Common procedures done on sheep and goats 🐐
Caseous lymphadenitis will often affect goats (internal/external?) l.n.s and will affect sheep's (internal/external?)
goats-external sheep-internal-so sheep will be ADR and wasting away
Respiration ·Detected by watching _______________ ·Normal range = ______________ When?
movement of flank 15 - 20 /minute Early in the morning !
-_____________ injections are given behind the elbow joint and in front of the shoulders -Pull out the skin, forming a tent -Insert needle just through the skin and administer drug
subcutaneous
Does vaccinated for ______________ 2 to 4 weeks before kidding
tetanus
Give ____________ at the time of banding if the does are not vaccinated, and a _____________ a week later.
tetanus antitoxin toxoid
True or False? Spending a few minutes every day learning the normal behavior and attitude of your goats or sheep is very important.
true The person that feeds them and watching them is critical. If they don't come up to you, you have a problem. They have very subtle changes to indicate they're sick. Once they start showing clinical signs, it's bad. They're not taken to the vet unless they're dieing. A downer sheep/goat is a dead sheep/goat. The person feeding them noticing them not coming up to them or to eat will first notice they're injured or sick.
Identification
- ear tagging (RFID tags-permanent) - Tattooing - Ear notching
Disbudding Dairy Kids
-10-14 days -Make sure the mother was vaccinated for tetanus during the last 3-4 weeks so she can pass the ABs onto the kid so they don't get tetanus from dehorning -Vaccinated for tetanus-doe (2-4 weeks prior to kidding) -Sedation?
Disbudding older kids: Anesthesia
-Can use nerve blocks-2 nerves supply each horn -Gas anesthesia through a mask-not during actual procedure of using disbudding iron, as a flash fire could result -Xylazine/ketamine -In great Britain it is required by law for heavy sedation or general anesthesia
Disbudding Equipment
-Disbudding iron -Scissors or clippers -Antiseptic -Fly repellant -Restraint technique-hold between legs or use a disbudding box
Docking using a scalpel blade, knife or emasculator
-Find junction of caudal fold at the underside of the tail -Pull skin towards obdy so it remains to cover dock -Cut between vertebra -Make a clean cut-will heal faster -Apply 7% iodine solution
Dehorning Kids>4 weeks of age
-Kids>4 weeks of age disbudding is not very successful (remember the frontal sinus comes up into the horn in the goat) -Deep sedation -Pain medication -Sutures are necessary to close the sinus
Docking Post-Procedure
-Place lambs in pens with clean bedding -Tetanus injection can be given -Heat lamps should be used in cold weather -Don't overcrowd lambs as can contribute to disease outbreak
Why disbud?
-Prevent injury from herd mates fighting -Prevent owner/handler injury -For show purposes, dairy goats to be registered must be dehorned -Prevent destruction of fences, facilities etc. -Less chance the goat will get caught or hung in a fence -Prevent odor to the milk (bc also trying to burn off the scent glands)
How to use the disbudding iron
-Put disbudding iron on the horn for 5-10 seconds -Skin separation and there is a copper colored groove all the way around, and the skin separated from the base of the horn. -If bud is only partially destroyed will have a horn "scur" grow
Wattle removal
-Wattles are frequently found hanging from necks of goats -are nonfunctional -can be a source of injury to the animal and possible site of infection -kids may suck on them causing infection as well -Removal --hold the animal --disinfect the area at the thinnest point of the wattle --disinfect blades of surgical scissors --local anesthesia --pull on wattle and snip at the thinnest point --disinfect wound --usually little or no bleeding
Age to perform disbudding
-Within first 2 weeks of life (he likes to sedate a little after 2 weeks) -European breeds 5-7 days of age -For large buck kids 3-5 days of age -Sedation and nerve blocks are done >2 weeks of age -Cornual nerve block -Lidocaine 2%-20 mg/mL -Lidocaine toxicity! (5 mg/kg) -Meloxican-15 mg pill-half a pill
Life span = 8-12 years Blood volume = 7% of body weight Pack cell volume = 30-35% RBC = 12-16 x 106/mm3 WBC = 6-15 x 103/mm3 Neutrophils = _______________ % Lymphocytes = _____________ %
25-50 50-75 Only thing need to remember is lymphocytes is greater than neutrophils. Opposite in dogs
Urine pH = ___________ Specific gravity = _____________
7 - 8 1.015-1.045 Alkaline, acidotic will kill the microflora specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
Look at the mucus membrane around the eyeball-called famacha. Its an easy way for producers and farmers to look at the eyeball and see if they are ______________. In dogs you look at the mouth. In ________________the mouth will always be pale.
