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Sobo ANTH 402 Section 1, Quiz 1-4, Test Exam Ch 1 2 3 4 5 Final

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What is historical particularism?

Franz Boas' theory that emphasizes that each culture is the unique product of all the influences to which it was subjected in its past, making cross-cultural generalizations questionable; assumes all cultures were always distinct and disregards the fact different cultures interact

who is considered the founder of anthropology?

Franz Boaz

GLAD bad science reporting

G - get past clickbait L - look for crazy claims A - analyse sources D - determine outside expert opinion

The portion of DNA that codes for a functional protein is called...

Gene

The term for the relationship between the alleles that code for or lead to round vs. sickling red blood cells is...

Hemoglobin

Who changed the misunderstood the theory of evolution and in what ways?

Herbert Spencer, in "The Principles of Sociology," defined evolution as a process applicable to all things including human society; coined the term "survival of the fittest"

1.dsDNA (oral & genital herpes) VIRAL 2.20,000 bp 3.Target & infect cells of nervous system; Once it infects a cell, DNA travels to the nucleus and activates genes; DNA will stay in cell's nucleus for a long time as a separate circular piece of DNA that replicates with cell division; Will not disrupt function of other genes in cell; 4.DNA will not integrate into genome; Will cause an immune response (can remove proteins from surface to eliminate response)

Herpes Simplex Virus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use

Three key features of anthropology include

Holism, reflexivity, relativism

A system within a system is called a

Holon

communitas

Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality together

Carrying capacity (L)

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Culture is _______________ and _______________

Learned and Shared

Is behavior determined by culture?

No, each human has a capacity to think and interpret the world or culture for himself; also most people do not treat their culture as all powerful and violate culturally accepted norms

Abiotic

Nonliving chemical or physical factors in an environment, such as soil, atmospheric gasses, air, sunshine, and water

Hemoglobin is..

Oxygen binding or carrying molecules found in red blood cells.

Genetically speaking, the majority of traits are...

Polygenic

The mechanism of "natural selection"

Process by which genes for expressed traits that happen to give an organism an adaptive advantages for survival under given environmental conditions. Genes more abundant in next generation's gene pool. Preserves expressed traits.

Ethnocentrism

Putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation; viewing other cultures through one's own culture lens

Why is race a social construct?

Race is a social construct (set of assumptions) because humans tend to define categories for each other based on perceptions and distinctions arise more from culture than from biology. Ex: genetic variation within a race is greater than variation among different races; racial classifications also change over time even within the same cultural tradition; race is also a part of the way people identify themselves to one another, and it is an important part of an individual's social identity

Flora

Plants

1.In the form of RNA; most famous is HIV; affects only dividing cells VIRAL 2.8,000 bp 3.Contains enzyme to convert RNA to DNA before genes can be activated; DNA will integrate into host cell's genome @ random locations; Will duplicate when the cell divides 4.Might disrupt cell's genome if DNA is inserted into random spot; Might affect cell division - causing tumor growth; May cause an immune response - solution = Reduce possibility of response by removing proteins on surface of virus that trigger it

Retrovirus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use

Etic Perspective

Science-oriented

Paradigm

STheory framework that guides scientists into deciding what questions to ask and how to interpret data.

Culture is _____________

Symbolic

Complex Adaptive Systems

System or network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow; this system can change itself adaptively in response to changes in its environment (compare to 'mechanical system')

T or F: genetic adapation is geographically advantageous

What is structuralism?

Term coined by Claude Levi-Strauss; this shifted the study of culture from conscious acts to unconscious, underlying structure; studied the quality and types of relationships in society and how people create and understand the systems through which you generate culture; etic perspective - doesn't care about the meaning of a myth, but how it is structured and how it got to be there; focuses on binary oppositions (ex: good v. evil)

Ethnography

Study of a particular group of people at a particular time, studying a particular topic

antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Niche

Species specific way of making a living or subsisting

Polygenic

Traits that develop due to the interaction of a collection of genes.

Symbiosis vs. competition (L)

Two organisms can't live in the same niche for long because of competition. But symbiosis is when there are two populations thriving by mutually beneficial relationship

Which assumption did NOT fit with the 'ecosystems' approach originally, as the approach was first conceived?

There is an ending ideal balance point.

Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, and Mutation are all...

Ways in which change gets introduced into the genepool.

How are ways of thinking and ways of behaving related to each other?

Ways of thinking and ways of behaving are mutually interdependent (cultural integration)

How do ways of thinking and ways of behaving differ?

Ways of thinking means what goes on inside people's heads: how they perceive the world around them, how they feel about particular people and events, what they desire and fear, etc. Ways of behaving refers to how people commonly act: how they conduct themselves around certain people, how they carry out ceremonies, what they do when they are angry or sad, etc.

Polymorphic

When a gene comes in various forms, or alleles. Typically, the alleles divide by recessive and dominant.

Nonlinear

When ramifications of an event do not follow from the event in a predictable manner but instead occur as surprises that lead to surprises of their own

Evolutionary Change

With The absence of environmental change, and if mating is random, genes will be reproduced at a steady rate. When this rate of a specific gene changes, genetic evolution has occurred.

What biological features are necessary for the production of human language?

Vocal chords, teeth, tongue, areas of brain: 1) Broca's Area - allows words to be put together in a sentence systematically 2) Wernicke's Area - puts sounds and meanings together

are humans biological or cultural?

WE ARE BOTH! the whole nature vs nurture theory is BS. biology and culture are both part of a system that leads to greater outcomes

Zoonotic

a disease that originated in an animal species and then jumped to humans

zoonotic

a disease that originated in an animal species and then jumped to humans

participant observation

a hands on approach to ethnographic data collection that involves living among members of the culture under study, speaking their language, and participating in as much of their daily lives as is possible

Participant observation (31)

participant-observation

participant observation

a hands on approach to ethnographic data collection that involves living among members of their culture under study, speaking their language, and participating in as much of their daily lives as possible

epigenome

a layer of biochemical processes overlying the genes and affecting their expression

Epigenome

a layer of biochemical processes overlying the genes and affecting their expression

epigenome

a layer of biochemical processes overlying the genes and affecting their expression

developmental adjustment

a long-term change in an organism's growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in response to environmental conditions (occurs throughout a lifetime rather than generation to generation shift)

placebo effect

a measurable, observable or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment

placebo effect

a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment

Placebo effect

a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment

fitness

a measure of adaptation related to mortality and fertility; when comparing two groups, lower mortality and higher fertility is an indicator that one group is better fitted to the environment than the other.

Fitness

a measure of adaptation related to mortality and fertility; when comparing two groups, lower mortality with higher fertility is an indicator that one group is better fitted or adapted to an environment than the other

emergence

a novel (new) pattern/property

Emergence (CAS) (25)

a novel property or pattern that comes about as the result of interactions between parts of a system that aim to keep the system working and, in doing so, lead to something entirely new and otherwise predictable

emergence

What are values?

a people's beliefs about the way of life that is desirable for themselves and their society

Transgendered

a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female

transgendered

a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female

Holism (23)

a perspective that views parts of a system within the context provided by the system as a whole; holds that single parts of a system cannot be understood in isolation and that the whole is more than the sum of its parts

holism

systems thinking

a point of view that highlights relationships and what emerges from them; properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone

epidemiological profile

a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree

Epidemiological profile

a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree

epidemiological profile

a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree

Paradigm shift

a radical transition in thinking

paradigm shift

a radical transition in thinking

Developmental Adjustment

a responsive change in growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in reaction to environmental conditions

developmental adjustment

a responsive change in growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in reaction to environmental conditions

Adaptation (CAS) (27)

a responsive, survival-enhanced change in a system brought about in reaction to some kind of atypical or new and stress-producing change in the environment

adaptation

a responsive, survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in reaction to some kind of atypical or new and stress-producing change in the enviorment

rite of passage

a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next

Rite of Passage

a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next

rite of passage

a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next

genus

a set of species sharing particular biological features (humans are in the genus HOMO)

Acute

a sudden onset ailment; comes and goes (or kills) quickly

actue disease

a sudden onset ailment; comes and goes (or kills) quickly

acute

a sudden onset ailment; comes and goes (or kills) quickly

Holons

a system that can be isolated for a study

Holon (CAS) (27)

a system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger

holon

a system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger

ethnography

a systematic approach to learning about the social and cultural life of communities, institutions, and other settings

paradigm

a theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask, and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data

paradigm shift

a theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data. -a radical transition in thinking

Paradigm

a theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask, and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data

Symbolic Interactionism

a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another - Humans don't just react to one another's actions, but rather interpret/define them (according to what???), and "respond" according to that interpreted meaning

political economy

a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on ultimate causes

political economy

a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on the ultimate causes

Political economy

a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on ultimate causes

symbolic anthropology

a theoretical position in anthropology that focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members

Index trait

a trait that indexes a potential mating partner's fitness relative to others in the group

index trait

a trait that indexes a potential mating partner's fitness relative to others in the group

Historical Particularism

a view point in which, different societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular

Historical Particularism

a viewpoint in which, because different societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular

historical particularism

a viewpoint in which, because societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular

Biocultural diversity

all population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither one of which can function without the other

racism increases...

allopathic load

mutation

alterations in duplication - miscopied genes

Affiliative

an act or mark (e.g., a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture; antonym is 'disaffiliative'

affiliative

an act or mark (e.g., a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture; antonym is 'disaffiliative'

affiliative

an act or mark (ex. a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture

Genetic adaptation

an adaptive change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by natural selection; a specialized form of genetic evolution

genetic adaptation

an adaptive change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by natural selection; a specialized form of genetic evolution

holon

any system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger (example- the state is a system, and so, too, the city within it, as is the neighborhood etc.)

Environmental pressure

anything in the environment that reduces a population's ability to function or puts a damper on its potential; includes disease, deprivation (through drought, famine, and so forth), disaster (flooding, earthquake), and an increase in predators

environmental pressure

anything in the environment that reduces a populations ability to function

Subsistence strategy

approach to or means of making a living or extracting food from the environment, such as by foraging or industrial agriculture

subsistence strategy

approach to or means of making a living or extracting food from the environment, such as by foraging or industrial agriculture

Science can be differentiated from non-science because scientific studies

are supported by evidence collected from the natural world

Cultural determinism

argues that culture determines one's capabilities and characteristics.

purposeful breeding of plants or animals, by humans, with the intention of producing in their offspring particular traits

artificial selection

how do Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict view culture

as integrated and patterned (mead wrote a book about how adolescence is affected by culture, not biology)

Ecosystems POV

assumes that a given ssytem is going to strive towards homeostasis

what is the order of human development?

austrapethecus afarensis -> homo erectus -> homo sapiens

ecosystems

balanced systems comprising multiple abiotic or non-living materials and biotic or living populations, each occupying a particular niche, coexisting in a balanced way, via energy flows, so that species' population numbers and volumes of abiotic materials hold steady even as time passes

Ecosystems (24)

balanced systems comprising multiple abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) populations, each occupying a particular niche, coexisting in a balanced way, via energy flows, so that species' population numbers and volumes of abiotic materials hold steady even as time passes

simple society

band or tribe organization; homogenous in structure

simple society

band or tribe organization; homogenous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)

Simple society

band or tribe organization; homogenous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)

Homo sapiens sapiens

behaviorally and anatomically modern human sub-species to which contemporary human beings belong; signs of the full emergence of this sub-species as culture carrying beings are seen in the archaeological record dated to about 75,000 years ago

Homo sapiens sapiens

behaviorally and anatomically modern human sub-species to which contemporary human beings belong; signs of the full emergence of this sub-species as culture-carrying beings are seen in the archaeological record dated to about 75,000 years ago

Humanity

behaviorally as well as anatomically modern humans

humanity

behaviorally as well as anatomically modern humans

Exposure

being in close proximity to a chemical, pathogen (germ), radioactivity, or extremes of weather.

exposure

being in close proximity to a chemical, pathogen (germ), radioactivity, or extremes of weather

Exposure

being in close proximity to a chemical, pathogen (germ), radioactivity, or extremes of weather.

ethnocentrism

belief in superiority of ones culture over another

what is a negative effect of biological determinism

bio-determinism can lead people to place false limitations on their potential (ex: only men can fix cars, white people are better than black, the poor are dim-witted)

Epigenetic events

biochemical processes in the epigenome that turn genes on or off or otherwise significantly affect their expression

epigenetic events

biochemical processes in the epigenome that turns genes on or off otherwise significantly affect their expression

Antigens

biochemical substances that mark cells as belonging to ourselves or not

antigens

biochemical substances that mark cells as belonging to ourselves or not

dna

biological molecule containing genetic information

DNA

biological molecule containing genetic information; each strand of DNA is essentially a string of genes

RNA

biological molecule known for its role in protein synthesis; also found to regulate gene expression

Transmembrane conductance regulator

biological structures that move (conduct, transfer) things across membranes, such as the intestinal membrane, regulating their movement or flow across these membranes; certain of these are implicated in resistance and susceptibility to cholera and in cystic fibrosis

transmembrane conductance regulator

transmembrane conductance regulators (TRs)

biological structures that move things across membranes

sex

biologically differentiated status - genitals/chromosomes

Sex

biologically differentiated status of male or female, related to genital and chromosomal endowment

sex

biologically differentiated status of male or female, related to genital and chromosomal endowment

biological determinism

biology = destiny (limiting factors such as gender, race)

porotic hyperostosis

bones that are more porous than they should be; a sign of iron deficiency, which (whether caused by malnutrition or infection) triggers the expansion of bone tissues that form red blood cells

Porotic hyperostosis

bones that are more porous than they should be; a sign of iron deficiency, which (whether caused by malnutrition or infection) triggers the expansion of bone tissues that form red blood cells

porotic hyperostosis

bones that are more porous than they should be; a sign of iron deficiency, which (whether caused by malnutrition or infection) triggers the expansion of bone tissues that form red blood cells

political economy perspective

considers phenomena or processes from a position much farther back.

deliberate practice

consistent and persistent style of preparation which leads to continual skill improvement. -frequent practice causes biochemical changes that stimulate growth and transformation of cells.

species

breeding group, interchanging of DNA

affinal kinship

by contract/law

consubstantial kinship

by shared substance

Ultimate causes

causes further removed but precipitate an event

Sickle

cell anemia gene-linked disease causing red blood cells to carry less oxygen and to form an abnormal crescent shape that can clog circulation; generally incurable

Evolution

change, in any direction for any reason

evolution

change, in any direction for any reason

complex society

chiefdom or state; heterogeneous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)

Complex society

chiefdom or state; heterogeneous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)

complex society

chiefdom or state; heterogeneous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)

agency

choice or freewill that can affect the expected outcome of something/someone

shared intentionality includes

collaboration, responding to and enforcing social norms

three functions of body decoration

communicative, protect, and transform

ethnology

comparative study of cultures

ethnology

comparison of cultures

culture (EB Taylor)

complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as members of society

Phytochemicals

components or chemical compounds in a plant; can provide ingrown or natural protection from predators and disease

phytochemicals

components or chemical compounds in a plant; can provide ingrown or natural protection from predators and disease

applied ethnographic research

concerned with understanding social/cultural problems and using these understandings to bring about positive change in communities (applied ethnographic research vs ethnographic research)

what is holism

connectedness---- the whole is more important than the sum of its parts. the properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone.

extraconnectivity

connectivity that goes beyond the ecosystem. -symbiotic systems

darker the skin, the lower the

consonance, higher stress

recursive research

continuous interaction between data and hunches/hypothesis until a stable, cultural pattern appears

how did we get culture?

control of fire/environment, brain development, tool use/making, language

allocare

cooperative species parenting - increased chances of survival

enographic/ethnology

cross-cultural comparisons to understand the significance of cultural variation and test for universality (refers to a groups shared, learned heritage - aka "sociocultural" or "cultural" anthropology)

ethnology

cross-culutral comparisons--> the comparative method

What are the 4 subfields of anthropology?

cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological

gender

culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean

Gender

culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean

gender

culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean

cultural determinism

culture (rather than biology) determines one's capacities and characteristics

cultural determinism

culture alone determines who we are

what are the 8 characteristics of what culture is

culture is 1. learned 2. symbolic 3. all-encompassing 4. organizes nature 5. shared 6. integrated 7. can be adapted 8. culture is contested (people learn, interpret, and manipulate the same cultural rules in different ways)

comparative method

cultures under study are compared with each other as a basis for generalizing about humankind; they can also be compared with the culture of the anthropologist themselves

allostatic load

cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health

Allostatic load

cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health

allostatic load

cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher level places an organism at a higher risk for poor health

allostatic overload

cumulative, multi-system physiological dysregulation that results from exposure to challenges over the life course and places an individual at greater risk for poor health

industrial melanism

darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution

Mortality

death

morality

death

patrilineages

descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage

Matrilineages

descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage

matrilineage

descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage

matrilineages

descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage

Patrilineages

descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage

patrilineages

descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage

Lineage

descent group with shared ancestry

lineage

descent group with shared ancestry

lineages

descent group with shared ancestry

polygenic

describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes (this is how a majority of traits are)

ethnographic

descriptive written accounts of the natives' social structures and cultures

monogenic

determined by a single gene

paleolitic revolution

development of tools, culture, art

anomaly

did not fit into preconceived, categorically separate gender ideals

intraethnic

differences in the beliefs and behaviors of members of a specific ethnic group (avoid stereotypes!! not everyone is the same within a certain group)

Endemic

disease that is local to or well- established in a particular region and exists in balance with the population that hosts it

endemic

disease that is local to or well- established in a particular region and exists in balance with the population that hosts it

endemic

disease that is local to or well-established in a particular region and exists in balance with the population that hosts it

Pandemic

disease that spreads around the world with great speed

pandemic

disease that spreads around the world with great speed

Epidemic

disease that spreads over a population with great speed

epidemic

disease that spreads over a population with great speed

replacement hypothesis

disease, driven out, replaced or absorbed into a population (assimilation)

cultural bound syndromes

disorders found only in particular cultures - written off as "stress"

cultural revolution

dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating the onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social lif

Homo sapiens sapiens

Upper Paleolithic Revolution

dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating onset of true behavioral for culturally supported cooperative social life

Upper Paleolithic Revolution

dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life

upper Paleolithic evolution

Cultural revolution

Cultural Revolution

dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating the onset of true behavorial modernity in Homo sapeins sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life

ecosystem

dynamic set of relationships among/between biotic populations and abiotic environment - seeking homeostasis, occupying a unique niche

recessive trait

easily dominated

Commensality

eating together to create and cement a bond; sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance

commensality

eating together to create and cement a bond; sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance

social determinants

economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities (childhood experiences, education, social support, family income, etc..... they are the conditions in which we are born, we grow and age, and in which we live and work)

2 types of systems thinking

ecosystems and complex adaptive systems

Tribes

egalitarian socio-political group made up of a number of bands that have cross-cutting inter-band ties; leadership is achievement based

Tribes

egalitarian socio-political group made up of a number of bands that have cross-cutting inter-band ties; leadership is achievement based

tribes

egalitarian socio-political group made up of a number of bands that have cross-cutting inter-band ties; leadership is achievement based

Bands

egalitarian, family-based socio-political group; leadership is achievement based

bands

egalitarian, family-based socio-political group; leadership is achievement based

what are emit/etic perspectives for an ethnographer

emit- insiders perspective etic- outsiders perspective

capacity of connection refers to...

empathy, awareness of consciousness, ritual capability - meaning, developed from advantageous traits

genetic evolution

entails a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in a gene pool from generation to generation.

comparative method

entails viewing each culture in comparison with others or from a comparative perspective so that universals can be derived

Comparative method (30)

entails viewing each culture in comparison with others or from a comparative perspective so that universals can be derived

comparative method

entails viewing each culture in comparison with others or from a comparative perspective so that unversals can be derived

what is the opposite of relativism?

ethnocentrism

racism is an artifact of...

european imperialism

Relativism

evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that culture's own standards

Relativism (71)

evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that culture's own standards

relativism

evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that culture's own standards

relativism

evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that cultures own standards

Holism

examining how parts make a whole.

energy cycles

exchanges of energy, carrying capacity, effectively self-sustaining. Continuous multidirectional feedback to adjust and adapt from information.

balanced polymorphism

exists when selective pressure for one form of an allele is balanced or offset by selective pressure against that form, so that both alleles persist in a population, having achieved some kind of balance

Balanced Polymorphism

balanced polymorphism

what is reductionism

explaining organisms as machines and reducing them to their moving parts (OPPOSITE OF HOLISM)

Androgynous

expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics

androgynous

expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics

Surplus

extra food or material items that can be stored

surplus

extra food or material items that can be stored

division of labor

extra-familial economic specialization, in which different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent

Division of labor

extra-familial economic specialization, in which different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent

division of labor

extra-familial economic specialization, in which different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent

ethnicity

face of identity related to shared national or regional origins and shared culture

Ethnicity

facet of identity related to shared national or regional origins and shared culture

ethnicity

facet of identity related to shared national or regional origins and shared culture

proximate cause

factors in the immediate vicinity of infectious processes

Industrialized agriculture

farming (often of one crop only) for profit, rather than food, using highly mechanized means

industrialized agriculture

farming (often of one crop only) for profit, rather than food, using highly mechanized means

industrialized argiculture

farming (often of one crop only) for profit, rather than food, using highly mechanized means

Classificatory kin

fictive kin; people who are referred to with kin terms and said to be related but known by everyone not to be

classificatory kin

fictive kin; people who are referred to with kin terms and said to be related but known by everyone not to be

Classifactory Kinship

fictive, "as if" relation

dietary staple

food (usually plant based) that a group eats a lot of; examples for various cultures are bread, tortillas, mongongo nuts, and rice

Dietary staple

food (usually plant-based) that a group eats a lot of; examples for various cultures are bread, tortillas, mongongo nuts, and rice

historical particularism

franz boas -a viewpoint in which because different societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular.

what did Franz boas think about evolutionism

franz called BS!! he went against the idea that western society was the pinnacle. each culture is good in its OWN WAY. we must look at the 4 fields of anthropology in order to get a full idea of a culture

horticulture

gardening lifestyle (no irrigation, no plows, no fertilizer, no permanent settlements)

Horticulture

gardening lifestyle (no irrigation, no plows, no fertilizer, no permanent settlements)

horticulture

gardening lifestyle (no irrigation, no plows, no fertilizer, no permanent settlements)

Foraging

gathering vegetable and animal or other foods directly, also known as hunter-gatherer lifestyle

foraging

gathering vegetable and animal or other foods directly, also known as hunter-gatherer lifestyle; ofter nomadic people use this method, at least seasonally; about 2/3 of this diet is plant based

Recessive

gene form that can only be expressed if paired with a self-same allele; can be dominated or overridden by a dominant allele; a recessive trait is a trait overridden in this way

recessive

gene form that can only be expressed if paired with a self-same allele; can be dominated or overridden by a dominant allele; a recessive trait is a trait overridden in this way

sickle cell anemia

gene-linked disease causing red blood cells to carry less oxygen and to form an abnormal crescent shape that can clog circulation; generally incurable having various forms

genetic drift

general evolution in a gene pool to random chance

polymorphic

genes come in various forms

ecological selection

genetic adaptation in response to a change in the environment that makes a given trait advantageous. -based solely on pathogen and environmental pressures not sexual selection

ecological selection

genetic adaptation in response to change in environmental pressures that makes a given trait advantageous

macroevolution

genetic adaptation that brings about a whole new species

Macroevolution

genetic adaptation that brings about whole new species

macroevolution

genetic adaptation that brings about whole new species

microevolution

genetic adaptation that is not major enough to lead to speciation

Micro evolution

genetic adaptation that is not major enough to lead to speciation (the emergence of a new species)

Microevolution

genetic adaptation that is not major enough to lead to speciation (the emergence of a new species)

Gene flow

genetic evolution due to migration, when one group's genes flow into another's gene pool

gene flow

genetic evolution due to migration, when one group's genes flow into another's gene pool

gene flow

genetic evolution due to migration, when one's groups genes flow into another's gene pool -american eye color

Genetic drift

genetic evolution due to random chance

genetic drift

genetic evolution due to random chance

genetic drift

genetic evolution due to random chance -only noticeable in small populations

genotype

genetic makeup

mutation

genetic miscopying, often due to some kind of exposure, for instance to a toxic

mutation

genetic miscopying, often due to some kind of exposure, for instance to a toxic chemical, or radiation or a particular virus -ex. abestos

Mutation

genetic miscopying, often due to some kind of exposure, for instance to a toxic chemical, or radiation, or a particular virus

race

genetically distinct populations within a species

Innate immunity

genetically inherited immunity

innate immunity

genetically inherited immunity

patogen

germ

Pathogen

germ or infectious agent

pathogen

germ or infectious agent

world system theory (wallerstein)

global history has been shaped by the rise and failure of a series of world systems - examination of local cultures in relation to larger global forces; economy and power relations

Redistribution

goods are taken from one subgroup for use with another, or for use society-wide (e.g., to build roads

redistribution

goods are taken from one subgroup for use with another, or for use society-wide

Redistribution

goods are taken from one subgroup for use with another, or for use society-wide (e.g., to build roads)

geographical clines

gradient which different traits evolved

3 features of culture

habitual, learned, shared

social theory explanation

has to do with what is, not what should be. social science can only help us to know what is and why. social research aims to find patterns of regularity in social life

androgynous

having both male and female characteristics

Polymorphic

having various forms

polymorphic

having various forms

polymorphic

having various forms or alleles

metabolism

he biochemical process of breaking down and repurposing food components for bodily use

syndemics

health-related problems that cluster by population, race, time

historically bigger weight is attributed to...

healthy, strong, fertile, attractive, giving, rich, political power, familial power

Pastoralism

herding lifestyle; nomadic or semi-nomadic

pastoralism

herding lifestyle; nomadic or semi-nomadic

1. Participant observation is different from other forms of observation in that o The observer actively manipulates the environment of those she observers in order to test hypotheses o It does not take place in a laboratory o The observer maintains a certain amount of proximity to the people she tries to observe o It focuses on individual participates, instead of the group o The observer participates in the culture under study

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states

hierarchial socio-political entity in which bureaucracy is centralized, with multiple parts, including a formal legal system

Social stratification

hierarchical social organization

social stratification

hierarchical social organization

States

hierarchical socio-political entity in which bureaucracy is centralized, with multiple parts, including a formal legal system

states

hierarchical socio-political entity in which bureaucracy is centralized, with multiple parts, including a formal legal system

chiefdoms

hierarchical socio-political group run by a hereditary 19 an exchange relationship infused with emotional bureaucracy, in which people inherit their positions

Chiefdom

hierarchical socio-political group run by a hereditary bureaucracy, in which people inherit their positions

chiefdom

hierarchical socio-political group run by a hereditary bureaucracy, in which people inherit their positions

Multiple origins

holds that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion, in many regions and perhaps (but not necessarily) with some gene flow between regions

multiple origins

holds that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion, in many regions and perhaps (but not necessarily) with some gene flow between regions

multiple origins model

holds that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion, in many regions and perhaps with some gene flow between regions

Out of Africa Model

holds that Homo sapiens spread globally in waves of migration outward from East Africa

out of Africa model

holds that Homo sapiens spread globally in waves of migration outward from East Africa

multiple origins

holds that homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion in many regions and perhaps with some gene flow between regions

assimilation hypothesis

holds that population of homo sapiens who left africa in earlier waves were absorbed or assimilated into newer populations

Assimilation Hypothesis

holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were absorbed or assimilated into newer populations

Assimilation hypothesis

holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were absorbed or assimilated into newer populations

assimilation hypothesis

holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were absorbed ot assimilated into newer populations

replacement hypothesis

holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases newer population waves brought, or were driven

Replacement hypothesis

holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases newer population waves brought, or were driven out or otherwise replaced by the newcomers

replacement hypothesis

holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases newer population waves brought, or were driven out or otherwise replaced by the newcomers

replacement hypothesis

holds that populations of homo sapiens who left africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases new population waves brought, or were driven out or otherwise replaced by the newcomers

Hygiene hypothesis

holds that the immune systems of children exposed to more microbes have greater tolerance for the irritants that trigger asthma and allergies

hygiene hypothesis

holds that the immune systems of children exposed to more microbes have greater tolerance for the irritants that trigger asthma and allergies

systems thinking

holistic focus, highlights synergy (combined effects are greater than sum of parts)

bipedalism

homo erectus, ability to walk

refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two identical alleles for a pair

homozygus

carrying capacity

how many or how much of a given population can be supported by the environment.

description of Marxist Social Conflict Theory

human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict, and those who maintain social power use it to further their own interests - "Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than consensus. ... More powerful groups will tend to use their power in order to retain power and exploit groups with less power." (Wikipedia)

anthrogenic

human generated (ex. malaria)

Anthropogenic

humanly created or generated; often applied to describe diseases or problems related to human-made changes to the physical environment, such as via agricultural practices

anthropogenic

humanly created or generated; often applied to describe diseases or problems related to human-made changes to the physical environment, such as via agricultural practices

inductive research

identifies specific and concrete data bits and provides explanations for why events occur as they do - reasoning that uses a number of specific examples to arrive at a conclusion

normal science

if the results didn't come out as scientists wanted, they'd blame it on something else. -these scientists were narrow minded inside a single paradigm and did not question it

Proximate cause

immediate; very near

proximate cause

immediate; very near

passive immunity

immunity acquired by infants from breastfeeding; antibodies are passed along via breast milk

Passive immunity

immunity acquired by infants from breastfeeding; antibodies are passed along via breast milk

passive immunity

immunity acquired by infants from breastfeeding; antibodies are passed along via breast milk

Adaptive immunity

immunity brought on through vaccination or inoculation

adaptive immunity

immunity brought on through vaccination or inoculation

adaptive immunity

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen through innate or passive immunity

market exchange

impersonal exchanges, often involving money; goods have no links to their producers; once a good is paid for no further obligation ensues

Market exchange

impersonal exchanges, often involving money; goods have no links to their producers; once a good is paid for no further obligation ensues

market exchange

impersonal exchanges, often involving money; goods have no links to their producers; once a good is paid for no further obligation ensues

Ultimate cause

in the end; ultimate causes are where the buck stops

ultimate causes

in the end; where the buck stops

genetic evolution

includes change due to drift, mutation, migration

Geographic clines

incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing environmental pressures or challenges

geographic clines

incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing environmental pressures or challenges

geographic clines

incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing environmental pressures or challenges.

geographic clines

incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing envrionmental pressures or challenges

hosts

individual organism sickened by an agent' active presence

Hosts

individual organism sickened by an agent's active presence

hosts

individual organism sickened by an agent's active presence

gatekeepers

individuals who control access to a community, organization, group of people, or source of information

Complex systems theory focuses on _________ flow and this compliments ecology's initial focus on _______ flow.

information, energy

what are the subsistence types?

intensification, manipulation, technology

what are the different levels of culture

international culture, national culture, and "subcultures" (within a subculture there can be different groups)

interpretive anthropology

interpretive anthropologists believe that ethnographers should describe and interpret what is meaningful to natives - "cultures are texts that natives constantly 'read' and ethnographers must decipher"

law of unintended consequences

intervention in a complex system can have surprising and undesirable consequences. example- McDonald's leading to an obesity and diabetes issue

antigens

invading cell "red flags"

ethnocentrism

involves putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation, in contrast to using the cultures norms and values to make interpretations

situatedness

involves the specific privileges and disadvantages inherent in an individuals social role/status

An interconnected system consisting of "biotic' and 'abiotic" elements

is an ecosystem

affiliative

it (body decoration) will symbolize one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture

relativism

judge others by their standards, using their culture's ethos and values.

Affinal kin

kin related by law, such as through adoption or marriage in the United States

affinal kin

kin related by law, such as through adoption or marriage in the United States

Consubstantial kin

kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial (e.g., nurturance, love) or material (e.g., bodily fluids such as breast milk, DNA, blood)

consubstantial kin

kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial or material

Consanguineal

kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality

consanguineal

kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality

consanguineal kin

kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality

macroevolution

large scale evolution, can bring about whole new species

chronic disease

lasts over a long span of time

Chronic

lasts over a long time span

chronic

lasts over a long time span

epigenome

layer of biochemical interactions surrounding our genes

epigenome

layer of biochemical interactions surrounding our genes - turn genes on and of, effect expression

in regards to melanin, more sun =

less folate

in regards to melanin, more melanin =

less vitamin D

homoerectus/ergaster

literally, 'erect man'; ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet; emerged about 1.5 million years ago

Homo erectus / ergaster

literally, 'erect man'; ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet; emerged about 1.5 million years ago

Homo erectus/ergaster

literally, 'erect man'; ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet; emerged about 1.5 million years ago

Homo habilis

literally, 'handy man'; ancestral human like species that systematically made and used tools; emerged about 2.5 million years ago

Homohabilis

literally, 'handy man'; ancestral human-like species that systematically made and used tools; emerged about 2.5 million years ago

Homosapiens

literally, 'wise man' or 'knowing man'; fully anatomically modern human beings; emerged 150,000 years ago

Homo sapiens

literally, 'wise man' or 'knowing man'; fully anatomically modern human beings; emerged 150,000 years ago

Homo sapiens

literally, 'wise' or 'knowing man'; fully anatomically modern human beings; emerged 150,000 years ago

Homeostasis (24)

literally, steady state; a balance achieved when small changes are made that do not notably alter the system but instead allow it to run as it has been running

homeostasis

literally, steady state; a balance achieved when small changes are made that do not notably alter the system but instead allow it to run as it has been running

biotic

living organism

Reservoir hosts

living organism that carries a pathogen as a host and serves as a vector or pathogen-carrying organism

Resivour hosts

living organism that carries a pathogen as a host and serves as a vector or pathogen-carrying organism

reservoir hosts

living organism that carries a pathogen as a host and serves as a vector or pathogen-carrying organism

developmental adjustment

long-term change in an organisms growth/biochemical processes dring development that occurs in response to environmental conditions which happens in that individuals lifetime

holism

looking at adaptations in context as a whole

oxytocin

love and friendship hormone

dominant

make their own instructions precedence over recessive alleles so that only they are expressed as a trait; a dominant trait is a trait expressed in this way

Dominant

make their own instructions take precedence over recessive alleles so that only they are expressed as a trait; a dominant trait is a trait expressed in this way

dominant trait

making their own instructions take precedence over recessive genes

Ihamana

male Zuni who dresses and works as a woman

plasticity

malleability, developmental range

Plasticity

malleability, particularly in relation to an organism's developmental range

Stigmatized

marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (e.g., a tattoo on a visible part of one's body, a sign on one's clothing)

stigmatized

marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (e.g., a tattoo on a visible part of one's body, a sign on one's clothing)

stigmatized

marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (ex. a tattoo on the body or a sign on one's clothing)

non-random mating

mating and reproduction limited by particular factors determined by a certain population. -ex. ethnic boundaries decide mates aka sexual selection

Avunculate

matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children

avunculate

matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children

The 'comparative method'

may compare the culture in question to the anthropolists own culture

Microevolution and Macroevolution

micro: population frequencies change macro: speciation (brings about a whole new species)

Scavenging

minimum-impact lifestyle in which subsistence depends on picking up dead organisms and fruit (etc.) that has dropped off the plant

Scavenging

minimum-impact lifestyle in which subsistence depends on picking up dead organisms and fruit (etc.) that has dropped off the plant

scavenging

minimum-impact lifestyle in which subsistence depends on picking up dead organisms and fruit that has dropped off the plant

microevolution

minor scale evolution

genetic adaptation

more/less advantageous for survival

what is the cause/mechanism of genetic adaptation?

natural selection (low mortality, high fertility with advantageous trait)

what is vitamin N?

nature

Homo Sapien Sapien pushed...

neanderthals from niche or assimilated

androgynous

neither male nor female

complex adaptive systems

networks of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow and in which "emergent, surprising, creative behavior is a real possibility" (change is fine!)

complex adaptive systems

networks of dynamically interrelated parts where info flows - creates emergent, surprising, creative behavior

mirror neurons

neurons in our brain that learn actions by watching other's perform them

mirror neurons

neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action. mirroring the other person. - mirror neurons also create empathy and allow us to put ourselves in other people's shoes-

when is genetic adaptation realized?

next generation

is developmental adjustment directly inheritable?

abiotic

non-living

Abiotic (24)

non-living chemical or physical factors in an environment, such as soil, atmospheric gasses, sunshine and water

abiotic

non-living chemical or physical factors in an environment, such as soil, atmospheric gasses, sunshine, and water

abiotic

non-living water, air, and the environment

Gene

a discrete sequence of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains (stores or codes) the recipe for a particular protein, or regulates the expression of protein-coding genes; genes are passed along from parent to offspring through the process of reproduction

gene

Malaria

a disease caused proximally by parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium and carried by the Anopholes mosquito; entails cyclical high fevers, headaches, and often death in humans; one of the top ten causes of death worldwide

malaria

Infectious disease

a disease resulting from the presence and activity of a pathogenic microbial agent that can be communicated from one person to another

infectious disease

a disease resulting from the presence and activity of a pathogenic microbial agent that can be communicated from one person to another

somatization

projection of mental attitudes/concerns onto the body so they are expressed as physical symptoms (ex. school anxiety)

allocare

providing childcare services to children who are not one's own biological offspring.

artificial selection

purposeful breeding for selective traits

Artificial selection

purposeful breeding of plants or animals, by humans, with the intention of producing in their offspring particular traits

artificial selection

purposeful breeding to produce in their offspring particular traits

co-sleeping

purposefully sleeping in close proximity, for instance in the same room (but not necessarily in the same bed) as per cultural reccomendations

ethnocentrism

putting one's culture at the center of any interpretation

Ethnocentrism

putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation; viewing other cultures through one's own culture's lens

Ethnocentrism (30)

putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation; viewing other cultures through one's own culture's lens

Bioavailability

quality of a food item affecting the degree to which an eater can extract and make use of nutrients; affected by such things as food storage conditions, cooking processes, and juxtapositions with other food items

bioavailability

paradigm shift

radical change in thinking (Lamarcks epigenetics did this for science)

Monogenic

raits traceable to just one gene; most traits, in contrast, are 'polygenic'

non-linear

ramifications don't unfold in a predictable manor - surprises

status inconsistency

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

practice theory

recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence (culture <---> individual // reciprocal relationship)

what is the opposite of holism?

reductionism

Heterozygous

refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two different alleles for a pair

heterozyus

refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two different alleles for a pair

Homozygous

refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two identical alleles for a pair

Social structure

refers to the way in which a society is structured or built from the relationships between the classes or groups of people within it

social structure

refers to the way in which a society is structured or built from the relationships between the classes or groups of people within it

according to our class material, what is talent?

refining, failing, grit, passion - not determined solely by genes

reflexivity

reflecting on your own culture as you study.

transgendered

refusing to fit one standard or the other

rna

regulates gene expression

dynamic

relations between parts are moving and fluid

Gametes

reproductive cells

gametes

reproductive cells

gametes

reproductive cells (eggs, sperm)

building rapport

requires the researcher to gain the trust of people involved in the research community

Taboo

rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power

taboo

rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power

Normal science

scientific practice that is driven by a shared, paradigmatic theory about the world that has long been agreed upon

normal science

scientific practice that is driven by a shared, paradigmatic theory about the world that has long been agreed upon

Nonrandom mating

selective mating, driven by conscious rules or unconscious impulses; happens in human populations for instance when kinship or class-related rules or ethnic boundaries limit who can build a family with whom

non random mating

selective mating, driven by conscious rules, if a family member had to marry someone specific

sexual selection

selective mating, driven by unconscious impulses or conscious rules; happens in human populations for instance when kinship or class-related rules or ethnic boundaries limit who can build a family with whom

Sexual selection

Meaning response

self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries

meaning response

self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries

ethnicity

self-designated membership in a group working to maintain its cultural and political presence in a national system (not all people of similar national origin identify themselves as members of the same ethnic group)

Cloning

self-replication, for instance by splitting, so that each generation is a duplicate of the last; reproduction involving no sex

cloning

self-replication, for instance by splitting, so that each generation is a duplicate of the last; reproduction involving no sex

cloning

self-replication; so that each generation is a duplicate of the last; reproduction involving no sex

Comunitas

sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another

communitas

sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another

communitas

sense of boundedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another

Rites of passage

separation, transition (liminal), reincorporation

ritual

set of actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value; a multimedia event that, when enacted, increase group cohesion

Ritual

set of actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value; a multimedia event that, when enacted, increases group cohesion

ritual

set of actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value; a multimedia event that, when enacted, increases group cohesion

system

set of dynamic interrelated parts functioning together as a whole

genotype

set of genes carried

Agriculture

settled farming, practiced with plows, irrigation, and/or fertilizers

Agriculture

settled farming, practiced with plows, irrigation, and/or fertilizers

agriculture

settled farming, practiced with plows, irrigation, and/or fertilizers

Red Queen Hypothesis

sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid evolution of parasites (evolutionary arms race)

commensality

shared eating

what did Emile Durkheim believe

she believed in the study of "social facts" and that there was order on a large scale to how people behave

epidemiological transition

shift from an epidemiological profile highlighting infectious diseases with high mortality rates to one in which non- infectious or chronic diseases with low mortality but high morbidity rates feature centrally

Epidemiological transition

epidemiological transition

shift of epidemiological profiles

Acclimation

short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan

Acclimatization

short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan

acclimation

short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan

acclimatization

short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan

acclimatization

shorter term, reversible self-protective changes (ex. beach summer tan)

Morbidity

sickness

morbidity

sickness

what leads to emergence

simple interactions between parts to strive to keep a system together can lead to something entirely new // to an emergence // we adapt and something new comes out of it!

rite of passage

simply a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or group of people from one social status to the next (a first haircut)

fosterage

social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long-term

fosterage

social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long term

Fosterage

social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long-term

social scientists create theories about the nature of the _____________ rather than ____________ life

social scientists create theories about the nature of the GROUP rather than INDIVIDUAL life. - they study what goes on between groups/humans - they try to understand the systems in which people operate

open societies

societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such)

organic analogy

society is like an organism, with differentiated systems held together by mutual interdependence; it will evolve over time from being simple and homogeneous (like an amoeba) to being heterogeneous and complex

Organic analogy

organic analogy

society is like an organism, with differentiated systems held together by mutual interdependence; it will evolve over time from being simple and homogeneous to being heterogeneous and complex

Anomaly

something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a 'monster'); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order

anomaly

something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a monster); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order

ostundo

spanish words for fright which takes the soul away

Antibodies

special proteins that can lock, selectively, onto the invading cells' antigens and effectively disarm them

antibodies

special proteins that can lock, selectively, onto the invading cells' antigens and effectively disarm them

Niche

species-specfic way of making a living or subsisting

Niche (24)

species-specific way of making a living or subsisting

niche

specified resource relations -species-specific way of making a living

surrogate

stand in mother or father for procreative purposes; surrogate mothers (gestational surrogates) can carry (gestate) children for their legal mothers

surrogate

stand in mother or father for procreative purpose

Surrogate

stand in mother or father for procreative purposes; surrogate mothers (gestational surrogates) can carry (gestate) children for their legal mothers

Resilience

strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations

resilience

strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations

taboo

strictly prohibited

ethnology

study of characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them

epidemiology

study of disease distribution and determinants

Epidemiology

study of disease distribution and its determinants

Epidemology

study of disease distribution and its determinants

epidemiology

study of disease distribution and its determinants

Anthropology

study of humankind; holistic in perspective

epigenetics

study of interactions between genes and their environment that "bring pheonotype into being"

Epigenetics

study of the interaction between genes and their environment that produce the phenotype

natural selection

survival advantages that particular traits confer allow their bearers to produce more healthy offspring

adaptation

survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in response to a change in the environment. adaptive systems evolve instead of breaking down

adaptations

survival-enhancing change in a system triggered by atypical, stress-producing change in environment

adaptation

survival-enhancing change in response to environmental pressures

adaptation

survival-enhancing change in response to environmental pressures. -due to information flows -continual multi-directional feedback

mechanical systems

system of dynamically interrelated parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment (compare to 'complex adaptive system')

Mechanical Systems (25)

system of dynamically interrelated parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment; predictable

mechanical systems

system of dynamically related parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment

Complex adaptive systems

system or network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow; this system can change itself adaptively in response to changes in its environment (compare to 'mechanical system')

Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) (25)

system or network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow; this system can change itself adaptively in response to changes in its environment

what is an extender of biological capacity?

technology (cooking, clothes, inventions)

what is culture

that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

macronutrients

the 3 key nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Agency

the ability to impose one's will or make significant choices

agency

the ability to impose one's will or make significant choices

commensality

the act of shared eating

Biological determinism

the argument that biology determines utterly and completely one's capacities and characteristics. -problematic bc it leads to racism -downplays hard work -diverts us from reaching our full potential

What is salvage (recall) ethnography?

the attempt to reconstruct a cultural system at a slightly earlier period by interviewing older individuals who lived during that time period

Biological determinism (20)

the belief that biology alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'cultural determinism')

biological determinism

the belief that biology alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'cultural determinism')

Cultural determinism (22)

the belief that culture alone determines one's capacities and characteristics

cultural determinism

the belief that culture alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'biological determinism')

What is cultural determinism?

the belief that culture dictates or determines behavior

What is cultural knowledge?

the beliefs, attitudes, rules, assumptions about the world, and other mental phenomena; five parts: Norms, Values, Symbols, Consturction of Reality, and Worldview

Metabolism

the biochemical process of breaking down and repurposing food components for bodily use

metabolism

the biochemical process of breaking down and repurposing food components for bodily use

stress

the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run

Stress

the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run; key biochemicals entailed are cortisol and catecholamines, including epinephrine

stress

gender

the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex

cultural consonance

the degree to which one's lifestyle fits w' the lifestyle that ones culture recommends and aspires to be (lower CC, higher stress)

cultural consonance

the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the life-style that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to

Cultural consonance

the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to

cultural consonance

the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to

epidemiological profile

the disease profile or picture of a given group; it identifies which diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing, or have experienced and to what degree.

epidemiological polarization

the division between the haves and have nots, or the transitioned and the non transitioned - is called by some "The Great Epi divide"

Gene pool

the entire population's sum total of genes

Genepool

the entire population's sum total of genes

gene pool

the entire population's sum total of genes

Genome

the entire stock of genetic information carried by a given species

genome

the entire stock of genetic information carried by a given species

cultural adaptation

the environment conditions determined our survival needs and cultural aims.

social justice

the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups

Social justice

the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups

social justice

the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups

energy flow

the focus of homeostasis is really on...

paradigm

the framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data

Red Queen Hypothesis

the idea that a population in which genetic variation is not maintained is at a distinct disadvantage in a world that is constantly producing new environmental pressures

red queen hypothesis

the idea that a population in which genetic variation is not maintained is at a distinct disadvantage in a world that is constantly producing new environmental pressures

Lamarckism

the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited

lamarckism

the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited

lamaricksism

the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited

Lamarckism

the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited (natural selection replaced this idea!!)

reductionism

the idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of it. -fails to put into larger context

Reductionism (23)

the idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of that system

reductionism

the idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of that system

Unilineal

the idea that culture (or anything) evolves in one direction over time, progressively improving

unilineal evolution

the idea that culture (or anything) evolves in one direction over time, progressively improving

unilineal evolution

the idea that culture evolves in 1 direction over time, progressively improving.

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and worldview of its speakers

dependent vs independent variable

the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent is the effect

What does linguistic anthropology focus on?

the interrelationships between language and other aspects of a culture

Natural selection

the key mechanism of genetic evolution; a process by which the genes for expressed traits that happen to give an organism an adaptive advantage for survival under given environmental conditions are therefore more likely to be found in the next generation's gene pool, if the same environmental conditions persist; descent with modification

natural selection

embodiment

the literal "making physical" of culture

Embodiment

the literal 'making physical' of culture

embodiment

the literal 'making physical' of culture

symbiosis

the living together of two dissimilar organisms, as in mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, or parasitism. -interaction between two different biological organisms

Phenotype

the manifestation or measurable expression of the genotypegenetic adaptation

phenotype

the manifestation or measurable expression of the genotypegenetic adaptation

Participation observation' is different from other forms of observation in that

the observer participates in the culture under study

complex adaptive theory

the parts of a system can adapt, altering a system's direction

Quickening

the point in gestation at which fetal movement can be felt by the birth mother

quickening

the point in gestation at which fetal movement can be felt by the birth mother

positionality

the power position in which a person/group is situated socially

homeostasis

the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. an ideal balance point at which species population numbers and the relations between populations would hold steady even as time passed. from this perspective, change is seen in a bad way!

Intensification

the process of doing more to get food; more intensified subsistence strategies (e.g., agriculture) manipulate or interfere with the environment more than less intensive strategies (e.g., scavenging) do

intensification

the process of doing more to get food; more intensified subsistence strategies (argiculture) manipulate or interfere with the environment more than less intensive strategies (scavenging) do

Intensification

Allostasis

the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' to accommodate chronic stress

allostasis

the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' to accommodate chronic stress

somatization

the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress

Somatization

the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress

somatization

the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptons; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress

Allocare

the provision of childcare services to children who are not one's biological offspring; literally, 'other care'

allocare

the provision of childcare services to children who are not one's biological offspring; literally, 'other care'

liminal period

the second phase of a rite of passage, placing the initiate in a space that is "betwixt and between" the old identity and the new identity

Genotype

the set of genes an individual carries (as opposed to their manifestation)

structural violence

the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure

passive immunity

the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

Racialization

the simple classification of people according to so- called race; non-evaluative (contrast with 'racism')

radicalization

the simple classification of people according to so- called race; non-evaluative (contrast with 'racism')

racialization

the simple classification of people according to so-called race

racialization

the simple classification of people according to so-called race; non-evaluative

anthropology

the study of all of humankind (cultures of past, present, future)

anthropology

the study of human systems and human interactions with the systems in which they are embedded

anthropology

the study of humankind. -biological, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology

Epigenetics

the study of interactions between genes and their environment that bring the phenotype into being

epigenetics

the study of interactions between genes and their environment that bring the phenotype into being

cultural anthropology

the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together. - holistic understanding of humans across space and time - immersive, local data collection methods - solutions must attend to cultural relative understanding - emphasis on qualitative research

What is functionalism?

the theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to the persistence of the whole society (everything people do serves a purpose); Two Important British functionalists: 1) Bronislaw Malinowski -emphasized the needs of individuals: biological, psychological, and social (problem: how do you define need, want; some things seem to not have a function 2) A.R. Radcliffe-Brown - focused on the needs of society; maintaining orderly social relationships; cultural equilibrium must be maintained (problem: societies change)

what is the theory of evolutionism (lewis Henry Morgan, sir edward burnette taylor, marx)

the theory of evolutionism revolves around the idea that all human groups move through series of cultural evolution in order to reach the pinnacle: WESTERN SOCIETY!

Macronutrients

the three key nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Culture

the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage

culture

the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage

culture

the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage (social, political, economical, religious, cosmological, linguistic, health etc)

Culture

the totality of each human groups shared and learned heritage.

homo neanderthalensis denies...

them of our species appellation

disease ecology

theoretical framework that focuses on the germ, the immediate or proximal environment in which it lives, and the context in which germs are spread

Disease ecology

theoretical framework that focuses on the germ, the immediate or proximal environment in which it lives, and the context in which germs are spread

disease ecology

theoretical framework that focuses on the germ, the immediate or proximal environment in which it lives, and the context in which germs are spread

paradigm

theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data

structural functionalism

theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.) - basically, society is organized by its structural principles

What is interpretive anthropology?

theory that emphasizes the uniqueness and individuality of each human culture; analyzes cultural elements by explicating their meanings to people and understanding them in their local context

relativism

things make sense in context, judging others by their own standards

when is developmental adjustment realized?

this generation/life

phagocytes

those leukocytes or while blood cells that eat or otherwise get rid of pathogens

Phagocytes

those leukocytes or white blood cells that eat or otherwise get rid of pathogens

Lymphocytes

those leukocytes or white blood cells that help our bodies remember and recognize previous invaders and support our bodies in destroying them

lymphocytes

those leukocytes that help our bodies remember and recognize previous invaders and support our bodies in destroying them

racialism

to "see" race (evaluative, visual)

racism

to judge based on imputed race

hygiene hypothesis

too sterile of an environment doesn't keep the immune system busy/healthy/prepared

what are environmentally induced epigenetic events?

toxins, food/diet, lifestyle, activity

index trait

trait that attracts one to another

polygenic traits

traits controlled by two or more genes

index trait

traits that attract

poly genetic

traits that develop through the interaction of a collection of numerous genes

Polygenic

traits that develop through the interaction of a collection of numerous genes

polygenic

traits that develop through the interaction of a collection of numerous genes

monogenic

traits traceable to just one gene, most traits are polygenic though

Monogenic

traits traceable to just one gene; most traits, in contrast, are 'polygenic'

Epidemiological triangle

triangle representing the relationship between the host, environment, and agent

epidemiological triangle

triangle representing the relationship between the host, environment, and agent

epigenetic events

turn other genes on or off

in the end; ultimate causes are where the buck stops

ultimate cause

deductive research

use facts, rules, or properties to reach conclusions

reflexivity

using what we learn about other cultures to learn about ourselves

ggg

allele

variant of a single gene

Alleles

variants of a single gene

alleles

variants of a single gene

polymorphic

various forms of alleles

reductionism

viewing people/things from one point without full context

traits associated with race are...

visually salient

Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals without which the biochemical processes entailed in fueling human life cannot happen

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals without which the biochemical processes entailed in fueling human life cannot happen

What is the cultural construction of reality?

ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into categories, usually linguistically encoded; implies that different peoples do not perceive the human and natural worlds in the same ways

condordance

what we are vs. what we feel we should be

attenuation

when a pathogen evolves, via natural selection, to have less of an impact on its host, and its host, as a result, can carry or spread it for longer

Attenuation

when a pathogen evolves, via natural selection, to have less of an impact on its host, and its host, as a result, can carry or spread it for longer

attenuation

when a pathogen evolves, via natural selection, to have less of an impact on its host, and its host, as a result, can carry or spread it for longer

Sedentism

when a population lives in a permanent settlement, as agriculturalists do

Sedentism

when a population lives in a permanent settlement, as agriculturalists do

sedentism

when a population lives in a permanent settlement, as agriculturalists do

Social cohesion

when a society holds itself together

social cohesion

when a society holds itself together

fight or flight reaction

when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival

Fight or flight reaction

when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival

fight or flight reaction

when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes for a fight or fleeing the scene; thought to aid species in survival

Social soundness

when aid groups work with community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures

social soundness

when aid groups work with community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures

social soundness

when aid groups work with the community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures

seasonality

when changing season lead to shifts in diet quality and quantity

Seasonality

when changing seasons lead to shifts in diet quality and quantity

Specialization

when different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent

specialization

when different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent

Cordance

when features or traits co-occur with predictable regularity

concordance

when features or traits co-occur with predictable regularity

cordance

when features or traits co-occur with predictable regularity

Industrial melanism

when industrial processes darken the environment, leading to increased fitness for members of a species in which more melanic pigment is expressed and so supporting the natural selection of the melanic trait

industrial melanism

social condensation

when larger groups break into smaller factions

Social condensation

when larger groups break into smaller factions, much as water vapor will condense into droplets on a cold drink bottle

social condensation

when larger groups break into smaller factions, much as water vapor will condense into droplets on a cold drink bottle

Role incongruity

when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on

role incongruity

when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on

niche construction

when organisms, through biological and behavioral processes, act upon (construct or modify) the environmental niches that they (and other organisms) occupy just as those niches act upon them

Niche construction

when organisms, through biological and behavioral processes, act upon (construct or modify) the environmental niches that they (and other organisms) occupy just as those niches act upon them

status inconsistency

when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the statues she or he feels that she or he deserves

Status inconsistency

when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the status she or he feels that she or he deserves

status inconsistency

when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the status she or he feels that she or he deserves

Nonlinear (CAS) (26)

when ramifications of an event do not follow from the event in a predictable manner but instead occur as surprises that lead to surprises of their own

Epidemiological polarization

when the epidemiological profile of the poor entails high levels of mortality from infectious disease and lots of death at young ages, while the rich live longer and die later from non-infectious diseases

Noncordance

when things (features, traits) do not co-occur with predictable regularity; often referenced to dismiss claims that biological race exists

non concordance

when things (features, traits) do not co-occur with predictable regularity; often referenced to dismiss claims that biological race exists

noncondordance

when things do no co-occur with predictable regularity

leukocytes

white blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells; key to good immune system functioning

leukocytes

white blood cells; key to good immune system functioning

synergy

working together

ethos

worldview, fundamental value set

ethnography

written account of one's culture

colostrum

yellow liquid before milk

is genetic adaptation directly inheritable?

yes

What are symbols?

objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities; they are arbitrary - no inherent qualities in the symbol lead a group to attribute one meaning to it rather than another; they are also conventional - meanings exist only because people implicitly agree they exist

Epidemiological Study

observes visual behavior instead of controlled groups (good for health effects studies, however flawed in that there is no randomization - confounding variable)

Liminal

occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage

liminal

occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage

liminal phase

occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage

structural violence

occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure

Structural violence

occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure

structural violence

occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within the social structure

Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)

often two blinded groups, one with a placebo (not always practical, can be dangerous or use too many volunteers)

anomaly

omething that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a 'monster'); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order

allele

one version of a gene that governs a characteristic (such as fur color)

population

organism of one species occupying one niche

vector

organism that carries a pathogen to another organism (e.g., mosquito)

vector

organism that carries a pathogen to another organism

Vectors

organism that carries a pathogen to another organism (e.g., mosquito)

developmental process

organisms growing/maturing

non-random mating/sexual selection

organisms having a hand in reproductive selection

Chromosomes

organized, structured packages of DNA found in the center or nucleus of each cell and passed along to offspring during reproduction

chromosome

organized, structured packages of DNA found in the center or nucleus of each cell and passed along to offspring

Chromosomes

organized, structured packages of DNA found in the center or nucleus of each cell and passed along to offspring during reproduction

Hemoglobin

oxygen-binding or carrying molecules found in red blood cells

hemoglobin

oxygen-binding or carrying molecules found in red blood cells

Agents

pathogen, substance, or process that causes morbidity and/or mortality

agents

pathogen, substance, or process that causes morbidity and/or mortality

reference group theory

people judge their lot in life less by objective conditions than by comparing themselves with others around them- the reference group

stakeholders

persons who have a vested interest in what the research results are and how they are used

2 kinds of leukocytes

phagocytes (cells that chew/eat invaders) and lymphocytes (cells that help our bodies remember/recognize previous invaders and support our body in destroying them)

phenotype

physical expression of genes

stigmatized

physically marked as targets for rejection (non-conformers)

meaning responce

placebo healing

flora

plants

biocultural diversity

population-based human variation generated in or reflecting of the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither of which can function without the other

what kind of kinship is common in the Hua?

post natal, dynamic and open society

what is the cause/mechanism of developmental adjustment?

pre-natal/childhood exposure, physical plasticity, organism development

mechanical systems

predictable system

concordance

predictable, co-occuring

What kind of kinship is most common in the contemporary United States?

prenatal, static, closed

balanced polymorphism

pressure for one form of an allele is affected by the pressure against that form

balanced polymorphism

pressure for one form of the allele is balanced or offset by pressure against. (example- having both sickle and red blood cells balances each other out)

niche construction

process whereby organisms, through their metabolism, their activities, and their choices, modify their own and/or others' niches

Clifford Geertz, Deep Play

-"The culture of a people is an ensemble of texts, themselves ensembles, which the anthropologist strains to read over the shoulders of those to whom they properly belong"

Subsurface Survey

-(digging small test holes) is done where ground cover exists

Absolute Dating

-Actual age of artifacts based on proven scientific principals

What does Biological and Physical Anthropology allow us to do?

-Allows us to address questions of deep human ancestry :When and where did humans evolve -Allows us to address biological questions of contemporary peoples :Nutrition :Diseases

Genotype

-An individual's hereditary makeup; genes and chromosomes

Phenotype

-An individuals outward expression, or physical characteristics

Site

-Any place where any one did only thing in the past and left evidence of their activities

Relative Dating

-Approximate age of artifacts -Changes in style, form, etc.

James Usher

-Archbishop of Church of Ireland -Created the night before October 23, 4004 B.C.

Gregor Mendel

-Austrian monk, famous for his early experiments in genetics -Crossed varieties of pea plants with different characteristics -There are dominant and recessive traits

Cultural Relativism

-Behavior in one culture should not be judged by another culture's standard's; to see each culture in its own right

Alleles

-Biochemically different forms of genes

Do we shape our language or does our language shape us?

-Both Our perceptions, ways of thinking, behavior and beliefs are all expressed or reflected in our language

Mutation

-Changed in the DNA of which genes and chromosomes are built -Acts on the genotype -Provides variety for natural selection

Excavation

-Cover small or large areas -Can include :Digging "test units: :Block excavation

Culture is Integrated

-Culture is a system, with patterns and connections :Parts of the system work together to produce the whole :Changes in any given part of the system can affect other aspects of culture

Windover Site

-Discovered in 1983 in East-Central Florida -Human remains encountered in peat bog -Prehistoric cemetery, 7,000-8,000, 168 burials

Independent Invention

-Domestication of plants and animals

Cultural Relativism

-Each culture accepted and understood in its own

Famous Anthropologist

-Edward Burnett Tylor -Published Primitive Culture -Culture..... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, or any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

Acculturation

-Exchange of cultural features that results from continuous firsthand contact between groups :Cherokee Alphabet

Catastrophism

-Exinct animals were destroyed in some great catastrophe -Explained landforms

International Culture

-Extends beyond national boundaries; cross-cuts from nation to nation

Sir Charles Lyell

-Father of Modern Geology -"Principals of Geology" 1830-88

Problem-oriented research

-Focuses on specific issues -The whole of culture is too broad; break it into pieces to study it

Genotype vs. Phenotype

-Genotype : Collection of alleles -Phenotype : Physical expression of alleles

Natural Selection

-Greater fitness= greater reproduction. Others are "selected against" -Survival of the fittest -Acts on the phenotype, or the biological expression, not necessarily the genotype -Tends to limit variety

Team Research

-Individual researchers attacking specific questions, working together -Makes the most of research opportunities

Genes

-Individual traits, found in pairs on chromosomes -These combined pairs determine biological traits

Heterozygous

-Individuals have mixed alleles for a given gene

Homozygous

-Individuals have the same alleles for a given gene

Surface Survey

-Is done where artifacts are exposed

Creationism

-Judeo-Christian beliefs based on the Torah, or the Bible (Christianity), particularly Genesis

Tylor's Categories

-Knowledge, Belief, Arts, Morals, Law etc. -Examples: Women's rights, Education, Religion, Gender Roles, How we view other groups

Ways in which human evolution prepared us for culture

-Large, Complex Brains :Learning, Language, Memory -Binocular, Color Vision :Depth perception, precise vision -Manual dexterity, opposable thumbs :Grasping, manipulating objects -Upright, bipedal posture :Ability to carry objects, use tools -Reduced offspring :More parental investment, learning opportunity

Transformism

-Later known as Evolution -Living species are the result of changes or transformations over great time "Descent with modification"

Relative weaknesses of Cultural Anthropology?

-Limited, Self life -Limited to the present (bias of time) -Lies

Longitudinal Research

-Long-term research

Uniformitarianism

-Natural forces in action today were also in action in the past

Major proponent and contributor to the study of Stratigraphy

-Observing the layers and their relationship -Comparing the time and how they came about

Weaknesses of Archaeology?

-Only working with objects: hard to get the full story- can't ask question

Enculturation

-Shaped by the things around us -Culture is learned both consciously and unconsciously/subconsciously -Culture is shared among members of a group

Chromosomes

-Strands of DNA, arranged in matching pair of genes -Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)

Relative strengths of Cultural Anthropology?

-Studying living subjects -Building Data -Raises cultural awareness

National Culture

-The beliefs, behaviors, values, institutions, etc. shared by members of the same nation

Primatology

-The biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman primates -Helps us to better understand human behavior and its possible roots

Subcultures

-The endless variety of different symbol-based patterns and traditions within a society :Ethnicity, Religion, Geographic, Region etc.

Carbon Dating (C-14)

-The most common absolute dating method -This ratios is used to calculate the date of death

Ethnocentrism

-The practice of viewing one's own culture as superior, and applying your culture's values in judging other cultures

Darwin's major contribution

-The process of Natural Selection

Diffusion

-The spread of borrowing of cultural traits between cultures -Can be through direct contact or indirect contact

Genetics

-The study of heredity and variation in living organisms -"Lamarckin Evolution or transmission of traits acquired during lifetime -Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French biologist

Linguistic Anthropology

-The study of human language through time and space -Provides great historical information

Systematic Survey

-Used to cover small or large areas

Biology tells us ___________ Culture tells us ____________

-What we need to eat -What to eat, when to eat it, how to eat it, how to behave while eating, etc.

Spatial Data

-Where everything was found, is very important :Geographic location of site :Location of each test within site :3D location of artifacts within tests

Open societies

-are those with inbuilt class mobility -Societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such) -Societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such)

plasticity

-irreversible, occurs during maturation -can be molded -enables our bodies to respond to environmental pressures

culture's 4 features

-learned -shared socially -habitual -self-centered

Anthropology (Four fields) (OM)

-sociocultural: examine social practices & patterns across cultures w/ special interest in how people live in particular places and how they organize, govern, and create meaning -biological: (physical) how humans adapt to diverse environments, how biological and cultural processes work together to shape growth, development and behavior, and what causes disease and early death -archaeology: study past peoples and cultures, from deepest prehistory to the recent past, through analysis of material remains - artifacts and evidence of past environments to architecture & landscapes -linguistic: comparative study of ways in which language reflects and influences social life

Closed societies

-those in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth or anchored in a rite of passage from which there is no going back -personal status is ascribed based on birth or rite of passage -societies in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth

What are the five properties of language from the lecture?

1) Arbitrary - any word can be attached to any meaning; language tends to be used in similar ways; ex: Bouba/Kiki effect 2) Systematic - how people use language is systematic (grammar) 3) Discrete - language is made up of discrete pieces: phonemes (the smallest unit of sound) and morphemes (combo of phonemes that communicates a standardized meaning) 4) Productive - fluency is adding together a finite number of words and grammar rules yielding an infinite number of sentences 5) Symbolic - language is constructed of signs; each word is a symbol of its meaning

What are the four fields of anthropology?

1) Archaeology 2) Biological (physical) - studies the biological evolution of humans and other primates 3) Cultural - studies way of life of contemporary and historically recent peoples 4) Linguistics - study of language

What are the five properties of language in the book?

1) Discreteness - the combinations of units (sounds & words) to communicate messages 2) Arbitrariness - meanings of words cannot be understood or deduced by people who do not know the language 3) Productivity - finite number of words can be combined into an infinite number of sentences 4) Displacement - People can discuss objects, persons, and events that are not immediately present or that are imaginary, futuristic, or imaginary 5) Multimedia Potential - messages can be transmitted through many media - sound, print, sight, etc.

What are the components of linguistic knowledge?

1) Grammar - sounds that exist, rules for combining them into sequences, meanings conveyed by these sequences, and how sentences are constructed by stringing words together according to precise rules 2) Dialects - variations in language based on factors such as region, ehtnic identity, and socioeconomic class 3) Sound systems - the sounds of a language, and the ways these sound occur in regular and consistent patterns 4) Words & Meanings - words are a combination of phonemes to which people attach meanings

What are the three main anthropological approaches?

1) Holistic Approach - assumes that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension can be understood in isolation 2) Comparative Approach - valid hypothesis and theories about humanity must be tested with information from a wide range of cultures 3) Relativistic Approach - no culture taken as a whole is inherently superior or inferior to any other; the notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using one's own cultural standards

What two characteristics of symbols did Victor Turner identify while working with people in Africa?

1) Multivocality - symbols represent many qualities and abstract values simultaneously 2) Condensation - the meaning of a symbol is condensed in a material form that is easy to represent, think about, and become attached to

What is post-modernism?

1) implies the impossibility of being objective 2) Critical theory - seeks to question accepted truths and critiques simple ideas and easy answers 3) Came from art, architecture, literature, and literary criticism; assumes our experience of our world is mostly words/stories; how we speak and write becomes a part of our understanding of reality 4) Critique of meta narratives (a grand narrative common to all) ex: Christian narrative of the fall of man; Enlightenment idea that everyone acting the same would yield a better society 5) argues against a single method to understanding everything 6) Focuses on power relations and hegemony (control) between genders and between fieldworkers and people of research 7) Includes a general critique of western knowledge

Five Ways to Spot Fake News

1. Look for unusual URLS 2. Dissect the layout 3. Dig deeper (who supports it?) 4. Cross-check for credibility 5. Reverse image source

consubstantial skin

2 kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial (e.g., nurturance, love) or material (e.g., bodily fluids such as breast milk, DNA, blood)

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent - cheap/easy and doesn't work (low variation)

Adaptation

A responsive, survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in reaction to some kind of atypical or new and stress-producing change in the environment

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Adaptation

A survival enhancing change in a system that is in response to an atypical, stress producing, change in the environment.

Mechanical systems

A system of dynamically interrelated parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment (compare to 'complex adaptive system')

Holon

A system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger

What does teleological mean? Whose theory of evolution was teleological and whose was not?

A teleological process has an end point or goal. Darwin's theory of evolution was a continuous, infinite process, NOT teleological; Spencer's theory of social evolution IS teleological because it has the goal of the penultimate culture/society

fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment given existing environmental pressures (high fertility, low mortality)

where in the world is there the most genetic diversity?

Africa

Biotic

Alive; a living component of an ecosystem, such as a plant or animal species

Ethnographic record

All ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together

Archaeological record

All material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and prehistoric societies

Biocultural Diversity

All population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither one of which can function without the other

gene pool

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time. sum of genetic potential in a population

ecosystems

All the living and non-living things that interact in an area. an ecosystems populations are all related to each other through various ties involving energy flows (example- squirrels rely on oak trees, oak trees rely on squirrels to spread their acorns etc...)

Chromosomes and Genes are the ______________ ______________ units

Basic Heredity

Bronislaw Malinowski

British anthropologist (born in Poland) who introduced the technique of the participant observer. "Malinowski embraced the value of studying everyday life in all its mundane aspects. Thus for him it was not enough to simply record what tribal members said about their religious beliefs, sexual practices, marriage customs, or trade relationships - it was important to also studying how this measured up to, or played out in, what they did in every day life" (NNDB.com).

What are the biological, mental, and behavioral aspects of language?

Biological - the ability to speak due to biological development Mental - brain functioning/thinking/cognitive ability Behavioral - nonverbal communication/ behavior while speaking

Which of the following are 'reductionist' views?

Biological and cultural determinism.

What role does biology play in culture?

Biological differences affect behavior or behavioral predispositions; example: lactose intolerance in eastern Asia and southern Africa, but Europeans are able to digest milk; the ancestors of some people were able to drink milk so milk drinking evolved as a behavioral pattern; this showed that milk-drinking and genetic change co-evolved. Humans also have universal biological needs (food, reproduction) which all groups must develop ways of meeting

"Population based human variation that reflects an interacting combination of biological and cultural factors" is more simply called:

Biological diversity

Sex

Biologically differentiated status. Has to do with genitals and chromosomes

Which best describes Biological Determinism?

Biology determines on capacities in characteristics.

Biocultural Approach

Biology is a function of culture, as culture is a function of biology.

A structured package or bundle of DNA (one that can be passed along to an offspring) is called...

Chromosomes

DNA molecules make up ____________ and ______________

Chromosomes and Genes

What is the materialistic approach to anthropology?

Claims that the main influences on cultural differences and similarities are technology, the environment, and how people produce and distribute resources; Problem: reduces culture to physical items and misses out on spiritual aspects of culture

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Gender

Cultural construction. It defines masculinity and femininity for us. Variously entails expectations of how a person will move, dress, modify the body, and so on.

Why is it so difficult to define culture?

Culture is difficult to define because it is such a broad concept that covers a large spectrum of people's lives and has meant different things to different people over time

Comparative Method

Cultures under study are compared with each other intentionally.

RNA

DNA's biochemical helper which: fetches/delivers proteins for DNA, some kinds can regulate expression of genes

consanguineal kinship

DNA/genetic matter

What is the difference between emic and etic? Provide examples of each.

Emic means attempting to understand a culture as an insider, as one who practices the culture being studied. Ex: Franz Boas Etic means understanding a culture from the outside. Ex: EB Tylor

syndemic

Entails not just one health problem but a cluster of problems that work together, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other synergistically. Ex: HIV/AIDS

ethnographic techniques

- the researcher is the primary instrument of data collection - beliefs and perceptions - emic/etic - participant observation - conversation, interviewing - genealogical method (asking about the history of a group) - key cultural consultants - life histories

Wallaces wheel of science

- theories ---> hypothesis ----> observation -----> empirical generalizations

unilineal thinking

(one-way) evolutionary thinking that placed the ruling culture at the top toward a paradigm that allowed for many lines of cultural evolution

are social determinants of health inevitable or avoidable?

- they are LARGELY AVOIDABLE - THE GOAL- learn to identify the root cause of a problem and see the connection from underlying to proximate determinants

what is culture

"culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man (humans) as a member of society" - learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and attitudes characteristic of a particular society/group

homo erectus/ergaster

"erect man" -ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet, emerged about 1.5 mya

Genetic Evolution

A population level change to achieve homeostasis. It causes a change in the frequency of a specific gene within the gene pool.

Couvade

(men become pregnant too) -male participation in pregnancy, sometimes as demonstrated through the male experience of food cravings or morning sickness Ex: just as fatness implicates more than one person, pregnancy, too is not a private bodily state but a group one (men become pregnant too)

Reflexivity (L)

(mirror) reflecting on similarities, ie. rites of passage

how do theories make sense of things

- they explain human behavior - explain why things are the way that they are - explain why we do what we do - helps us to make sense of unity vs diversity - helps us to make sense of individual vs group - make sense of socially and culturally constructed nature of human realities

what are the two dimensions of cultural anthropology

- ethnography - ethnology

Archaeological Anthropology

- focuses on material remains - observe/reconstruct culture through physical remains rather than observing human behavior - "ideal" vs "real" culture (ideal culture- what people say about themselves. real culture- the material remains set aside)

what are the 3 different ways to change a gene pool?

- genetic drift- general evolution happening in a gene pool due to random chance - gene flow- shifts due to migration - mutation- when genes are duplicated for reproduction, alterations can occur (mutation is a miscopied gene)

linguistic anthropology

- grammar, sound, and meaning in language - historical linguistics: ancient languages and linguistic variation through time - sociolinguistics- how language and culture/social organization and behavior interact and intertwine

Conrad Philip Kottak

-"Culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways"

What are some of the areas a linguistic anthropologist might study?

- how globalization affects linguistic patterns or creates new dialects of a language -how speakers of different languages talk about space and location - how language shapes the speakers' worldview

biological anthropology

- human evolution - human genetics - human growth and development - human biological plasticity - primatology

how to address social determinants

- improve conditions of daily life - tackle unequal distribution of power, money, and resources - measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base the CSDH focuses on the "causes of the causes" and eliminating and improving them

characteristics of ethnography

- is scientific - is investigative - uses the researcher as the primary tool of data collection - uses research methods and data collection techniques to avoid bias and ensure the accuracy of data - emphasizes and builds on the perspectives of the people in the research setting - uses inductive and deductive approaches

structuralism (Claude Levi strauss)

- search for universal characteristics of human minds (one is the need to classify) - all humans organize and structure our experiences by way of using binary principles or opposition; only real differences are in the tools for observing the world

what are the two strands of functionalism

- society changes in order to fulfill the needs of humans - if you change one dimension of a structure, then others will be affected

applied anthropology

- action-oriented - problem-solving

what is hegemony (Antonio Gramsci)

- complicity with/acceptance of domination as "natural" - The ways in which the powerful control perception such that they maintain power; Generally remains hidden and unnamed

different methods of cultural transmission

- direct- firsthand contact - forced- through warfare or domination - indirect- through an intermediary

What are the 4 main kinds of anthropology?

1. biological 2. linguistic 3. ethnology 4. archaeology

what are the 3 features of culture?

1. habitual 2. learned/acquired 3. shared

emergence of humans in order throughout history

1. homo habilis (first species to use tools and they had bigger brains) 2. homo erectus/ergaster (they had longer legs and arms and walked more. bigger brains which meant kids had to be born more prematurely) 3. homo sapiens 4. homo sapiens sapiens (the category we fit into- rather than the size of the brain growing, it was completely rewired)

human biological variation is...

1. regional/clinical 2. non-concordant (doesn't appear in distinct clumps)

what are scientific studies confounding variables?

1. selection bias 2. conflict of interest 3. selected use of data

deviants of variation

1. voluntary/imposed 2. affiliative (normative) or disaffiliative 3. flexible (temporary) or fixed (permanent)

how long ago were humans hunter gatherers?

10,000 years ago

how long ago did complex human traits develop?

100,000 years ago in Africa

how many genes does the average human have?

20-25,000 genes

Systems thinking

A point of view that highlights relationships and what emerges from them; properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone

Systema Naturae (1735)

4 lipids (blood, phlem, yellow and black/bile) associated with temperment

homo sapien sapien

60-50,000 years ago

what percent of human variation within races

80-85%

Synergy (L)

A collaboration that produces more than the sum of its parts

Ethnology

A cross-cultural comparison to understand significance of cultural variation.

Species

A discrete organism type that can reproduce itself, for instance by interbreeding and giving birth to fertile offspring; reproduction of fertile offspring is impossible across species boundaries

Complex Systems Theory

A network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information flows. Systems allow for individual creativity.

Emergence

A novel property or pattern that comes about as the result of interactions between parts of a system that aim to keep the system working and, in doing so, lead to something entirely new and otherwise unpredictable

Holism

A perspective that views parts of a system within the context provided by the system as a whole; holds that single parts of a system cannot be understood in isolation and that the whole is more than the sum of its parts\

Culture can be Adaptive and Maladaptive

Adaptive :Symbols, language, tools, mating, trading, social networking, etc. All critical to our survival and success Maladaptive :Fossil Fuels, Plastic, Caffeine, Music

1.ssDNA (do not cause illness in humans) VIRAL 2.5,000 bp 3.Enters into cells easily; affect wide range of diving & not dividing cells; Once it affects a cell, DNA travels to nucleus where its genes are activated; will integrate virus DNA into host genome (95% of the time in the same location on chromo 19, reducing the disruption of other genes) 4.Need a "Helper" virus to replicate themselves inside cells; Will not cause an immune response

Adeno-Associated Virus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use

1.DNA (common cold) VIRAL 2. 7,500 bp 3.Affect diving & non- dividing cells; Once adenovirus infects cell, DNA travels to cell's nucleus to activate its genes; To reduce immune response you can remove the proteins on the surface that trigger it 4.Immune responses can prevent sustained usage; Effective temporary; DNA will not integrate into host cells genome (after a week or two the cell will discard it & gene activation lost)

Adenovirus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use

What is aphasia?

Also known as Wernicke's aphasia or jargon aphasia; replacing words with nonsense words

Who is credited with creating the division of the discipline?

American anthropologist Franz Boas

Niche Construction

An adaptive response to environmental change that is instigated by humans. Organisms shape their environment and are shaped by it throughout their daily life.

heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait/given gene

homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait/given gene

Ecosystems

Balanced systems comprising multiple abiotic or nonliving materials and biotic or living populations, each occupying a particular niche, coexisting in a balanced way, via energy flows, so that species' population numbers and volumes of abiotic materials hold steady even as time passes

Emergence

The result of a change in environment that creates something new to preserve an existing system.

Ethnographic record (31)

all ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together

ethnographic record

all ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together

archaeological record

all material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and pre- historic societies

What is evolution and whose theory was it originally?

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution (1859 On the Origin of Scpecies) states that over time one species changes into a new species or several new species; biological change in response to the environment

Where did this approach to studying humans arise?

Anthropology developed out of the contact between Europeans and the people of the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas who looked, acted, and thought differently. This caused Europeans to strive to understand people's "primitive" ways of living

What is the "fifth" field of anthropology?

Applied Anthropology - the use of methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; all applied anthropologists have been trained in at least one of the traditional four fields

does the environment or genes affect humans

BOTH!!!

Archaeological record (31)

all material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and pre-historic societies

archaeological record

all material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and pre-historic societies

In what ways can we observe the process of cultural construction of reality in action?

By observing their belief system, ex: belief in witches, the supernatural, spirits, etc.; By observing what people eat/what they consider food, ex: Hindus don't eat cows, Jewish people don't eat pork, Asian cultures consume dogs while Western peoples consider them house animals and not food

RNA

Can regulate gene expression and mediate the transformation of genotype to phenotype.

'Evolution' is essentially just another word for.

Change

Dynamism (L)

Change in the environment and the unpredictability of that change

monogenic

Characteristic coded for by one gene. (most traits are not like this)

Evolution was popularized by _______________

Charles Darwin "On the origin of species"

role incongruity

Conflict between the individual's values and the obligations of the role.

Ethnographic

Descriptive written accounts of the natives' social structures and cultures

The philosophy or theory that one's biology (e.g. hormones, ancestry) controls one's way of being in the world (e.g. personality, interests, temperament) is a form of:

Determinism

Traits are inherited as _________ units, not blended together

Discrete

We learned that one simple, graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of a particular gene that can occur in children, given the genotypes of their parents, is to...

