COMM ARTS FINAL EXAM (APS chapters 6, 8, 12, 17, 18; multiple choice/true/flase questions)

what does it mean to say you should use language appropriately?

- appropriateness to the occasion - appropriateness to the audience - appropriateness to the topic - appropriateness to the speaker

4 usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?

1. avoid the generic "he" 2. avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women 3. avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender 4. use names that groups use to identify themselves

4 key reasons listeners are persuaded by speakers

1. bc they perceive the speaker as having high credibility 2. bc they are won over by the speakers evidence 3. bc they are convinced by the speaker's reasoning 4. bc their emotions are touched by the speakers ideas/language

2 primary factors of credibility

1. competence (how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject) 2. character (how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well being of the audience)

4 basic devices for enhancing the rhythm of a speech

1. parallelism 2. repetition 3. alliteration 4. antithesis

4 methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

1. problem-solution order 2. problem-cause-solution order 3. comparative advantages order 4. Monroe's motivated sequence

4 tips for using testimony

1. quote/paraphrase accurately 2. use testimony from qualified sources 3. use testimony from unbiased sources 4. identify the ppl you quote or paraphrase

4 pieces of information you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech

1. the book/magazine/newspaper/web document u are citing 2. the author or sponsoring organization of the document 3. author's qualifications w/ regard to the topic 4. the date on which the doc was published, posted, or updated

5 tips for using examples in speech

1. to clarify ideas 2. to reinforce ideas 3. to personalize ideas 4. make examples vivid and richly textured 5. practice delivery of enhance extended examples

3 methods public speakers can use to help ensure that their language will be clear to listeners

1. use familiar words 2. choose concrete words 3. eliminate clutter

6 tips for using statistics in speeches

1. use to quantify your ideas 2. use sparingly 3. identify source of stats 4. explain your stats 5. round off complicated stats 6. use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Allliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Persausion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs

plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Flase cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that bc one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

comparative advantage order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

problem solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion specific purpose statement example: to persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit california within the next 10 years

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action specific purpose statement example: to persuade my audience that elephant trophy hunting is legally and morally wrong

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken specific purpose statement example: to persuade my audience that the US congress should pass legalization that will reduce lead levels in the nation's water supply.

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

cliche

a trite or overused expression

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

fallacy

an error in reasoning

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

simile

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such a age; religions, racial, ethic, cultural background, sexual orientation, group membership

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

3 kinds of examples

brief, extended, hypothetical

3 key ways speakers can generate imagery in a speech

concrete words, simile, metaphor

Sterotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

three basic types of questions and guidelines for effective use of questionnaire

fixed alternative questions, scale questions, open ended questions

adapting to the audience

identify the major characterists of the audience and adapt your ideas according in your preparation, rehearsal, and presentation; be open to feedback

2 ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language

imagery and rhythm

3 types of credibility

initial, derived, terminal

audience-centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

What are the 3 basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy?

need, plan, practicality

statistics

numerical data

open ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

causual reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

intial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

mode

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Paralleism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

why is it easy to lie with statistics/what 3 question should you ask

they can be easily manipulated and distorted 1. are the statistics representative? 2. are the statistical measures used correctly? 3. are the statistics from a reliable source?

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an authors ideas in one's own words

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects