Sobo ANTH 402 Section 1, Quiz 1-4, Test Exam Ch 1 2 3 4 5 Final
What is historical particularism?
Franz Boas' theory that emphasizes that each culture is the unique product of all the influences to which it was subjected in its past, making cross-cultural generalizations questionable; assumes all cultures were always distinct and disregards the fact different cultures interact
who is considered the founder of anthropology?
Franz Boaz
GLAD bad science reporting
G - get past clickbait L - look for crazy claims A - analyse sources D - determine outside expert opinion
The portion of DNA that codes for a functional protein is called...
Gene
The term for the relationship between the alleles that code for or lead to round vs. sickling red blood cells is...
Hemoglobin
Who changed the misunderstood the theory of evolution and in what ways?
Herbert Spencer, in "The Principles of Sociology," defined evolution as a process applicable to all things including human society; coined the term "survival of the fittest"
1.dsDNA (oral & genital herpes) VIRAL 2.20,000 bp 3.Target & infect cells of nervous system; Once it infects a cell, DNA travels to the nucleus and activates genes; DNA will stay in cell's nucleus for a long time as a separate circular piece of DNA that replicates with cell division; Will not disrupt function of other genes in cell; 4.DNA will not integrate into genome; Will cause an immune response (can remove proteins from surface to eliminate response)
Herpes Simplex Virus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use
Three key features of anthropology include
Holism, reflexivity, relativism
A system within a system is called a
Holon
communitas
Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality together
Carrying capacity (L)
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Culture is _______________ and _______________
Learned and Shared
Is behavior determined by culture?
No, each human has a capacity to think and interpret the world or culture for himself; also most people do not treat their culture as all powerful and violate culturally accepted norms
Abiotic
Nonliving chemical or physical factors in an environment, such as soil, atmospheric gasses, air, sunshine, and water
Hemoglobin is..
Oxygen binding or carrying molecules found in red blood cells.
Genetically speaking, the majority of traits are...
Polygenic
The mechanism of "natural selection"
Process by which genes for expressed traits that happen to give an organism an adaptive advantages for survival under given environmental conditions. Genes more abundant in next generation's gene pool. Preserves expressed traits.
Ethnocentrism
Putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation; viewing other cultures through one's own culture lens
Why is race a social construct?
Race is a social construct (set of assumptions) because humans tend to define categories for each other based on perceptions and distinctions arise more from culture than from biology. Ex: genetic variation within a race is greater than variation among different races; racial classifications also change over time even within the same cultural tradition; race is also a part of the way people identify themselves to one another, and it is an important part of an individual's social identity
Flora
Plants
1.In the form of RNA; most famous is HIV; affects only dividing cells VIRAL 2.8,000 bp 3.Contains enzyme to convert RNA to DNA before genes can be activated; DNA will integrate into host cell's genome @ random locations; Will duplicate when the cell divides 4.Might disrupt cell's genome if DNA is inserted into random spot; Might affect cell division - causing tumor growth; May cause an immune response - solution = Reduce possibility of response by removing proteins on surface of virus that trigger it
Retrovirus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use
Etic Perspective
Science-oriented
Paradigm
STheory framework that guides scientists into deciding what questions to ask and how to interpret data.
Culture is _____________
Symbolic
Complex Adaptive Systems
System or network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow; this system can change itself adaptively in response to changes in its environment (compare to 'mechanical system')
T or F: genetic adapation is geographically advantageous
T
What is structuralism?
Term coined by Claude Levi-Strauss; this shifted the study of culture from conscious acts to unconscious, underlying structure; studied the quality and types of relationships in society and how people create and understand the systems through which you generate culture; etic perspective - doesn't care about the meaning of a myth, but how it is structured and how it got to be there; focuses on binary oppositions (ex: good v. evil)
Ethnography
Study of a particular group of people at a particular time, studying a particular topic
antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
Niche
Species specific way of making a living or subsisting
Polygenic
Traits that develop due to the interaction of a collection of genes.
Symbiosis vs. competition (L)
Two organisms can't live in the same niche for long because of competition. But symbiosis is when there are two populations thriving by mutually beneficial relationship
Which assumption did NOT fit with the 'ecosystems' approach originally, as the approach was first conceived?
There is an ending ideal balance point.
Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, and Mutation are all...
Ways in which change gets introduced into the genepool.
