comm set (ch.13)

What is a presentation aid?

Anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses.

extemporaneous speech

extemporaneous speech: A speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously. advantages: -eye contact(which helps their listeners to be attentive and engaged) -speaking in a more relaxed tone of voice than if they were reading a script. -Yet using speaking notes helps ensure that extemporaneous speakers won't forget their main points or lose their place. disadvantages: -many speakers would find it difficult to deliver an extemporaneous speech within a narrow time frame -challenging if the speech must have perfect grammar or large sections must be exactly worded.

scripted speech

A speech composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written. advantages: -easiest form of speaking because it requires speakers simply to recite the words of the speech from a manuscript disadvantages: -scripted speeches often take much more time and energy to prepare. - time-consuming

memorized speech

memorized speech: A speech composed word for word and then delivered from memory. advantages: -easier preparation...time to rehearse memorized speeches that conform to those time limits. disadvantages: -they take a good deal of time and energy to prepare. -they can come across as excessively prepared and overly formal.

What are the different types of presentation aids?

presentation aids: -objects -flavors -textures -odors -handouts -people Multimedia Presentation Aids: -text slides (an electronic display of text used to accompany a speech) -graphic slides (tables, charts, pictures) -video -audio

What is stage fright (public speaking anxiety)??

public speaking anxiety (stage fright): Nervousness or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience. public speaking anxiety is a type of stress that affects individuals: -psychologically -physically -behaviorally

Why do presentation aids enhance your speech?

-Presentation Aids Improve Attention -Presentation Aids Improve Learning -Presentation Aids Improve Recall

What are visual elements that affect the delivery of your speech?

-facial expression -eye contact -posture -body position -gestures -personal appearance

impromptu

impromptu: is a speech you deliver on the spot, with little or no preparation. Making an impromptu speech requires you not only to think spontaneously about what you want to say but also to organize your thoughts quickly into a set of speaking points. Being asked to speak impromptu can be nerve-wracking, particularly for individuals who are already nervous about public speaking advantages: disadvantages: stressful

Know the styles of delivering a speech

four basic styles of delivery: 1.) impromptu 2.) extemporaneous 3.) scripted 4.) memorized.

Ways to manage stage fright?

stress: The body's reaction to any type of perceived threat. psychologically: anxiety:A psychological state of worry and unease. physically fight-or-flight response: A reaction that helps prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor. behavioral: 1. Voice: Public speaking anxiety often causes the voice to quiver or sound tense—or to sound higher than normal.33 2. Mouth and throat: People experiencing public speaking anxiety often swallow and clear their throat more frequently than normal. 3. Facial expression: Muscle tension in the face causes a general lack of expression and eye contact. It can also make the face twitch slightly. 4. General movement: Public speaking anxiety frequently causes people to fidget or engage in random movement. It can also cause them to pace, sway, or shuffle their feet. 5. Verbal behavior: People experiencing public speaking anxiety often stutter more than usual. They also increase their use of filler words, such as "um" or "uh," and they are more likely to forget what they want to say.

How do these visual elements affect the delivery of your speech? (so define them basically & common sense from there)

-facial expression -eye contact -posture -body position -gestures -personal appearance 1.) facial expressions: facial expression are particularly important for an effective speech. The first is that your facial expressions should match the tone of your words. When your words are serious, your facial expression should be serious as well. You should smile when telling positive stories and express concern when telling troubling stories. 2.)eye contact: When you look your listeners in the eye, you come across as confident and believable even if you feel nervous.you should make eye contact with one person in your audience, hold it for a moment, and then make eye contact with another audience member. Focus on one section of the audience at a time. 3.)posture and body position: Whether you're sitting or standing during your speech, it's important to adopt a posture that is relaxed but confident. Slouching or hanging your head will make you appear uninterested in what you're saying. Instead, keep your back straight, your shoulders square, and your head up. That posture makes you appear strong, composed, and in control. 4.) gestures: gestures should look spontaneous rather than planned. gestures should be appropriate in number(not to many nor nervous gestures. gestures should be appropriate in size for your proximity to the audience. 5.) Personal appearance: —clothing, accessories, and grooming. As a general rule, your appearance should be appropriate for your audience and for the occasion on which you're speaking. Select clothing that will match the formality. Jewelry and accessories should complement your clothing but not attract attention.

What are the different kinds of vocal elements that affect delivery?

-rate -volume -pitch -articulation -fluency

How do these vocal elements affect delivery?

1.) rate: One vocal factor in effective delivery is your speech rate, or the speed at which you speak. that speaking at a faster rate makes a speaker seem more persuasive and more credible (in the sense of they come off more confident than slow rate). 2.)volume: Vocal volume is the loudness or softness of the voice. The appropriate volume for your speech depends on several factors, such as the size of your audience, the size of the room in which you're speaking, and whether you're using a microphone. Varying your vocal volume will add variety to your speech and help to keep your listeners engaged in it. 3.)pitch: high-pitched speech often makes the speaker sound nervous and unsure, whereas a deeper pitch may convey greater confidence. If you focus on relaxing while you speak, your voice may also relax, allowing you to speak at a deeper pitch. 4.)articulation: articulation:The extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly. avoid: -Addition is caused by adding unnecessary sounds to words. For example, a person might say "real-ah-tor" instead of "realtor" or "bolth" instead of "both." -Deletion occurs when a speaker omits part of a word sound, usually at the beginning or end of the word. Someone may say "frigerator" instead of "refrigerator," or "goin" instead of "going." -Transposition means reversing two sounds within a word. Examples include saying "hunderd" instead of "hundred" and "perfessor" instead of "professor." -Substitution is caused by replacing one part of a word with an incorrect sound. A person might say "Sundee" instead of "Sunday" or "wit" instead of "with." -Slurring occurs when a speaker combines two or more words into one. "Going to" becomes "gonna" and "sort of" becomes "sorta." 5.)fluency: refers to the smoothness of the speaker's delivery. Speeches that are fluent have an uninterrupted flow of words and phrases. There is a smooth rhythm to the delivery, without awkward pauses or false starts. In contrast, disfluent speeches are characterized by the use of filler words, such as "um" and "uh," and by the unnecessary repetition of words.

How to use them in a speech

Think about... -which presentation aids will work best for your audience -the layout of the room -the resources available to you -The time available for the speech Choose or create presentation aids that are as simple and straightforward as possible so your listeners will pay attention to their content instead of their form. Stay away from any presentation aid that might harm your audience physically or emotionally. In addition, give credit to the source of any information you present.