anemic sheep and goats
Physical Exam w/restraint ¨Eyes: ____________________ ¨Diarrhea: _______________________ ¨Mammary glands: _______________ ¨Auscultation:________________
blinking of the eyelids when hand is moved slowly towards the eye ¡Pupillary light response, and ocular discharge fecal sample for internal parasite evaluation heat, cold, firm or hard ¡Check the milk thorax and abdomen with a stethoscope
Descenting/Deodorizing ¨Done to keep ____________ out of milk ¨Reduce overall __________ ¨____________ are immediately behind and along inside edge of horn bud ¨Use disbudding iron ~1/2" behind and towards center from the horn bud for about _______________ seconds ¨Usually will not render bucks_______________ and may hamper ability to detect _____________
buck odor odor Scent glands 15 scent free estrus
Finished trim Goal is to: the _____________ which is the junction between the skin and hoof wall should be parallel to the ground
coronary band -don't want dirt accumulating in the flaps of the hooves
Henderson castration -used a lot in __________ -used in (young/adult?) ruminants
horses and large bulls adult -clean everything, then basically twist them off.
Speculum -
0.5 to 0.37 inch PVC based on the size of the tube when tubing an animal (don't want the tube to curl up inside)
Heart beat
Finding pulse location in goats
Local anesthesia
Lidocaine
Normal sheep and goat physiological reference values ¨Rumen movements: _________ per minute ¨Puberty: ________ months ¨Heat cycle: Does:__________ days [Average = _____ days] Ewes : ______________days ( _____days ) ¨Estrus or receptive period: _______________ Gestation length: ____________ days
1-1.5 6 - 9 17 - 23 21 14 - 19 16 24 - 48 hours [Shorter in ewelings & doelings] 145 - 155-average about 5 months
Body Condition Score Card Goats are scored on a scale of
1-5
Reasons to dock:
1. Sanitation --Decrease amount of feces/urine caught on wool of tail --Prevent fly strike 2. Increase productivity of ewes --Tail may interfere with breeding or lambing 3. Improve appearance of sheep for show ring 4. Increase value of market lambs --Buyers do not have to pay for weight of tail
Routes of pharmaceutical and biological administration
1. Topical 2. Oral 3. Injectable
Dehorning older goats ¨Elastrator ¡File a groove or notch ~__________" deep and ____________" wide as close to skull as possible ¡Put elastrator ring in the groove and give a ____________ injection ¡______________ weeks for horn to slough off, true or false? ring may have to be replaced several times ¡_______________ issues ¡______________ for a prolonged period?
1/8th 1/8th tetanus 4 - 8 true Welfare Pain -only 50-60% effective -want to put in green groove if above will slip off then you need to suture the band
Normal ewe & goat physiological reference values ¨Temperature: _________________________ ¨Heartbeat: __________ per minute [Faster in kids] ____________ bpm. ¨Respiration:____________ per minute [Faster in kids] _____________ per minute ¨Pack Cell Volume: ___________%
101.5˚ - 104˚ F [38.5 - 40˚ C] -104 in summer might be normal and 104 in winter would be a problem. 70 - 90 80-150 15 - 20 20-40 22 - 38=total solids in the blood. He likes them to be close to 30
What is the following body condition score? Spinous process is felt as a ridge. A depression is felt between the spinous and transverse processes. Little muscle and fat can be felt. If bone ends are sharp and individual vertebrae felt, the BCS is ______________
2 1
What is the following body condition score? Spinous process does not feel like a ridge, but smooth with small ripples indicating the bones. Area between spinous and transverse processes is filled with muscle and fat cover, and felt as a straight or slightly bowed out slope
3
What is the following body condition score? Spinous process feels smooth but not buried in tissue, individual bones are difficult to feel. Area between the spinous and transverse processes feels full and rounded. If bones are buried in tissue and not felt, the BCS is _______________
4 5
Age the goats in the picture:
Left: >4 yrs Right: very old
Beta-lactam antibiotic
Procaine Penicillin G
When is the best time to watch respiration rate?
before you restrain them.
Needle size As needle gauge increases, needle ___________decreases
diameter -need size is important. Adjust by the size of the animal.
