. Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you.

Which of the following can be used as evidence in a persuasive speech?

Examples Testimony Statistics

Which of the following is a true statement about reasoning from specific instances?

Exceptions to its conclusions may exist.

Which of the following terms describes an error in reasoning?

Fallacy

True or false: The best public speakers refrain from explaining their competence to the audience.

False

Which of the following describes an error in reasoning from specific instances when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence?

Hasty generalization fallacy

In the introduction to her speech about proposed tuition hikes, Jomekia reminds listeners that like them, she is a student and on a tight budget. She is enhancing her credibility by

In the introduction to her speech about proposed tuition hikes, Jomekia reminds listeners that like them, she is a student and on a tight budget. She is enhancing her credibility by

What is evidence that is new called?

Novel evidence

Which of the following is the Latin name for the false cause fallacy?

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion?

Reasoning from principle

What type of reasoning was Bruce using when he argued that all U.S. state capitols have domes because in his travels he saw more than a dozen capitol buildings that had domes?

Reasoning from specific instances

Which of the following are sources that audience members are likely to be suspicious of?

Self-interested sources, such as a brochure produced by marketing companies Biased sources, such as radio stations that are associated with one political party

Which of the following is an example of an invalid analogy?

Senator Jones is overweight. If he can't control his waistline, he can't control government spending.

Which of the following statements will most likely be true if the audience perceives that the speaker does not have credibility?

The audience will not readily believe what the speaker says.

When audiences judge a speaker's character as part of determining credibility, what do they consider?

The speaker's trustworthiness The speaker's concern for the well-being of the audience The speaker's sincerity

True or false: Credibility can be enhanced.

True

True or false: Novel evidence should inspire the audience to rethink an issue.

True

Which of the following are appropriate ways to use evidence?

Use novel evidence. Use specific evidence. Use evidence from credible sources.

As a speaker, what are your major goals with respect to reasoning?

You must make sure your own reasoning is sound. You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning.

A fallacy is ______ reasoning.

an error in

The type of reasoning that attempts to understand the relationship between an event and its effects is called ______ reasoning.

causal or causal reasoning

Ethos is the term used by Aristotle to refer to

credibility.

The ______ herring fallacy is used when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

red

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable is called

specific evidence.

Marissa, an actress, is giving a speech on getting started in the entertainment industry. Marissa has high initial credibility, but as she gives her speech, it becomes quickly apparent that her start as an actress depended entirely on her uncle, a producer, and not her talent or hard work. As a result, her credibility drops. This is an example of how the credibility of a speaker is

dynamic.

The ______ analogy fallacy is a type of inaccurate and misleading analogical reasoning.

invalid

Ted, a computer scientist, is giving a presentation to a group of fellow computer scientists. How might Ted explain his competence to his audience?

By sharing that he has published more than one dozen academic papers on computer science By mentioning that he has a graduate degree in computer science

How can speakers successfully incorporate evidence into their speeches?

Imagine what the audience might be thinking Give evidence to answer the audience's questions and to resolve their objections Anticipate the audience's questions and objections

Which of the following is an example of a hasty generalization?

Jin sees three horses with brown hooves and concludes that all horses have brown hooves.

When using evidence in a persuasive speech, the speaker should do which of the following?

Make clear the point of the evidence

Maurice is giving a speech about global warming and tells a story about an Eskimo village in Alaska that was abandoned. He does not mention that the village was abandoned because global warming had resulted in the melting of coastal ice shelves and frozen sub-soils, both of which helped protect the village from erosion by the sea. Maurice's audience finds his story interesting, but they do not understand why he told it. Which tip for using evidence did Maurice violate?

Make clear the point of your evidence.

Which of the following is the credibility the speaker has at the end of a speech?

Terminal

Which of the following are types of credibility for public speakers?

Terminal credibility Initial credibility Derived credibility

Which of the following statements is true about a speaker who uses reasoning when making a persuasive speech?

That the audience needs to understand how the speaker drew their conclusion

The most important issue in assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially

alike.

The statement, "Most people support the legalization of marijuana, and therefore it should be legal," is an example of the

bandwagon fallacy.

Lucien is giving a presentation in which he encourages his audience to vote in the next election. He has passion in his voice when he talks about his own experiences voting. He explains how, when he voted, he felt like he was part of something important and truly made a difference. Lucien is

enhancing his credibility by speaking with conviction.

Nev is giving a speech on musical composition to a retirement community for its residents. He tells the audience about his degree in music and the award he won for a song he composed. Nev is enhancing his credibility as a speaker by

explaining his competence.

The claim that the high school drop-out rate has increased because more women have taken jobs in the workplace would be an example of

the false cause fallacy.