COMM 1201 Finals Notes

What are the 5 golden tips to a persuasive speech?

1) "You" Orientation - What's in it for me? 2) Common Ground - The more we have in common the more likely we are to persuade or be persuaded by others 3) Less is merrier - you want to get the audience involved slowly by doing one thing at a time 4) Audio-Visual Advantage - Your verbal must agree with your non-verbal messages 5) Establish Credibility (Ethos) - show respect for others

What are the primary purposes of listening?

1) Acquire needed information - lecturer 2) Evaluating and screening - listen to determine if the person and message are trustworthy or believable 3) Recreation - listening to favorite music

How do you organize persuasive messages?

1) Advance your strongest arguments first 2) Don't bury key arguments and evidence in the middle of your message 3) Tell your listeners what action you want them to take at the end of your speech 4) Present both sides of the issue instead of just one 5) Reference counter-arguments and then refute them with evidence and logic

What are the steps of the motivated sequence?

1) Attention - get the listeners' attention 2) Need - Establish why your topic should concern the audience 3) Satisfaction - Explain how your plan will satisfy the need 4) Visualization - paint a verbal picture 5) Action - tell the audience the specific action they can take to implement your solution

How do you persuade the neutral audience?

1) Capture your listeners' attention early in your speech 2) Refer to beliefs that many listeners share 3) Relate your topic not only to your listeners but also to their families, friends, and loved ones 4) Be realistic about what you can accomplish

What types of presentations are there?

1) Charts and Flipcharts 2) Photographs 3) Posters 4) Drawings 5) Graphs 6) Slides 7) Movies and Videotapes 8) Videos 9) Overhead Transparencies 10) CD-ROMs and DVDs 11) Audio Aids

How do you develop your persuasive speech?

1) Consider the audience 2) Select and narrow your persuasive topic 3) Determine a realistic purpose 4) Develop your central idea and main idea

What guidelines can help with Impromptu Speaking?

1) Consider your audience 2) Be brief 3) Organized 4) Speak honestly, but with reserve, from personal experience and knowledge 5) Be cautious

How do you decide which presentation aid to use?

1) Consider your audience 2) Think of your speech objective 3) Take into account your own skill and experience 4) Know the room in which you will speak

Whats tips are there to being a better listener?

1) Control your concentration 2) Show alertness and interest 3) Suspend judgment about the message and source 4) Take notes

How do you persuade the unreceptive audience?

1) Don't immediately announce that you plan to change their minds 2) Begin your speech by noting areas of agreement before you discuss areas of disagreement 3) Don't expect a major shift in attitude from a hostile audience 4) Acknowledge the opposing points of view that members of your audience my hold 5) Establish your credibility 6) Consider making understanding rather than advocacy your goal

How do presentation aids help in your speech?

1) Enhance Understanding 2) Enhance Memory 3) Help listeners organize ideas 4) Help gain and maintain attention 5) Help illustrate a sequence of events or procedures

How do you put persuasive principles into practice?

1) Express your goal in terms that are consistent with attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior of your audience 2) Make the advantages of your proposition greater than the disadvantages 3) Be sure your proposal meets your listeners' needs

How do you develop an extemporaneous style?

1) First rehearsing speech 2) Using many notes 3) Looking at your preparation outline

What are Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

1) Get their Attention! 2) Create the Need (Problem) 3) Satisfy the Need (Solution) 4) Help the audience visualize themselves with and without your solution 5) Call For Action

How do you persuade the receptive audience?

1) Identify with the audience 2) Clearly state your speaking objective 3) Tell your audience exactly what you want them to do 4) Ask listeners for an immediate show of support 5) Use emotional appeals effectively 6) Make it easy for your listeners to act

What are some listening misconceptions?

1) Listening is easy (Not True) - it involves concentration, understanding, communication 2) Good listeners are born, not made (Not True) - people can improve their listening skills 3) Better readers are automatically better listeners (Not True) - being a good reader and good listeners aren't connected

What does Impromptu Speaking lack?

1) Logical Organization 2) Thorough Research

What are Aristotle's Speech Elements?

1) Logos 2) Pathos 3) Ethos

What do you need to do when preparing presentation aids?

1) Make them easy to see 2) Include a Manageable amount of information 3) Use simple drawings or pictures 4) Group related elements into visual units 5) Establish a consistent graphic theme 6) Show numerical data graphically 7) Vary fonts and font sizes with care 8) Use color to create a mood and sustain attention

What creative figurative images should you use in a speech?

1) Metaphors 2) Similes 3) Personification

What are 3 categories of visual aids?

1) No Service Visual Aid - The marker board (Don't use it) 2) Full Service Visual Aid - Objects, Pictures/Drawings and Video 3) Self-Service Visual Aids - Handouts, PowerPoint, Document Camera

What types of aids can you use in your presentation?