Where is the best place to do venipuncture?
jugular vein
Trimming feet ¨Meat goats and sheep = ___________ a year ¨Dairy goats and show animals = ______________ a year ¨Prevent ______________ and ____________. -mainly overgrown hooves in _______________. Why?
once 3 to 4 times lameness foot rot high grain diet. When you feed a lot of concentrates, changes rumen pH, goes from alkaline to acidic so killing a lot of microflora for digestion. -picture shows pruning shears for trimming feet
Restraint ¨Temperature: Thermometer in the ___________ ¨How to measure Heart beat: ___________ ¨Pulse: Artery where can you check? ¨Rumen movements or contractions: _________________ ¨Mucous Membrane: ___________________ ¨Swelling: ____________________
rectum Finger tips on both sides, inside the elbow joint-Left side, between 2 intercostal space [ jaw, inside of the leg ] Fist behind the left rib cage in front of the hooks [Ileum] Roll the eyelids and lips of the mouth to observe color Run your hands over the body
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used primarily for its analgesic effects.
Flunixin Meglumine
-______________injections are given in the triangular area of the neck in front of the shoulder, proximal to the jugular groove (in bracheicephalicus, omotransversarious, and trapezious m.) -Sink needle to hub in muscle, draw back on plunger to make sure you are not in a blood vessel, administer drug
Intramuscular injections
Dissociative anesthetic that produces immobilization, anesthesia, and analgesia. Dissociative anesthetics interrupt transmission between the conscious and unconscious centers of the brain rather than produce generalized depression of all brain centers.
Ketamine
Identification- Tattooing
Like to put them in the middle -two ridges that look like ribs. Want to put the tattoo in the middle (unless you don't have space) -they're pretty oily, wipe them off with gauze -put the ink on -then use the tatooer -black ears make sure to get the ink good -(banks vaccination=brucellosis)
Majority of lameness will be in the ___________
Majority of lameness will be in the foot.
Left dehorner too long, and the animal will show ________signs
Neurological signs .burned the brain. Don't leave but for a couple seconds.
Dosing Syringe 💉
Oral Route _______________ -used to administer small amounts of liquids or suspensions -easy to use with a large number of animals
Identification- ear tagging
Rf id tags available Clean and disinfect ear tagging pliers between animals. If got a herd with ear problems, look and see what they do. -plastic aren't permanent (only Rfid tags and scrapie tags are permanent)
Palpation
Start from the rear end and go to the front to avoid their nosiness Looking for lumps/bumps, BCS, etc
Alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to reverse the effects of xylazine
Tolazoline
Age the goats in the picture:
Top: -Left: 1 yr -Right: 2 yr Bottom: -Left: 3 yr -Right: full mouth
Taking temperature - rectally ¨___________ thermometers are commonly used, and they do not break ¨Lubricate and insert with a ________________ motion ¨Normal goat temperature - 101.5 - 104°F (39.5° - 40°C)
Digital twisting
-Removal of horn buds from very young kids-usually dairy animals -Meat goats not usually dehorned -Range animals need horns for protection -Also helpful in restraint in meat goats -Want to do when very young (10-15 days)
Disbudding
-Removal of the tail in lambs -Dock refers to the part of the tail remaining
Docking
Why do you do smart drenching. What is smart drenching?
Drenching and dosing ¨Administering liquids ¨Hold head in your arm and open the mouth by grasping the mandible behind the incisors. ¨Insert syringe or drenching gun over the back of the tongue (generally use with anthelmintic) ¨Pour liquid in slowly to allow animal to swallow ¨Smart drenching He suggests non injectable dewormers because of antibiotic resistance. If put in the front they'll spit it out. When babies are born, they're monogastric. They have esophageal groove. In some animals when they get older, that'll still be there. Then if bring to the front, it might go straight to the abomasum and will get metabolized too fast to be affective.
Castration - surgical ¨Young kids - __________weeks old True or False? Usually done with anesthesia. Why? ¡Older kids and adults - ___________+______________ injected into the testicles ¡Wash scrotal area ¡Remove bottom _________ of scrotum with a clean blade ¡Pull down each testicle, one at a time, by separating the cremaster muscle until ______________ breaks. ¡Remove the testicle. Repeat on the other testicle. ¡Antiseptic and fly spray applied. ¡Pain medication - _______________ ¡Antibiotics
< 2 False, ¡Usually done with no anesthesia. Anesthetic risk. ¡They are able to tolerate pain or their pain receptors have not fully developed Sedation lidocaine 1/3 spermatic cord meloxican
Identification- Ear notching
Add up. Take home is different from pigs.
Dehorning adult goats ¨______________________considerations ¨Not recommended for ____________________ bucks
Anatomical mature Picture: won't be able to suture the skin back
Bottle Jaw
Anemia poor body condition, not running away.
