Comm 1014 exam 1 review

John Locke's descriptions of rhetoric

thought it was 'a perfect cheat' and 'that powerful instrument of error and deceit

what the original statues of harvard university required the president to do:

to lecture on rhetoric every Friday

pisteis

"proofs"; inartistic things you have to work with in Socrates's book, Rhetoric, he states that speech has three parts: ethos, pathos, and logos

Peter Ramus' definition of "speech"

"speech is the garment to clothe our reason"

Aristotle's definition of "rhetoric"

"the faculty of observing in any given situation all of the available means of persuasion"

positive contributions of the elocutionary movement

(1) Importance of effective speech delivery (vocal & physical) (2) Importance of the study of nonverbal communication (3) Influence on oral interpretation & performance studies (4) Influence on dance notation & choreography

3 reasons why elocutionist wanted to raise the study of the 5th canon of a "Science"

(1) Learn more about human nature -Voice and gesture are the "natural languages of the passions." (2) The 5th Classical Canon: Actio -Lacked scrutiny (3) English language was particularly suited to public speaking -a bit of an ethnocentric view

Rhetoric is concerned with

aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations

three general characteristics of the Scottish enlightenment

1) "Moderate" 2) Skeptical about Absolute Knowledge 3) Interested in Classical Rhetoric

pathos

emotional appeals

cogito ergo sum

"I think therefore I am" Descarte

Rene Descartes

"cogito ergo sum" I think therefore I am Father of Rationalism: self- evident + proposition deduced by reason are the sole basis for all that we know. Sought absolute certainty of knowledge and REJECTED rhetoric. Doesn't like it because it is sensory based.

Quintilian's definition of "oratory"

"good man speaking well" was Cicero-required students to memorize Cicero's speeches

Martianus

"on the marriage of philosophy and mercury" -first three of seven: grammar, dialectic, rhetoric

Quintilian

- institution oratoria (the education of the orator) -how to educate roman citizens -vir bous, dicendi peritus = good men speaking well

the Trivium

- written by Capella -books talked about grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric

Rene Descartes

-Father of Rationalism -I think, therefore I am -rationalism is self-evident -senses can be deceived

Cicero

-Greatest Roman orator -oratory has 3 practical objectives: please, instruct, win over -teacher and writer -roman consul -Martyr of Republicanism -opposed Caesar, which got him assassinated -Foils Cataline's Coup -New Man

humanitas

-Petrarca discovered Cicero's letters in 1345 -took from Cicero's writing to combine literary arts, moral philosophy and civic responsibility-an ideal of cultivated learning

Lorenzo Valla

-Philosophy is like a soldier under the command of oratory" -the vita contemplative (rejected the contemplative life) v. the vita active (accepted the active life) -ratio and oratio

Lorenzo Valla

-Philosophy is like a soldier under the command of oratory" -the vita contemplative (rejected the contemplative life) v. the vita active (accepted the active life) -ratio and oratio- reasoning v. oratory/eloquence

what students had to do to progress and graduate from college

-Students had to defend assigned theses in front of the Board of Visitors (Regents) at the end of the year to advance or graduate

way students were tested

-Students were required to give orations to the whole college & community -No written exams until the mid-19th century

purpose of education in early American colleges

-To prepare for leadership in the community (as it was with Cicero and Quintilian)

five classical canons of oration

-invention: creation of arguments -disposition: arranging of the part of speech -elocution: style -memorization -actio: delivery

Aristotle

-opened the lyceum -father of the empirical method: gathering data, drawing conclusions -truth is all around and is to be taken in by the senses (look on study guide)

Augustine

-vocation before he converted to Christianity: rhetoric teacher -which of the cosmological traditions he represents: parmenidian -hermeneutics (wisdom) and homiletics (speaking) -what he argued "the end of eloquence" must always be: to persuade

negative contributions of the elocutionary movement

1) Ignored the message; focused on the medium (2) Without Invention & Arrangement, rhetoric loses epistemic value (3) Public speaking came to be viewed as "artificial" (theatrical, acting)

why was augustine known for saving rhetoric in the western world?

Augustine told people rhetoric was a useful tool to church: persuasion and accurately interpreting scripture -use it to persuade people into spreading Christianity and defend the faith against opponents

faculty psychology

Based on the science of psychology during the 18th century in Britain The human mind is divided into "capacities," or "faculties"

primary form of classroom procedures

Classroom procedure was oral disputation

Which of the 5 classical canons did elocutionary scholars emphasize?

Delivery (Actio)

Thomas Sheridan

Elocutionist/actor. Vocal and physical delivery. Criticized Locke's definition of language as being too narrowly defined. "(t)he nobler branch of language, which consists of the signs of internal emotions, was untouched by him as foreign to his purpose." which extended our view of language to nonverbal communication.

faculties/abilities thought to be held in the human psyche (mind/brain)

Four "Faculties": Understanding Imagination Passions/Emotions Will

Eudemonia

Human flourishing. Developed by Aristotle

John Locke

John Locke's descriptions of rhetoric: thought it was 'a perfect cheat' and 'that powerful instrument of error and deceit' emphasized empiricism- knowledge through sensory experiences.

Peter Ramus

Peter Ramus' definition of "speech" "speech is the garment to clothe our reason" rhetoric is nothing but words you use to covey your ideas and coveying your ideas. 5 Classical Canons of Oration -Inventio- creation of arguments -Dispositio- arranging the parts of the speech -Elocutio- style- lexical and syntactical choices -Memoria- memorization -Actio- delivery Ramus Argument for Quintilian: The study and practice of moral philosophy through dialectic, NOT the study of skill in speaking, teaches the orator to be a virtuous person.

Lorenzo Valla -

Philosophy is like a soldier under the command of oratory"

Gilbert Austin Elocutionist.

Rhetoric=physical delivery. irish philosopher who believed that there was more to rhetoric than just words (body language, tone, gestures, etc.) Authored the Chironmia.

three elements of the social context in which this movement took place

Social Context (1) 18th century: no standardized spelling or pronunciation system (2) Opportunity for increased upward social mobility -For educated people -Not for those with N. Country, Scottish, or Irish accents (3) No system of electronic amplification

three things with which faculty and students in Scotland were obsessed with.

Students and faculty were obsessed with: --upward mobility --correct manners --correct speech (i.e., Southern English)

monroes motivated sequence

The Psychology of Persuasion ATTENTION NEED SATISFACTION VISUALIZATION ACTION

campbells philosophical rhetoric

The Understanding Speaks the language of LOGIC The Imagination Speaks the language of BEAUTY The Passions Speak the language of EMOTION The Will Moves the self toward ACTION

Alan Monroe

The modern version of Campbell's work.

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas Christian philosopher of Parmenidian tradition -adapts Aristotle's Logic to support Christian teachings -Patron saint of schools and universities -Summa Theologica

Thomas Aquinas:

Thomas Aquinas Christian philosopher of Parmenidian tradition -adapts Aristotle's book "Logic" to support Christian teachings -Patron saint of schools and universities -Summa Theologica: summary of theology

ratio & ortatio

Valla public property rational v. oratory by Valla

vita activa

active life believed by Valla

Contributions of the Moors

an intellectual, artistic, economic, and military golden age for Islam and Muslim scholars. After the Moors captured the city of Toledo they built a library that housed copies works by Aristotle and Plato, and copies of works that could be found in the library of Alexandria.

Two pisteis (proofs)

artistic and inartistic

tabula rasa

blank slate John Locke

3 aspects of ethos

character, intelligence, good will

ethos

character, intelligence, good will

Francesco Patarca

combined the literary arts and wisdom with civic responsibility

vita contemplativa

contemplative life-rejected by Valla

antistrophos

counter-part; flip side of the coin; one on one dialogue searching for ultimate answers and rhetoric use to get masses to understand

antristrophos

counter-part; flip side of the coin; one on one dialogue searching for ultimate answers and rhetoric use to get masses to understand

Peter Ramus

criticized Cicero, Quintilian and Aristotle -divided up the five classical canons of oration into logic and speech because "speech is the garment to clothe our reason" • the ways Ramus described Quintilian's definition of oratory: said that "such a definition of an orator seem to me useless and stupid" • the reason why Ramus rejected Quintilian's definition of oratory: because Quintilian's five canon's do not fit in with the moral philosophy that Quintilian now attributes to rhetoric • why "rhetoric" loses its epistemic power and, thus, its value to humans, according to Ramus's arguments: rhetoric and speech have NOTHING to do with creating and organizing ideas or arguments and so it loses its credibility • which type of "style" Ramus preferred: a "plain" style

Francesso Petrarca

cultivated learning: a model for thinking, writing, and acting in a society. Known as the "Renaissance Man". Created an ideal for cultivated learning (literary arts, moral philosophy and civic responsibility). Emphasized individual creative abilities (humanitas). Gets this idea after discovering Cicero's letters that discuss personal style. This moves the focus away from religion a bit

What Yale University stipulated should be the first act of the president

engage in formal debate with senior students

logos

entire package

3 types of artistic proofs

ethos, logos, pathos

George Campbell

faulty psychology -understanding, imagination, passions, will -the psychology of persuasion (attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action)

vir bonus descendi peritus

good men speaking well

eudemonia

idea of human flourishing

Maimonides:

jewish philosopher that believed in Truth

Averrones:

muslim philosopher that believed in Truth

epideictic

present;speaking at a ceremony on a special occasion to inspire listeners

two types of certainty from Descartes

rational certainty and mathematical certainty

res and verba

reason and eloquence

THE ENGLIGHTENMENT

rise in use of the scientific method, ends up very anti-religion, not anti religious. the man philosophic concern is epistemology. There is an emphasis on systematic doubt. Chief Political Concern "the rights of man"

homieletics

speaking; how we teach-how to give a sermon

meaning of la Riniscita

the rebirth of interest in all classical things

ideal of uomo universale

universal man, able to convey ideas and rhetoric

uomo universale

universal man, someone who has universal body of knowledge, worldly educated, cultivated his own arts

importance of the concept of humanitas during the period

uomo universale- "wisdom and eloquence" and res & verba "reason and eloquence"

hermeneutics

wisdom; how to properly interpret scripture

Martianus Capella

wrote a book on the marriage of philology and mercury. First 3 books were 3: Grammar 4: Dialectic 5: Rhetoric

John Locke

• Empiricism what he emphasized as the means to obtaining certainty of knowledge: direct observation; experience is the sole basis of all knowledge: trust your senses! • what famous term he is credited with introducing: communication