Draw a Punnett Square

Is culture static or dynamic?

Dynamic, things are always changing

How doe ecological selection differ from sexual selection?

Ecological selection is brought on by extra-species or extra-human factors and Sexual selection is a form of non-random mating in which organisms themselves have a hand in.

Frank Hamilton Cushing

Ethnography and Ethnology -Zuni Pueblo in New Mexico, pioneer of participant observation

Ethnography vs. Ethnology (29)

Ethnography is the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples/cultures vs. Ethnology, the study of a particular population (branch of anthropology)

What impact did evolutionary theory have on anthropology?

Evolutionary theory led Western intellectuals to develop ideas about origins, evolution, and progress; led to the realization of the link between primitive peoples and the peoples of written accounts. This also led to the development of unilineal evolutionism which held the belief that all cultures passed through a similar sequence of stages in development

Bio-cultural diversity

all population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture

Biocultural diversity (9)

all population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture

fauna

animals and other non plant life forms

Fauna

animals and other non-plant life forms

Why is 'genetic variation' in a population's gene pool helpful for species survival?

Genes provide some kind of advantages against environmental pressure.

Culture is NOT ___________

Genetic Culture must be acquired or learned through observing, absorbed being taught

A tree in the woods is randomly knocked over (say, by a lightning strike) and the falling kills a badger that has been sheltering below it. The evolutionary consequences of this badger's death is...

Genetic Drift

biotic ecosystems

animals, humans

What is the humanistic approach to anthropology?

Goal: describing/interpreting particular cultures and achieve and insider's view while representing the voices of the people; humans are unique because they are cultural and linguistic beings different from other mammals; emphasizes symbols; particular cultures are so complex that each must be understood on its own terms; comparisons distort the cultures that are compared; field methods emphasize participation and relationships with the local people; descriptions emerge out of interactions between fieldworkers and are never completely objective

Hua people Papa New Guinea - essence of oneself into the food they grow and give to others to eat

Culture is ____________

Human

What are some problems with evolutionary psychology?

Humans can and do act altruistically to members other than their own family; genetically, humanity is similar, so why do some cultures express certain traits but others do not; leaves out culture's influence in favor of biology

What do E.O. Wilson and evolutionary psychologists argue?

Humans can be understood much like animals; a body and its behavior are a gene's way of making more copies of itself; we are more likely to act altruistically toward family members because they share similar genetics

What is Clyde Kluckhohn's perspective?

In his article Queer Customs, he argues that cultural determinism and biological determinism are largely one-sided, that culture and biology are interdependent: culture arises out of human nature but its forms are restricted by both man's biology and natural laws

What is the link between language and culture?

Language is a reflection of culture; the way you speak is important to culture; a complex classification tends to develop around things that are important to a community; language also helps shape the worldview of its speakers

1. Circular pieces of dsDNA (plasmids) can be packaged into liposomes (mini lipid packets similar to cell membrane- will fuse to cell membranes when added to cells) NON VIRAL 2. No max length 3.Nonspecific for any cell type; Once inside a cell, plasmid DNA is transported to nucleus where genes are activated; Best suited for ex vivo gene therapy approaches 4.Enter cells less effective than virus; Unless engineered to do so, plasmid DNA will not integrate into cell's genome (even if engineered, effectiveness is low); Will not generate an immune response; Some are toxic

Liposome 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use

Homeostasis

Literally, steady state; a balance achieved when small changes are made that do not notably alter the system but instead allow it to run as it has been running

Colostrum

antibody-packed liquid that comes out of breasts prior to breast milk in a new mother

colostrum

antibody-packed liquid that comes out of breasts prior to breast milk in a new mother

phenotypicaly expressed traits occur in higher proportions in the...

NEXT generation

does race exist biologically?

1. Lone, circular dsDNA (plasmid); not packaged NON VIRAL 2. No max length 3. Nonspecific to cells; ; Once inside a cell, plasmid DNA is transported to nucleus where genes are activated; Best suited for ex vivo gene therapy approaches 4. Enters cells less effectively than virus; Unless engineered to do so, plasmid DNA will not integrate into cell's genome (even if engineered, effectiveness is low); Will not generate an immune response;

Naked DNA 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use

Emic Perspective

Native-oriented

agency

People who are high in social hierarchy have much less ________. They have less ability to impose their will or make choices than the people who are at the top

What is the scientific approach to anthropology?

Primary goals are explaining cultural differences and similarities and why and how cultures change; humans are part of nature differing from animals only by a degree; emphasizes relationships with the environment; regularities and cross-cultural patterns exist and can be discovered through empirical observations and systematic comparisons; the ethnographer determines what is important for the purposes of scientific generalization. Includes evolutionary psychology (sociobiology)

social justice

Promotes equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions.

The 'Red Queen Hypothesis' can be best applied to which of the following situations?

Sexual reproduction leads to lack of population wide variation.

What are norms?

Shared ideals of expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations; include: 1) Folkways - norms about how things should be done or what behavior is called for in a given situation 2) Mores - norms about behavior that carry moral connotations; others may judge a person's character by how well he/she adheres to the more

What is culture?

Shared, socially learned knowledge and behavior that shared by a group

Humans are not __________ or ___________ they are _________

Static or Isolated, Dynamic

Ethnology

Take those specific studies, people and time and study them cross-culturally looking for patterns

agency

The ability to impose one's will or make significant choices

Fitness

The advantage provided by expressed traits given a new environmental pressure. It is measured by mortality and fertility.

What is ethnocentrism?

The attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples

Biological determinism

The belief that biology alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'cultural determinism')

Cultural determinism

The belief that culture alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'biological determinism')

Biological Determinism

The concept that biology completely determines a person's abilities and traits. Has been applied strategically by those in power. Limited in that calling things natural, rationalizes them and limits the individual.

Culture

The learned traditions, customs, beliefs, taboos, ways of thinking and acting that both individuals and groups of humans possess

Genetic Drift

The general evolution in a gene pool caused by random redistribution of genes.

Anthropology

The holistic , Cross-cultural study of human beings and their immediate ancestors

Reductionism

The idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of that system

What is biological determinism?

The idea that biologically (genetically) inherited differences between populations are important influences on cultural differences between them

historical particularism

The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories.

Red Queen Hypothesis

The illusion of standing still due to the construction of homeostasis. A gene pool must evolve to survive the changes around it.

Balanced Polymorphism

The pressure from one form of the allele is offset by pressure against it. It is why potentially harmful alleles remain in the gene pool. It is why there are multiple alleles for a single trait.

Archaeology

The study of human behavior through "material culture"

Biological or Physical Anthropology

The study of human biological diversity in time and space

Anthropology

The study of humankind; holistic in perspective

Epigenetics

The study of interactions between genes and their environment that bring the phenotype into being. It focuses on the layer of biochemical interactions surrounding the genes because epigenetic events cause the regulation of gene expression.

Cultural Anthropology

The study of living human societies and cultures

Enamal hypoplasia

a dental condition; a sign of nutritional stress; there is less enamel in some places on the teeth than there would be on healthy, evenly-nourished teeth

What are worldviews?

The ways people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves relating to the world around them

Enamel hypoplasia

a dental condition; a sign of nutritional stress; there is less enamel in some places on the teeth than there would be on healthy, evenly-nourished teeth

social soundness

This initiative called on all aid groups to take up the specific goal of the community involvement- of connecting with community leaders and members and working to create a good fit between programs and cultures.

enamel hypoplasia

a dental condition; a sign of nutritional stress; there is less enamel in some places on the teeth than there would be on healthy, evenly-nourished teeth

Language is a "___________" of human behavior?

Universal

species

a discrete organism reproduce itself, for instance by interbreeding and giving birth to fertile 4offspring; reproduction of fertileoffspring is impossible across species boundaries

Are there cultural universals?

Yes: physiological and biological needs (food, shelter, reproduction, etc.), family systems, ways of teaching children, ways of social control, ways of regulating sexual relations, myths/legends/folklore, rites of passage

Species (24)

a discrete organism type that can reproduce itself, for instance by interbreeding and giving birth to fertile offspring; reproduction of fertile offspring is impossible across species boundaries

gene

a discrete sequence of DNA that contains the recipe for a particular protein, or regulates the expression of protein-coding genes

lactose

________ tolerance the ability to digest

Lactose

________ tolerance the ability to digest milk sugars (lactose) until late in life

genus

a broad subfamily of organisms, each includes or is made up of various species

Genus

a broad subfamily of organisms; each genus includes or is made up of various species

genus

a broad subfamily of organisms; each genus includes or is made up of various species

Nonlinearity

a change in 1 part of the system could have a huge impact (butterfly effect)

Genetic evolution

a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by a variety of mechanisms, including mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection

genetic evolution

a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by a variety of mechanisms, including mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection

genetic adaptation

a change in the frequency of genes in the gene pool over time (generation to generation) in response to selective pressures resulting from natural selection

What is semantic domain?

a class of things or properties perceived as alike in some fundamental respect; hierarchically organized

race

a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species, they have features that regularly co-occur

race

a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species; have features that regularly co-occur; human sub-species do not exist

Race

a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species; races have features that regularly co-occur; human sub-species do not exist

race

a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species; races have features that regularly co-occur; human sub-species do not exist

syndemic

a cluster of health problems that work together synergistically, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other

Syndemic

a cluster of health problems that work together synergystically, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other

Performative

a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married

performative

a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married

Ethos

a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values

ethos

a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values

ethnographic record

all ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together

resistance

ability of an organism to withstand a particular pathogen or stressor

Resistance

ability of an organism to withstand a particular pathogen or stressor; in pathogens, an evolved capacity to remain unaffected by an antibiotic due to vulnerable organisms dying off prior to reproducing themselves

resistance

Environmental reservoir

abiotic substance that can hold agents so that hosts come in contact with them (e.g., water, soil)

environmental reservoir

abiotic substance that can hold agents so that hosts come in contact with them (ex. water, salt)

environmental resivour

abiotic substance that can holdagents so that hosts come incontact with them (e.g., water,soil)

lamarckism

acquired characteristics which can be inherited (jean baptist lamarck)

ritual

action sets performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value

rituals

actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value (song, dance, prayer, eating together). RITUAL BRINGS A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOGETHER AND ELIMINATES TENSION. rituals are the cultural invention that made culture work.

health is a product of the interaction of biology and culture, and is a key indicator of...

adaptation

natural selection results in...

adaptive change

agriculture and animal domestication generally brings...

advanced civilization

humans capacity for culture came...

after our spread

what is affected by stress response?

aids species survival - affects nervous, hormonal, immune system

Biotic (24)

alive; a living component of an ecosystem, such as a plant or animal species

biotic

alive; a living component of an ecosystem, such as a plant or animal species

biological determinism

an argument that biology determines completely one's capacities and characteristics

participant-observation

an attempt to minimize ethnocentrism by living among/with the people of a different culture

racism

an evaluative position in which people are classed by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked

Racism

an evaluative position in which people are classed by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked (contrast to 'racialization')

racism

an evaluative position in which people are classed by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked (contrast to 'racialization')

racism

an evaluative position in which people are classified by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked

Reciprocal relationship

an exchange relationship infused with emotional value, and meant to be of long standing duration

Reciprocal relationship

an exchange relationship infused with emotional value, and meant to be of long-standing duration

reciprocal relationship

an exchange relationship infused with emotional value, and meant to be of long-standing duration

Ecological selection

an increase in a given trait's frequency in the next generation's gene pool that happens when a change in the environment makes that trait advantageous; natural selection's workhorse

ecological selection

an increase in a given trait's frequency in the next generation's gene pool that happens when a change in the environment makes that trait advantageous; natural selection's workhorse

Placebo

an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure

placebo

an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure

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