Comm Research Final Review

How much confidence should you place in a single research study? A. You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings B. You should completely trust a single research study C. Neither a nor b D. Both a and b

A. You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings.

An ordinal scale is: A. The simplest form of measurement B. A scale with an absolute zero point C. A rank-order scale of measurement D. A scale with equal intervals between ranks

C. A rank-order scale of measurement

Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism? A. Quantitative research B. Qualitative research C. Mixed-methods research D. All of the above

C. Mixed - Methods research

In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called: A. The experimental group B. The participant group C. The control group D. The treatment group

C. The control group

All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT: A. Official statistics B. A television documentary C. The researcher's research diary D. A company's annual report

C. The researcher's research diary

Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a different sample is which of the following? A. An exploratory study B. A replication study C. An empirical study D. Hypothesis testing

b: A replication study

Which of the following will produce the least sampling error? A. A large sample based on convenience sampling B. A small sample based on random sampling C. A large snowball sample D. A large sample based on random sampling

D. A large sample based on random sampling

To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use: A. A chi-squared test B. One-way analysis of variance C. Analysis of variance D. A paired t-test

D. A paired t-test

Secondary data can include which of the following? A. Government statistics B. Personal diaries C. Organizational records D. All of the above

D. All the above

Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because: A. Everyone has access to digital media B. Respondents may fake their identities C. Researchers may fake their identities D. Internet research has to be covert

B. Respondents may fake their identities

All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT: A. Results can be replicated at a different time B. The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed C. Data can be collected that participants may not realize is important D. Data do not have to rely on the recall of participants

B. The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed

Which of the following statements are true? A. The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval B. The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error C. The more categories being measured, the smaller the sample size D. A confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficient

B. The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error

Which of the following is not true about visual methods? A. They are not reliant on respondent recall B. The have low resource requirements C. They do not rely on words to capture what is happening D. They can capture what is happening in real time

B. They have low resource requirements

A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order to observe their behaviour. This researcher is acting as: A. An overt participant observer B. A covert non-participant observer C. A covert participant observer D. None of the above

C. A covert participant observer

Adopting ethical principles in research means: A. Avoiding harm to participants B. The researcher is anonymous C. Deception is only used when necessary D. Selected informants give their consent

C. Deception is only used when necessary

Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT: A. Manipulation of large amounts of data B. Exploring of the data against new dimensions C. Querying of data D. Generating codes

D. Generating codes

When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT A. Pilot the questionnaire B. Avoid jargon C. Avoid double questions D. Use leading questions

D. Use leading questions

A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was: A. Description B. Prediction C. Exploration D. Explanation

d: Explanation

Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice? A. Action research B. Basic research C. Professional research D. Predictive research

A. Action research

A test accurately indicates an employee's scores on a future criterion (e.g., conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this? A. Predictive B. Face C. Content D. Concurrent

A. Predictive

What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research questions? A. Secondary data B. Field notes C. Qualitative data D. Primary data

A. Secondary data

Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data means: A. Understanding the context in which they were produced B. Ensuring that visual images such as photographs are accurately taken C. Only using visual images with other data gathering sources D. Planning the capture of visual data carefully

A. Understanding the context in which they were produced

Which correlation is the strongest? A. -1.00 B. +80 C. -60 D. +05

A. -1.00

A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called: A. A bar chart B. A pie chart C. A line graph D. A vertical graph

A. A bar chart

When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to: A. Assume causality B. Measure the values for X and Y independently C. Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed D. Check the direction of the relationship

A. Assume causality

The 'reliability'of a measure refers to the researcher asking: A. Does it give consistent results? B. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? C. Can the results be generalized? D. Does it have face reliability?

A. Does it give consistent results?

A theory: A. Is an accumulated body of knowledge B. Includes inconsequential ideas C. Is independent of research methodology D. Should be viewed uncritically

A. Is an Accumulated Body of Knowledge

Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings? A. Quantitative research B. Qualitative research C. Mixed-methods research D. All of the above

A. Quantitative research

To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use A. Regression analysis B. Correlation analysis C. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test D. One-way analysis of variance

A. Regression analysis

The purpose of descriptive statistics is to: A. Summarize the characteristics of a data set B. Draw conclusions from the data C. None of the above D. All of the above

A. Summarize the characteristics of a data set

A disadvantage of using secondary data is that: A. The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the researcher B. The researcher may bring more detachment in viewing the data than original researchers could muster C. Data have often been collected by teams of experienced researchers D. Secondary data sets are often available and accessible

A. The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the researcher

The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that: A. The independent variable is manipulated B. Hypotheses are proved C. A positive correlation exists D. Samples are large

A. The independent variable is manipulated

The Kappa statistic: A. Is a measure of inter-judge validity B. Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chance C. Ranges from 0 to +1 D. Is acceptable above a score of 0.5

B. Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chance.