Castration - Elastrator band ¨______________ - Is a bloodless method ¨Cuts off blood supply, testes and scrotum will slough off in ___________ days-don't get too close to the body wall, otherwise might get __________ ¨Dairy kids _________ weeks old (not with mom) ¨Meat / fiber kids ___________ weeks (___________________months ) ¨_____________ weeks of age pain meds needed ¨Need to check animals as infection of scrotum could occur -make sure to get both ____________
Banding 10 ► 14 penis < 2 2 - 4 3 - 4 > 4 testicles
Dock when?
Before 2 weeks of age -amputate tail between vertebra at end of caudal folds -if docked too short females could be prone to rectal prolapse in the future from damage to nerves in the perineal area -few blood vessels and nerves in this area
Is a quick easy method of describing how thin or fat goats are, using a numerical score from 1 to 5. A goat may be give a half score, such as 2.5, if it is between BCS 2 and BCS 3. Assigning a BCS cannot be done by looking at the goat, one must feel for muscle and fat cover. An appropriate BCS range for goats is from BCS 2 to BCS 4, as seen on the reverse side. Goats that are too thin (BCS 1) may have nutritional or health problems reducing productivity. Overly fat goats (BCS 5) have reduced fertility, increased birthing problems, and health problems. BCS is commonly assessed in the loin area. Feel the amount of tissue covering the ends of the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae. Feel any loin muscles and fat filling the space between the backbone and horizontal bones. In very thin goats the bones can feel "sharp". As the animal gains condition, the thicker tissue covering makes the bone ends feel more rounded and smooth .
Body condition score
Castration - ___________ clamp ¨Does not involve cutting ¨Is bloodless so less chance of infection and fly strike ¨Crushes spermatic cord ¨Restraint animal and manipulate testes down into the scrotum and get cord between fingers ¨Place (answer 1) on the spermatic cord on one side, ¨Don't go down the midline ¨Ensure that the spermatic cord is in jaws and close ¨Hold for 15 - 20 seconds and repeat 1 cm apart ¨Perform on both sides ¨Make sure they are vaccinated for tetanus ¨Evaluate after 1 month to ensure that testicles have atrophied
Burdizzo
Docking using a _______________ -Also used for castration to crush spermatic cord -Place on tail and close handles -Cut off tail inside of clamp -Leave for 5-10 seconds to stop bleeding -Apply 7% iodine solution -Doesn't work on large lambs>4 weeks of age -These clamps may be damaged by use for docking and shouldn't then be used for castration
Burdizzo
-Done to prevent unwanted breeding -Reduce undesirable odors and aggressive behavior in meat goats -Improve meat flavor in goats kept past puberty -Should take place as early as possible -Most castration done at 2-4 weeks of age -Castrating>4 months of age decreases incidence of urinary calculi (like for show animals that are fed a lot of concentrates to get them fat-> not castrating until they get bigger could potentially help prevent urinary calculi)
Castration
-Usually done within a month -give tetanus antitoxin-doe or ewe not vaccinated in the last 2-4 weeks of gestation -Pain meds! -Is bloodless method -Cuts off blood supply, testes and scrotum will slough off in 10-14 days -Need to check animal as infection of scrotum could occur
Castration - Elastrator band
Dehorning box
Dairy goats will be dehorned. Lot of them have scent glands at the base of the horn, and you don't want those sent glands.
Aging of Goats
Dental formula = 0 0 3 3 4 0 3 3 0/4 incisors, 3/3 pre-molars, 3/3 molars. The first number in each formula represents how many sets of teeth are on the upper jaw; the second number indicates how many sets of teeth are on the lower jaw. For example, the 0/4 means that sheep/goats have no upper incisors, but have 4 sets of lower incisors (8 lower incisors in all). Most of the time the dental formula looks like this 2 (0/4 incisors, 3/3 pre-molars, 3/3 molars) = 32. No upper incisors, no canines -look at the gumline, if it's recessing the animal is older (also use common sense and look at the animal)
Disbudding iron Leave in ____________ seconds each time and do it _______________ times.
a few 3 or 4
The most common health problem for sheep and goats are _______________________. ¨(answer 1) have a drastic effects on sheep and goats. ¨They do have some effect on cattle. ¨This means that by grazing cattle after sheep and goats the cattle will ____________________________________
internal parasite infection remove (by eating) the internal parasite larvae from the pasture, thus "cleaning" the pasture. ¨Thus rotating cattle and small ruminants will minimize the parasite load in the pasture.
