Comm 122 Final

Know the purpose (objective) for each of the five special occasion speeches

-Introduction speech: to build enthusiasm for an upcoming speaker -Presentation speech: speech that presents someone a gift, award, etc. -Acceptance speech: speech that gives thanks for a gift, award, etc. -Commemorative speech: speech of praise or celebration.

Know differences between questions of fact, value, and policy. Be able to identify each.

-Questions of fact are questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion. These are questions when the answer is either just right or wrong. -Questions of value are questions about the worth, rightness, morality, etc of an idea or action. These are a person's belief, and do not have just one answer to them. -Questions of policy are questions about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. These questions deal with a specific course of action.

Pros and Cons of the four methods of speech delivery

-Reading from a Manuscript. PROS: you always get the speech word for word. CONS: it is hard to sound natural while reading off a manuscript. -Reciting from Memory. PROS: the audience is always impressed by this. CONS: try to not focus so much on remembering your words, and communicate with the audience. -Speaking Impromtu. PROS: Many of the speeches in your life will be speeches like this. CONS: it is hard to explain yourself in such little words. -Speaking Extemporaneously. PROS: there is precise control over thought and language. CONS: you must always still sound spontaneous, no matter how short it is or how much you've rehearsed it.

Know steps and sub-points in Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

-Step 1: Attention (introduction) -Step 2: Need (body) -Step 3: Satisfaction (body) -Step 4: Visualization (body) -Step 5: Action (Conclusion)

Either-or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. (EX: being given the ultimatum that you must either buy that shirt or that pair of shoes.)

Know different types of graphs and for which type of information each graph is best suited

A line graph is best for changes in statistics over time or space. A bar graph is best for comparison of two or more items.

What is a multimedia presentation

A multimedia presentation is when there is more than just one type of visual aid available

Relationship between eye contact and credibility

A person who does not have good eye contact with their audience does not look like they are telling the truth since the eyes are "the windows to the soul."

Know how to recognize a smilie

A simile is imagery that uses "like" or "as."

Tips on using inclusive language

Avoid generalizing (he, she,) avoid using man when speaking about men and women both, avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles because of gender, and use names that groups use to identify themselves.

Difference between denotative and connotative meaning.

Denotative means the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase, while connotative means suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.

Guidelines for informative speaking

Don't overestimate what the audience knows; relate the subject directly to the audience; don't be too technical; avoid abstractions; personalize your ideas; and be creative.

Tips for enhancing credibility

Explain your competence, establish common ground with your audience, and deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

Guidelines for creating a speaking outline.

Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline; make sure the outline is legible; and keep the outline as brief as possible.

Examples of Cliches

Fresh as a daisy; Hungry as a bear; Fit as a fiddle; Busy as a bee; Strong as an ox, etc.

Know types of credibility

Initial credibility, Derived credibility, and terminal credibility

How listeners process a persuasive message

Listeners process a persuasive message by the speaker's ability to be with the audience. When they listen to the speech, they are also noticing the speakers: credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals.

How to correctly word a main point.

Make a clear visual framework around the main point in order to set it up.

Tips for using language appropriately

Make sure it is appropriate to the audience, topic, and speaker.

Know how to use a metaphor

Metaphors are the comparison of things without using like or as.

Know how to recognize parallelism, alliteration, and antithesis.

Parallelism is the recognition of two opposite things (rich and poor,) alliteration is the repeating of the first letter of the words in a sentence (sally sold sea shells by the sea,) and antithesis is contrasting of ideas (don't negotiate out of fear, but do not fear to negotiate.)

What is reasoning from principle- be able to recognize an example

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. (EX: If you state that everyone is mortal, then you state, Socrates is a person, you can just state that Socrates is Mortal.)

What is reasoning from specific instance- be able to also recognize an example

Reasoning that moves from particular facts t a general conclusion (EX: Overall stating that physical education is easy since it was easy for three different times.)

What is casual reasoning- be able to recognize an example

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. (EX: If there is a block of ice on the floor that makes you fall and break a bone, you would state that since that block was there, that was the reason you fell and broke a bone.)

Know five factors of credibility

Sociability, dynamism, physical attractiveness, and perceived similarity between speaker and audience.

Relationship between addressing objections and a hostile audience

Sometimes your objections will have people already agreeing with you before you even give your speech, have at least some neutral people swaying towards your opinions, and no matter how much you practice your speech, some people will never agree with you.

Know four types of informative speeches. Be able to identify type if given specific purpose statement.

Speeches about objects: people, animals, books, etc; speeches about process: how something is made, done, or how it works; speeches about events: anything that has happened or is happening; and speeches about concepts: beliefs, theories, ideas, principles, etc.

Guidelines for creating a preparation outline

State the specific purpose of your speech, identify the central idea, label the introduction, body and conclusion, and use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.

Relationship between informative speaking and audience's knowledge of topic

The speaker should inform their audience well in the beginning about what they are speaking about, or else it wouldn't make sense.

When should visual aids be distributed

These should be given out at the end of the speech, so the audience pays attention to their speech instead of the visual aid.

Pointers on how to use words clearly.

To use clear language, you should: use familiar words, choose concrete words, and eliminate verbal clutter.

Examples of/understanding of concrete versus specific language.

To use something as concrete, you would say basketball. However, to give specific meaning, you would name a certain basketball player, like Kobe Bryant.

Tips for generating emotional appeal

Use emotional language, develop vivid images, and speak with sincerity and conviction.

Relationship between visual aids and credibility

Visual aids help with credibility because it gives visual proof that the facts the speaker is stating is true and valid from a reliable source.

When should visual aids be displayed

When the topic of the visual aid is being discussed.

Tips for avoiding abstractions

You can avoid abstractions by avoiding: descriptions, comparisons, and contrast.

What should be your first step when practicing your speech delivery

You should go through your outline out loud and make sure that everything translates from paper fine.

Be familiar with information regarding volume in regard to delivery

You should have a consistent: pitch, volume, rate, amount of pauses, vocal variety, and pronunciation.

What should you employ to use language vividly.

You should use imagery and rhythm to make your language vivid.

Tips on using fonts in visual aids

You should: choose fonts that are clear and easy to read; avoid using all caps because they are difficult to read; don't use more than two fonts on a single slide; use the same fonts on all of your slides; and put titles and major headings in 44- to 36-point type, makes subheads and other text 32- to 24-point.

Tips for preparing questions and answers session

You should: formulate answers to possible questions, and practice the delivery of your answers.

Tips for managing question and answer sessions

You should: listen carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, and stay on track.

Guidelines for presenting visual aids

You should: prepare visual aids well in advance, keep visual aids simple, make sure visual aids are large enough, use a limited amount of text, use color effectively, and use imaged strategically.

Hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. (EX: stating that all generals and military leaders are excellent because there are a few great ones.)

False Cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. (EX: Claiming that because a certain team won the Super Bowl, and there was a strong economy that following year, that team made the economy increase in strength.)

Ad Hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the dispute. (EX: the head of the commerce commission has many economic proposals, but the fact that they come from a very rich family is suspicious.)

Red Herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. (EX: A child complaining that their mom is telling them to clean their room when they just won student of the month.)

Bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. (EX: since one celebrity cut off their hair, everyone else wants to do it.)

Appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. (EX: the new version of my car released, it is much better and nicer than my 2013 because it is a 2014.)

Appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. (EX: There is no need to change any law, since it is already there keep it until the US ceases to exist.)

Slippery Slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. (EX: Because teachers in Texas are allowed to carry guns, soon they'll be allowed to shoot students when they feel like it)