How are ways of thinking and ways of behaving related to each other?
Ways of thinking and ways of behaving are mutually interdependent (cultural integration)
How do ways of thinking and ways of behaving differ?
Ways of thinking means what goes on inside people's heads: how they perceive the world around them, how they feel about particular people and events, what they desire and fear, etc. Ways of behaving refers to how people commonly act: how they conduct themselves around certain people, how they carry out ceremonies, what they do when they are angry or sad, etc.
Polymorphic
When a gene comes in various forms, or alleles. Typically, the alleles divide by recessive and dominant.
Nonlinear
When ramifications of an event do not follow from the event in a predictable manner but instead occur as surprises that lead to surprises of their own
Evolutionary Change
With The absence of environmental change, and if mating is random, genes will be reproduced at a steady rate. When this rate of a specific gene changes, genetic evolution has occurred.
What biological features are necessary for the production of human language?
Vocal chords, teeth, tongue, areas of brain: 1) Broca's Area - allows words to be put together in a sentence systematically 2) Wernicke's Area - puts sounds and meanings together
are humans biological or cultural?
WE ARE BOTH! the whole nature vs nurture theory is BS. biology and culture are both part of a system that leads to greater outcomes
Zoonotic
a disease that originated in an animal species and then jumped to humans
zoonotic
a disease that originated in an animal species and then jumped to humans
participant observation
a hands on approach to ethnographic data collection that involves living among members of the culture under study, speaking their language, and participating in as much of their daily lives as is possible
Participant observation (31)
a hands on approach to ethnographic data collection that involves living among members of the culture under study, speaking their language, and participating in as much of their daily lives as possible
participant-observation
a hands on approach to ethnographic data collection that involves living among members of the culture under study, speaking their language, and participating in as much of their daily lives as possible.
participant observation
a hands on approach to ethnographic data collection that involves living among members of their culture under study, speaking their language, and participating in as much of their daily lives as possible
epigenome
a layer of biochemical processes overlying the genes and affecting their expression
Epigenome
a layer of biochemical processes overlying the genes and affecting their expression
epigenome
a layer of biochemical processes overlying the genes and affecting their expression
developmental adjustment
a long-term change in an organism's growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in response to environmental conditions (occurs throughout a lifetime rather than generation to generation shift)
placebo effect
a measurable, observable or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment
placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment
Placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment
fitness
a measure of adaptation related to mortality and fertility; when comparing two groups, lower mortality and higher fertility is an indicator that one group is better fitted to the environment than the other.
Fitness
a measure of adaptation related to mortality and fertility; when comparing two groups, lower mortality with higher fertility is an indicator that one group is better fitted or adapted to an environment than the other
emergence
a novel (new) pattern/property
Emergence (CAS) (25)
a novel property or pattern that comes about as the result of interactions between parts of a system that aim to keep the system working and, in doing so, lead to something entirely new and otherwise predictable
emergence
a novel property or pattern that comes about as the result of interactions between parts of a system that aim to keep the system working and, in doing so, lead to something entirely new and otherwise unpredictable
What are values?
a people's beliefs about the way of life that is desirable for themselves and their society
Transgendered
a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female
transgendered
a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female
Holism (23)
a perspective that views parts of a system within the context provided by the system as a whole; holds that single parts of a system cannot be understood in isolation and that the whole is more than the sum of its parts
holism
a perspective that views parts of a system within the context provided by the system as a whole; holds that single parts of a system cannot be understood in isolation and that the whole is more than the sum of its parts
systems thinking
a point of view that highlights relationships and what emerges from them; properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone
epidemiological profile
a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree
Epidemiological profile
a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree
epidemiological profile
a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree
Paradigm shift
a radical transition in thinking
paradigm shift
a radical transition in thinking
Developmental Adjustment
a responsive change in growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in reaction to environmental conditions
developmental adjustment
a responsive change in growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in reaction to environmental conditions
Adaptation (CAS) (27)
a responsive, survival-enhanced change in a system brought about in reaction to some kind of atypical or new and stress-producing change in the environment
adaptation
a responsive, survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in reaction to some kind of atypical or new and stress-producing change in the enviorment
rite of passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
Rite of Passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
rite of passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
genus
a set of species sharing particular biological features (humans are in the genus HOMO)
Acute
a sudden onset ailment; comes and goes (or kills) quickly
actue disease
a sudden onset ailment; comes and goes (or kills) quickly
acute
a sudden onset ailment; comes and goes (or kills) quickly
Holons
a system that can be isolated for a study
Holon (CAS) (27)
a system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger
holon
a system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger
ethnography
a systematic approach to learning about the social and cultural life of communities, institutions, and other settings
paradigm
a theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask, and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data
paradigm shift
a theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data. -a radical transition in thinking
Paradigm
a theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask, and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data
Symbolic Interactionism
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another - Humans don't just react to one another's actions, but rather interpret/define them (according to what???), and "respond" according to that interpreted meaning
political economy
a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on ultimate causes
political economy
a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on the ultimate causes
Political economy
a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on ultimate causes
symbolic anthropology
a theoretical position in anthropology that focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members
Index trait
a trait that indexes a potential mating partner's fitness relative to others in the group
index trait
a trait that indexes a potential mating partner's fitness relative to others in the group
Historical Particularism
a view point in which, different societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular
Historical Particularism
a viewpoint in which, because different societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular
historical particularism
a viewpoint in which, because societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular
Biocultural diversity
all population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither one of which can function without the other
racism increases...
allopathic load
mutation
alterations in duplication - miscopied genes
Affiliative
an act or mark (e.g., a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture; antonym is 'disaffiliative'
affiliative
an act or mark (e.g., a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture; antonym is 'disaffiliative'
affiliative
an act or mark (ex. a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture
Genetic adaptation
an adaptive change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by natural selection; a specialized form of genetic evolution
genetic adaptation
an adaptive change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by natural selection; a specialized form of genetic evolution
holon
any system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger (example- the state is a system, and so, too, the city within it, as is the neighborhood etc.)
Environmental pressure
anything in the environment that reduces a population's ability to function or puts a damper on its potential; includes disease, deprivation (through drought, famine, and so forth), disaster (flooding, earthquake), and an increase in predators
environmental pressure
anything in the environment that reduces a population's ability to function or puts a damper on its potential; includes disease, deprivation (through drought, famine, and so forth), disaster (flooding, earthquake), and an increase in predators
environmental pressure
anything in the environment that reduces a populations ability to function
Subsistence strategy
approach to or means of making a living or extracting food from the environment, such as by foraging or industrial agriculture
subsistence strategy
approach to or means of making a living or extracting food from the environment, such as by foraging or industrial agriculture
Science can be differentiated from non-science because scientific studies
are supported by evidence collected from the natural world
Cultural determinism
argues that culture determines one's capabilities and characteristics.
purposeful breeding of plants or animals, by humans, with the intention of producing in their offspring particular traits
artificial selection
how do Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict view culture
as integrated and patterned (mead wrote a book about how adolescence is affected by culture, not biology)
Ecosystems POV
assumes that a given ssytem is going to strive towards homeostasis
what is the order of human development?
austrapethecus afarensis -> homo erectus -> homo sapiens
ecosystems
balanced systems comprising multiple abiotic or non-living materials and biotic or living populations, each occupying a particular niche, coexisting in a balanced way, via energy flows, so that species' population numbers and volumes of abiotic materials hold steady even as time passes
Ecosystems (24)
balanced systems comprising multiple abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) populations, each occupying a particular niche, coexisting in a balanced way, via energy flows, so that species' population numbers and volumes of abiotic materials hold steady even as time passes
simple society
band or tribe organization; homogenous in structure
simple society
band or tribe organization; homogenous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)
Simple society
band or tribe organization; homogenous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)
Homo sapiens sapiens
behaviorally and anatomically modern human sub-species to which contemporary human beings belong; signs of the full emergence of this sub-species as culture carrying beings are seen in the archaeological record dated to about 75,000 years ago
Homo sapiens sapiens
behaviorally and anatomically modern human sub-species to which contemporary human beings belong; signs of the full emergence of this sub-species as culture-carrying beings are seen in the archaeological record dated to about 75,000 years ago
Humanity
behaviorally as well as anatomically modern humans
humanity
behaviorally as well as anatomically modern humans
Exposure
being in close proximity to a chemical, pathogen (germ), radioactivity, or extremes of weather.