When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is called: A. Snowball sampling B. Convenience sampling C. Stratified sampling D. Random sampling

B. Convenience sampling

Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by: A. Ethnomethodology B. Grounded theory C. Symbolic interactionism D. Feminist theory

B. Grounded Theory

Which of the following is true of observations? A. It takes less time than interviews B. It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do C. Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt D. All of the above

B. It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do

Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known as: A. Action research B. Mixed-method research C. Quantitative research D. Pragmatic research

B. Mixed - Method research

Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT: A. Building rapport with interviewees B. Multiple questions cover the same theme C. Constructing interview schedules that contain themes drawn from the literature D. Prompting respondents to expand on initial responses

B. Multiple questions cover the same theme

Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of companies? A. Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all companies within the district B. Numbering all the elements of a company sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick companies from the table C. Listing companies by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector at random D. Choosing volunteer companies to participate

B. Numbering all the elements of a company sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick companies from the table

Plagiarism can be avoided by: A. Copying the work of others accurately B. Paraphrasing the author's text in your own words C. Cut and pasting from the Internet D. Quoting directly without revealing the source

B. Paraphrasing the author's text in your own words

Research hypotheses are: A. Formulated prior to a review of the literature B. Statements of predicted relationships between variables C. B but not A D. Both A and B

B. Statements of predicted relationships between variables.

A positive correlation occurs when: A. Two variables remain constant B. Two variables move in the same direction C. One variable goes up and the other goes down D. Two variables move in opposite directions

B. Two variables move in the same direction

When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called: A. A snowball sample B. A stratified sample C. A random probability sample D. A non-random sample

C. A random probability sample

Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field? A. Keeping participants from physical and emotional harm B. Gaining informed consent C. Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality D. Maintaining consent forms

C. Assuming anonymity rather than just confidentiality

Interview questions should: A. Lead the respondent B. Probe sensitive issues C. Be delivered in a neutral tone D. Test the respondents' powers of memory

C. Be delivered in a neutral tone

Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is: A. Description B. Prediction C. Exploration D. Explanation

C. Exploration

Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT: A. Member checking for accuracy and interpretation B. Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data C. Exploring rival explanations D. Analysing negative cases

C. Exploring rival explanations

Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when: A. There is a need for highly personalized data B. It is important to ask supplementary questions C. High numbers of respondents are needed D. Respondents have difficulty with written language

C. High numbers of respondents are needed

In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following EXCEPT: A. Who produced the document? B. Is the material genuine? C. How can respondents be re-interviewed? D. Why was the document produced?

C. How can respondents be re-interviewed

Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research? A.Deductive method B. Explanatory method C. Inductive method D. Exploratory method

C. Inductive Method

Researchers posit that performance-related pay increases employee motivation which in turn leads to an increase in job satisfaction. What kind of variable is 'motivation"' in this study? A. Extraneous B. Confounding C. Intervening D. Manipulated

C. Intervening

One advantage of using a questionnaire is that: A.Probe questions can be asked B. Respondents can be put at ease C. Interview bias can be avoided D. Response rates are always high

C. Interview bias can be avoided

Which of the following are not true of reflexivity? A. It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observer B. It has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative data C. It is part of a post-positivist tradition D. A danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can become the focus of the study

C. It is part of a post-positivist tradition

Which of the following is not always true about focus groups? A. The ideal size is normally between 6 and 12 participants B. Moderators should introduce themselves to the group C. Participants should come from diverse backgrounds D. The moderator poses preplanned questions

C. Participants should come from diverse backgrounds

A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where: A. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true B. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false C. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true D. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false

C. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true

The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called: A. The mode B. The normal distribution C. The standard deviation D. The variance

C. The standard deviation

A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to : A. Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure B. Guide the development of research questions C. Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies D. All of the above

D. All The above

The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of: A. Cost and time required to conduct the study B. Access to gatekeepers and respondents C. Potential ethical concerns D. All of the above

D. All the above

Active listening skills means: A. Asking as many questions as possible B. Avoiding silences C. Keeping to time D. Attentive listening

D. Attentive listening

Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted? A. Results B. Design C. Introduction D. Background

D. Background

Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or predict performance in some activity? A. Face validity B. Content reliability C. Criterion-related validity D. Construct validity

D. Construct Validity

A qualitative research problem statement: A. Specifies the research methods to be utilized B. Specifies a research hypothesis C. Expresses a relationship between variables D. Conveys a sense of emerging design

D. Conveys a sense of emerging design

Which of the following is a good research question? A. To produce a report on student job searching behaviours B. To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours C. Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching behaviours D. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?

D. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviors?

A radical perspective on ethics suggests that: A. Researchers can do anything they want B. The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential C. The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened D. Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity

D. Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity

Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable? A. Annual income B. Age C. Annual sales D. Geographical location of a firm

D. Geographical location of a firm

Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT: A. It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures B. It often uses small samples C. It uses the inductive method D. It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest

D. It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest

In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as: A. Typical-case sampling B. Critical-case sampling C. Intensity sampling D. Maximum variation sampling

D. Maximum variation sampling

The significance level A. Is set after a statistical test is conducted B. Is always set at 0.05 C. Results in a p-value D. Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

D. Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What else? or 'Could you expand on that?' are all forms of: A. Structured responses B. Category questions C. Protocols D. Probes

D. Probes

Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans? A. Maintaining participants' anonymity B. Gaining informed consent C. Informing participants that they are free to withdraw at any time D. Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed

D. Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed

Grounded theory coding: A. Makes use of a prior concepts from the literature B. Uses open coding, selective coding, then axial coding C. Adopts a deductive stance D. Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached

D. Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached

All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT: A. They allow access to a wide range of participants B. Discussion allows for the validation of ideas and views C. They can generate a collective perspective D. They help maintain confidentiality

D. They help maintain confidentiality

Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project? A. Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher B. Is dependent on the completion of other projects C. Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge D. Develops the skills of the researcher

b: Is dependent on the completion of other projects

2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? A. Objective reasoning B. Positivistic reasoning C. Inductive reasoning D. Deductive reasoning

d. Deductive reasoning