1) Objects 2) Models 3) People 4) Drawings 5) Photographs 6) Slides

What are the differences between oral and written language styles?

1) Oral style is more personal 2) Oral style is less formal 3) Oral style is more repetitious

How do you use strategies for adapting ideas to people and people to ideas?

1) Persuade the receptive audience 2) Persuading the neutral audience 3) Persuading the unreceptive audience

What are some barriers to effective listening?

1) Physical conditions or external noise/interference 2) Personal conditions or internal interference 3) Prejudice 4) Connotative Differences in words 5) Overreacting 6) Limited Attention Span 7) Speed of Talk and Speed of Understanding - people speak 120 - 150 words a minute and understand 600 - 900 words a minute

What strategies can you use in persuasive speeches?

1) Problem-Solution 2) Refutation 3) Cause and Effect 4) Motivated Sequence

How do you use aids for maximum audience impact?

1) Rehearse with your presentation aids 2) Do not use dangerous or illegal presentation aids 3) Make eye contact with your audience, not with your presentation aids 4) Explain your presentation aids 5) Do not pass objects among members of your audience 6) Use animals with caution 7) Use handouts effectively 8) Time the use of visual to control your audience's attention 9) Use technology effectively 10) Remember Murphy's Law - if something can go wrong it will

What are the functions of gestures?

1) Repeating 2) Contradicting 3) Substituting 4) Complementing 5) Emphasizing 6) Regulating

What are examples of Impromptu Speaking?

1) Response to a question posed by a teacher 2) Unrehearsed rebuttal to a comment made by a colleague during a meeting

What are the keys to Manuscript Speaking?

1) Speak with vocal variation - vary the rhythm, inflection, and pace of your delivery 2) Be familiar enough with your manuscript that you can make as much eye contact with your audience as possible 3) Use gestures and movement to add interest and emphasis to your message

What are the ways you can use gestures effectively?

1) Stay natural 2) Be definite 3) Use gestures that are consistent with your message 4) Vary your gestures 5) Don't overdo it 6) Coordinate gestures with what you say 7) Make your gestures appropriate to your audience and situation

How is Impromptu Speaking described?

1) Thinking on your feet 2) Speaking off the cuff

What are the types of speeches?

1) To Inform 2) To Persuade 3) To Entertain

Why do you use gestures?

1) To indicate places 2) To enumerate items 3) To describe objects

What did Roger Ailes say to ensure maximum eye contact?

1) Type your speech in short, easy-to-scan phrases on the upper two thirds of the paper 2) Make eye contact at the ends of sentences 3) Use your index finger to keep your place on the manuscript

How do you use words effectively?

1) Use specific, concrete words 2) Use simple words 3) Use words correctly

How do you adapt your language style to diverse listeners?

1) Use understandable language 2) Use appropriate language 3) Use unbiased language

How should you move while delivering a speech?

1) With purpose, Not Distractions 2) Physical barriers 3) Transitions

What primary emotions do human expression?

1) happiness 2) anger 3) surprise 4) sadness 5) disgust 6) fear

What does rhetorical question mean?

A question that the audience members think about rather than answer out loud. E.G. Where will you be in five years from today?

Who is Paul Ekman?

A social psychologist who studied cross-cultural studies

What is the advantage of Extemporaneous Speaking?

A well-organized speech in an interesting and vivid manner

What is proposition of policy?

Advocates a specific action - changing a policy, procedure or behavior

What is the advantage of Memorized Speaking?

Allows you to have maximum eye contact with the audience

How does personal appearance play a part in delivering a speech?

Appropriate wardrobe varies depending on climate, custom, culture and audience expectations. General rule - when in doubt about what to wear, select something conservative.

What do audience prefer about Extemporaneous Speaking?

Audience prefer to hear something live rather than something canned

What does it mean to move with physical barriers?

Be mindful of things that could get in your way. If they make you feel too far away from your audience, move closer. E.G. Lectern, rows of chairs, chalkboard.

Who is Roger Ailes?

Consultant to Republication president and governors

What memorable word structures should you use in a speech?

Creative figurative images

What does personification mean?

Describing an item as if it were a real person. E.G. The ocean waves reached onto the beach

How does pause help in delivering a speech?

Effective use, also known as effective timing, can greatly enhance the impact of your message.

What does pathos mean?

Emotion

What does ethos mean?

Ethics or credibility

What does it mean to use gestures that are consistent with your message?

Excited mean use your gestures more vigorously. Pre-rehearsed gestures are likely to appear awkward and silted

What does complementing mean in terms of functions of gestures?

Gestures can also add further meaning to your verbal message. E.G. hold you hand up while declining something

What does regulating mean in terms of functions of gestures?