________________ injections: -jugular vein is the best site -pressure applied at the bottom of the jugular groove with your thumb, should see vein bulge proximally
intravenous
The rumen is on the (left/right?) side of the animal
left
Castration - older Older animals - greater than a ____________- old, require deep sedation and local anesthetic ______________ ¨Crushing blade crushes spermatic cord to minimize bleeding ¨Cutting blade then cuts through cord
month Emasculator
Late castration is usually performed in ______________bucks. ¨Reason - _______________
show Better musculo skeletal development and ↓ decrease the incidence of urinary calculi.
FAMACHA - Francois Malan -Examine in ____________ -Open as shown-for a ___________ -Look at color inside _______________ eyelid Video Notes: 1. Cover the eye with the skin of the upper eyelid so you can't even see the eyeball 👀 2. Push down on the eyeball 3. Pull down on the lower eyelid
sunlight short time only lower
Alpha2-adrenergic agonist commonly used to produce sedation and analgesia. Stimulation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in the brain results in decreased release of norepinephrine. Ruminants are extremely sensitive to the effects of ___________, use with care!!!
xylazine
Tipping horns ¡Frontal sinus extends to about a ______________ of the horn at the base
¡Saw off a portion of the horn ¡The tip of the horn to prevent injury third
Examining - no restraint
¨Appetite ¨Feces-supposed to be pelleted. Wet and yellow rear end means you have diarrhea ¨Respiration/cough ¨Grunting-know they are in pain-rolling colicky ¨Grinding their teeth ¨Discharge: nasal, ocular or vaginal-should be clear, not worry. Turn white worry. Allergies/dusty barn-wet area in the medial canthus, pay attention. If one eye, two eyes. ¨Eye sight-running into objects Goats are very picky eaters, and prefer not to eat hay or feed that is 'dirty' or old. Have to change their feed out daily, and also their water. ALSO—feeding them off of the ground helps to minimize the number of parasites they pick up. Pay attention to the one not coming up -Appetite -Feces -Respiration/cough -Grunting -Grinding their teeth -Discharge: nasal, ocular or vaginal -Eye sight -Body Condition -Gait -Lameness -Movement -Swelling -Bloat (will be on the left side, if on both sides GI is possibly involved or enterotoxemia) Picture: Swollen joints, not putting weight on all four->CPE
Not restraint that you can evaluate
¨Body condition ¨Gait-limping? ¨Lameness ¨Movement ¨Swelling ¨Bloat-rumen fills up with gas and extended on left side. Bloated on both sides could have an obstruction. Is it at the top/bottom. Higher rumen, lower something else
Paste Administration
¨Dewormers, rumen pastes, etc. ¨Restraint the animal as for balling and insert end of tube into mouth and squeeze an appropriate number of clicks to administer a pre-determined dose
Bolus Administration "Balling"
¨For administration of pills or boluses ¨Use a "balling gun" ¨Lubricate bolus ¨Put bolus in gun and insert gun to the rear of the mouth while tilting the animal's head upwards, depress plunger and hold mouth shut to facilitate swallowing
Tubing an animal
¨Hold the head in your arm and open the mouth. ¨Check depth. Place tube outside of the animal from the mouth to inside the rumen, make a mark on the tube, then insert the tube to that mark ¨Place the speculum ¨Insert tube through the speculum in back of the mouth and down the esophagus ¨Administer liquid solution slowly (Precautions) ¡Ensure you enter the esophagus, the tube can either be seen or felt through the throat. Check for smell of rumen fluid. -remember to use the right size tube
Pulse ¨_________________ artery can be detected inside of the rear leg
¨Place index and middle fingers on artery just below and slightly inside jaw, two-thirds caudal to the muzzle Femoral
Mammary glands
¨Use both hands ¨Size, shape and consistency ¨Warm or cold to touch ¨Milk - color, consistency and clumps Milk screening - CMT
Rumen movements ·Rumen contents - __________________ You want to palpate the area of the _________________.
·Detected by observation of touch on left side of the animal ·Usually 1 - 1.5/minute a)gas b) fiber c) digested particles fiber -he likes to go a little bit lower. Gas is on the top and fiber is on the middle then digested food at the bottom. You put fist in and see how many times they push it out.
Cornual Nerve Block - Technique
•Cornual nerve block •Midway b/w lateral canthus & lateral horn base •Infratrochlear nerve block •Midway b/w medial canthus & medial horn base •Deposit lidocaine in a line •Needle size: 22 or 20 gauge •Toxic dose = 5 mg/kg* Consider diluting with saline 1:1 (1% sol.) CORNUAL BRANCHES OF ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL AND INFRATROCHLEAR NERVES -BOTH MUST BE BLOCKED
