Comm Ch. 22

Aristotle Sophists

-___________was a student of Plato's who disagreed with his mentor over the place of public speaking in Athenian life. -Plato's negative view of public speaking was based on his assessment of the ________.

altering character

--Aristotle's work begs the question of the ethicality of ______a message to make it more acceptable to an audience. --For Aristotle, ethics was an issue of ________rather than conduct.

virtue golden mean

--He elevated moderation to a theory of ______and saw wisdom in the person who avoided excess in either direction. ---This middle way is known as the ______________. ---While the middle way may be the most effective, for Aristotle it was advocated not for its outcome but because it was the most virtuous.

passive

--Some critics are bothered by Aristotle's characterization of the audience as _________. --Others desire more discussion of the rhetorical situation.

clarity blurred

--The Rhetoric is revered by many public-speaking teachers. --Nonetheless, _______is often a problem with Aristotle's theory. 1. The enthymeme is not defined precisely. 2. The classification of metaphor is confusing. 3. The distinctions between deliberative and epideictic oratory are _______. 4. The promised organizational structure is abandoned.

Lloyd Bitzer

A retired rhetorician from the University of Wisconsin who argued that the audience helps construct an enthymematic proof by supplying the missing premise.

Aristotle

A student of Plato, ancient Greek teacher and scholar whose Rhetoric represents the first systematic study of public speaking.

Politics and Ethics science

Although Aristotle's ____________________ are polished, well-organized texts, the Rhetoric is a collection of lecture notes. Aristotle raised rhetoric to a ________by systematically exploring the effects of the speaker, the speech, and the audience.

ethically

Although skeptical of the emotion-laden public oratory typical of his era, Aristotle attempted to help speakers use pathos ________.

enthymeme

An incomplete version of a formal deductive syllogism that is created by leaving out a premise that is already accepted by the audience or by leaving an obvious conclusion unstated.

confidence

Aristotle catalogued a series of opposite feelings, then explained the conditions under which each mood is experienced. 1. Anger vs. mildness. 2. Love or friendship vs. hatred. 3. Fear vs. ________. 4. Indignation vs. pity. 5. Admiration vs. envy.

dialectic

Aristotle classified rhetoric as the counterpart of __________. 1. __________is one-on-one conversation; rhetoric is one person addressing the many. 2. _________searches for truth; rhetoric demonstrates existing truth. 3. _________answers general philosophical questions; rhetoric addresses specific, practical ones. 4. _________deals with certainty; rhetoric considers probability.

enthymeme example

Aristotle focused on two forms of logical proof—____1_____and ___2_____. 1. ____1_____ is the strongest of the proofs. a. An ____1_____is an incomplete syllogism. b. Typical ____1_____leave out the premise that is already accepted by the audience. c. Lloyd Bitzer notes that the audience helps construct the proof by supplying the missing premise. d. The ____1_____uses deductive logic—moving from global principle to specific truth. 2. The ___2____uses inductive reasoning—drawing a final conclusion from specific examples.

neutral ethical

Aristotle saw rhetoric as a ________tool with which one could accomplish either noble or fraudulent ends. 1. Truth is inherently more acceptable than falsehood. 2. Nonetheless, unscrupulous persuaders may fool an audience unless an _______speaker uses all possible means of persuasion to counter the error. 3. Speakers who neglect the art of rhetoric have only themselves to blame for failure.

rhetoric

Discovering all possible means of persuasion.

sophists

Early Greek speakers and teachers of public speaking whose training was practically useful yet underdeveloped theoretically.

pathos

Emotional proof, which comes from the feeling the speech draws from the hearers.

inartistic proofs

External evidence that the speaker doesn't create.

persuasion

For Aristotle, rhetoric was the discovery in each case of the available means of ___________. -

Forensic Epideictic Deliberative

In terms of speech situations, he focused on civic affairs. 1. ________speaking renders just decisions considering actions of the past. 2. _________speaking considers praise and blame for the benefit of present day audiences. 3. ________speaking attempts to influence those who consider future policy.

artistic proofs

Internal proofs that contain logical, ethical, or emotional appeals.

logos

Logical proof, which comes from the line of argument in the speech.

ethos

Perceived credibility, which comes from the speaker's intelligence, character, and goodwill toward the audience as these personal characteristics are revealed through the message.

external internal

Persuasion can be artistic or inartistic. 1. Inartistic or ________proofs are those that the speaker does not create. 2. Artistic or ________proofs are those that the speaker creates.

d

Rhetoric is different from dialectic in that rhetoric: A. Is a one-on-one discussion. B. Is a search for truth. C. Answers general philosophical questions. D. Deals with probability.

The Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Rhetoric is the art of discovering all available means of persuasion. A speaker supports that probability of a message by logical, ethical, and emotional proofs. Accurate audience analysis results in effective invention; arrangement; style; delivery; and, presumably, memory. (Rhetorical tradition)

Logical (logos) Ethical (ethos) Emotional (pathos)

The available means of persuasion are based on three kinds of proof. 1. ________proof (____) comes from the line of argument in the speech. 2. _______proof (_____) is the way the speaker's character is revealed through the message. 3. ________proof (_____) is the feeling the speech draws from the hearers.

Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

The five canons of rhetoric. A. _________—in order to generate effective enthymemes and examples, speakers draw upon both specialized and general knowledge known as topics or topoi. b. __________—Aristotle recommended a basic structure. c. ________—Aristotle emphasized the pedagogical effectiveness of metaphor. d. _______—this component was emphasized by Roman teachers. e. __________—naturalness is persuasive.

canons of rhetoric

The principal divisions of the art of persuasion established by ancient rhetoricians: invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory.

invention

The speaker's "hunt" for arguments that will be effective in a particular speech.

true

The traveling speech teachers in ancient Greece were known as Sophists. True False

golden mean

The virtue of moderation; the virtuous person develops habits that avoid extremes.

b

When Aristotle referred to perceived intelligence, he was referring most clearly to: A. How smart the speaker is. B. Overlap between the audience's beliefs and the speaker's ideas. C. Whether the speaker has the audience's best interests at heart. D. The quality of the logos in the speech.

d

Which canon of rhetoric refers most directly to how the speaker constructs an argument? A. Delivery. B. Style. C. Arrangement. D. Invention.

Ethos Goodwill

_______emphasizes the speaker's credibility, which is manifested in intelligence, character, and goodwill. 1. Aristotle was primarily interested in how the speaker's __"___is created in a speech. 2. The assessment of intelligence is based on practical wisdom and shared values. 3. Virtuous character has to do with the speaker's image as a good and honest person. 4. _________is a positive judgment of the speaker's intention toward the audience. 5. Aristotle's explication of ethos has held up well under scientific scrutiny.