Gestures can regulate the exchange between you and your audience. E.G. extending both palms to invite a response when a question is asked to your audience

What does it mean to make your gestures appropriate to your audience and situation?

Gestures must be adapted to the audience. Large group means bolder and more sweeping. Smaller group means less formal gestures

What does it mean to not overdue it with gestures?

Gestures should be unobtrusive; your audience shouldn't focus on your gestures, but your message

What does it mean to coordinate gestures with what you say?

Gestures should be well timed to go with the verbal message.

What does it mean to be definite when using gestures?

Gestures shouldn't appear as accidental brief jerks of your hands or arms

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is just the sound waves entering the ear. Listening is much more than hearing - we pay attention to the message, try to understand the message and perhaps give feedback and communicate about the message.

What is a metaphor?

In an implied comparison

What is a simile?

Is a less direct comparison that includes the word like or as

What is proposition of value?

Is a statement that calls for the listener to judge the worth of importance of something. E.G. good and bad, right and wrong

What is a presentation aid?

Is any object that reinforces your point visually so that your audience can better understand it.

What is a proposition of fact?

It focuses on whether something is true or false or on whether it did not happen

What does Extemporaneous Speaking sound like?

It gives the audience the impression that the speech is being created as they listen to it

What is a proposition?

It is a statement with which you want your audience to agree

What is pitch?

It is how high or low your voice sounds. E.G. Monotone = boring.

How does rate help you deliver your speech?

It is normal to speak more rapidly when talking about something that excites you. You slow the speaking rate to emphasize key points or ideas.

What does logos mean?

Logic

What is Memorized Speaking?

Memorizing and delivering the speech word for word

What does contradicting mean in terms of functions of gestures?

Monitor gestures so that what you communicate non-verbally isn't contradicting what you are saying verbally

What is the 6 x 6 rule?

No more than 6 words going across or six points going down

What is Impromptu Speaking?

No preparation before the delivery of that speech

What is Extemporaneous Speaking?

Practicing in advance and using brief notes when delivering speech

What is the advantages of Manuscript Speaking?

Reading means you can choose words very carefully when dealing with a sensitive and critical issue

How does Memorized Speaking sound?

Stiff, Stilted, and over-rehearsed

What does it mean to vary your gestures?

Strive for variety and versatility in your use of gestures

What did Paul Ekman have to say about facial expressions?

The facial expressions of happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust and fear are virtually universal - so a culturally diverse audience will be able to read those emotions clearly.

What is rate?

The speed at which you talk. Most speakers average between 120 - 150 words per minute.

What is a symptom of speech anxiety?

The tendency to rush through a speech to get it over with

How is posture important in speaking?

The way you carry your body communicates significant information - if you slouch over the lectern - it doesn't show interest in your audience. The way you carry yourself communicates the intensity of that emotion.

What does repeating mean in terms of functions of gestures?

They can help you repeat your verbal message. E.G. I have three major points today (holding up 3 fingers)

What does oxymoron mean?

Two words of opposite meaning that are next to each other. E.G. icy hot

What does pause mean in delivering a speech?

Using this appropriately helps accent your message more than any other vocal characteristic.

How does inflection and pitch help in delivering your speech?

Variation in your vocal inflection and overall pitch helps you communicate the subtlety of your ideas

What is inflection?

When you raise or lower the pitch as you pronounce words or sounds. It is an important indicator of your emotions

What is Manuscript Speaking?

Writing and reading entire speech word for word

What does emphasizing mean in terms of functions of gestures?

You can give emphasis to what you say by using an appropriate gesture E.G. shaking fist

What is the advantage of Impromptu Speaking?

You can speak informally and maintain direct eye contact with the audience

What does it mean to use transitions in movement?

You may also signal the beginning of a new idea or major point in your speech with movement. As you change from a serious thought to a more humorous one, movement can be a good way to signal your approach to the speaking situation is changing.

What does it mean to speak with variety?

You need to vary your pitch, rate and pauses

What does it mean to move with a purpose and not distractions?

You want to move in such a way that you are not changing the audiences focus from the speech to how you move. The movement should be consistent with the verbal, and make sense not appear as aimless wandering

How does facial expression play a role in delivering a speech?

Your face plays a key role in expressing your thoughts, emotions and attitudes. Your expression should naturally vary to be consistent with your message.

What does substituting mean in terms of functions of gestures?

Your gestures can substitute your message. E.G. hold your hand up - silences a crowd

What does it mean to stay natural when using gestures?

Your gestures should be relaxed, not tense or rigid. They should flow from your message.

What does the best rate depend on?

Your speaking style and the content of your message.

How should your posture me with delivering a speech?

Your stance should come naturally depending on your surroundings and the type of speech you are giving.