exposure
being in close proximity to a chemical, pathogen (germ), radioactivity, or extremes of weather
Exposure
being in close proximity to a chemical, pathogen (germ), radioactivity, or extremes of weather.
ethnocentrism
belief in superiority of ones culture over another
what is a negative effect of biological determinism
bio-determinism can lead people to place false limitations on their potential (ex: only men can fix cars, white people are better than black, the poor are dim-witted)
Epigenetic events
biochemical processes in the epigenome that turn genes on or off or otherwise significantly affect their expression
epigenetic events
biochemical processes in the epigenome that turns genes on or off otherwise significantly affect their expression
Antigens
biochemical substances that mark cells as belonging to ourselves or not
antigens
biochemical substances that mark cells as belonging to ourselves or not
dna
biological molecule containing genetic information
DNA
biological molecule containing genetic information; each strand of DNA is essentially a string of genes
RNA
biological molecule known for its role in protein synthesis; also found to regulate gene expression
Transmembrane conductance regulator
biological structures that move (conduct, transfer) things across membranes, such as the intestinal membrane, regulating their movement or flow across these membranes; certain of these are implicated in resistance and susceptibility to cholera and in cystic fibrosis
transmembrane conductance regulator
biological structures that move (conduct, transfer) things across membranes, such as the intestinal membrane, regulating their movement or flow across these membranes; certain of these are implicated in resistance and susceptibility to cholera and in cystic fibrosis
transmembrane conductance regulators (TRs)
biological structures that move things across membranes
sex
biologically differentiated status - genitals/chromosomes
Sex
biologically differentiated status of male or female, related to genital and chromosomal endowment
sex
biologically differentiated status of male or female, related to genital and chromosomal endowment
biological determinism
biology = destiny (limiting factors such as gender, race)
porotic hyperostosis
bones that are more porous than they should be; a sign of iron deficiency, which (whether caused by malnutrition or infection) triggers the expansion of bone tissues that form red blood cells
Porotic hyperostosis
bones that are more porous than they should be; a sign of iron deficiency, which (whether caused by malnutrition or infection) triggers the expansion of bone tissues that form red blood cells
porotic hyperostosis
bones that are more porous than they should be; a sign of iron deficiency, which (whether caused by malnutrition or infection) triggers the expansion of bone tissues that form red blood cells
political economy perspective
considers phenomena or processes from a position much farther back.
deliberate practice
consistent and persistent style of preparation which leads to continual skill improvement. -frequent practice causes biochemical changes that stimulate growth and transformation of cells.
species
breeding group, interchanging of DNA
affinal kinship
by contract/law
consubstantial kinship
by shared substance
Ultimate causes
causes further removed but precipitate an event
Sickle
cell anemia gene-linked disease causing red blood cells to carry less oxygen and to form an abnormal crescent shape that can clog circulation; generally incurable
Evolution
change, in any direction for any reason
evolution
change, in any direction for any reason
complex society
chiefdom or state; heterogeneous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)
Complex society
chiefdom or state; heterogeneous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)
complex society
chiefdom or state; heterogeneous in structure (refers to social organization, not culture)
agency
choice or freewill that can affect the expected outcome of something/someone
shared intentionality includes
collaboration, responding to and enforcing social norms
three functions of body decoration
communicative, protect, and transform
ethnology
comparative study of cultures
ethnology
comparison of cultures
culture (EB Taylor)
complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as members of society
Phytochemicals
components or chemical compounds in a plant; can provide ingrown or natural protection from predators and disease
phytochemicals
components or chemical compounds in a plant; can provide ingrown or natural protection from predators and disease
applied ethnographic research
concerned with understanding social/cultural problems and using these understandings to bring about positive change in communities (applied ethnographic research vs ethnographic research)
what is holism
connectedness---- the whole is more important than the sum of its parts. the properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone.
extraconnectivity
connectivity that goes beyond the ecosystem. -symbiotic systems
darker the skin, the lower the
consonance, higher stress
recursive research
continuous interaction between data and hunches/hypothesis until a stable, cultural pattern appears
how did we get culture?
control of fire/environment, brain development, tool use/making, language
allocare
cooperative species parenting - increased chances of survival
enographic/ethnology
cross-cultural comparisons to understand the significance of cultural variation and test for universality (refers to a groups shared, learned heritage - aka "sociocultural" or "cultural" anthropology)
ethnology
cross-culutral comparisons--> the comparative method
What are the 4 subfields of anthropology?
cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological
gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
Gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
cultural determinism
culture (rather than biology) determines one's capacities and characteristics
cultural determinism
culture alone determines who we are
what are the 8 characteristics of what culture is
culture is 1. learned 2. symbolic 3. all-encompassing 4. organizes nature 5. shared 6. integrated 7. can be adapted 8. culture is contested (people learn, interpret, and manipulate the same cultural rules in different ways)
comparative method
cultures under study are compared with each other as a basis for generalizing about humankind; they can also be compared with the culture of the anthropologist themselves
allostatic load
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health
Allostatic load
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health
allostatic load
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher level places an organism at a higher risk for poor health
allostatic overload
cumulative, multi-system physiological dysregulation that results from exposure to challenges over the life course and places an individual at greater risk for poor health
industrial melanism
darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution
Mortality
death
morality
death
patrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
Matrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage
matrilineage
descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage
matrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage
Patrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
patrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
Lineage
descent group with shared ancestry
lineage
descent group with shared ancestry
lineages
descent group with shared ancestry
polygenic
describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes (this is how a majority of traits are)
ethnographic
descriptive written accounts of the natives' social structures and cultures
monogenic
determined by a single gene
paleolitic revolution
development of tools, culture, art
anomaly
did not fit into preconceived, categorically separate gender ideals
intraethnic
differences in the beliefs and behaviors of members of a specific ethnic group (avoid stereotypes!! not everyone is the same within a certain group)
Endemic
disease that is local to or well- established in a particular region and exists in balance with the population that hosts it
endemic
disease that is local to or well- established in a particular region and exists in balance with the population that hosts it
endemic
disease that is local to or well-established in a particular region and exists in balance with the population that hosts it
Pandemic
disease that spreads around the world with great speed
pandemic
disease that spreads around the world with great speed
Epidemic
disease that spreads over a population with great speed
epidemic
disease that spreads over a population with great speed
replacement hypothesis
disease, driven out, replaced or absorbed into a population (assimilation)
cultural bound syndromes
disorders found only in particular cultures - written off as "stress"
cultural revolution
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating the onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social lif
Homo sapiens sapiens
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating the onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life
Upper Paleolithic Revolution
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating onset of true behavioral for culturally supported cooperative social life
Upper Paleolithic Revolution
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life
upper Paleolithic evolution
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life
Cultural revolution
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating the onset of true behavioral modernity in Homo sapiens sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life
Cultural Revolution
dramatic shift in the archeological record occurring about 75,000 years ago indicating the onset of true behavorial modernity in Homo sapeins sapiens, including full-fledged capacity for culturally supported cooperative social life
ecosystem
dynamic set of relationships among/between biotic populations and abiotic environment - seeking homeostasis, occupying a unique niche
recessive trait
easily dominated
Commensality
eating together to create and cement a bond; sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance
commensality
eating together to create and cement a bond; sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance
social determinants
economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities (childhood experiences, education, social support, family income, etc..... they are the conditions in which we are born, we grow and age, and in which we live and work)
2 types of systems thinking
ecosystems and complex adaptive systems
Tribes
egalitarian socio-political group made up of a number of bands that have cross-cutting inter-band ties; leadership is achievement based
Tribes
egalitarian socio-political group made up of a number of bands that have cross-cutting inter-band ties; leadership is achievement based
tribes
egalitarian socio-political group made up of a number of bands that have cross-cutting inter-band ties; leadership is achievement based
Bands
egalitarian, family-based socio-political group; leadership is achievement based
bands
egalitarian, family-based socio-political group; leadership is achievement based
what are emit/etic perspectives for an ethnographer
emit- insiders perspective etic- outsiders perspective
capacity of connection refers to...
empathy, awareness of consciousness, ritual capability - meaning, developed from advantageous traits
genetic evolution
entails a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in a gene pool from generation to generation.
comparative method
entails viewing each culture in comparison with others or from a comparative perspective so that universals can be derived
Comparative method (30)
entails viewing each culture in comparison with others or from a comparative perspective so that universals can be derived
comparative method
entails viewing each culture in comparison with others or from a comparative perspective so that unversals can be derived
what is the opposite of relativism?
ethnocentrism
racism is an artifact of...
european imperialism
Relativism
evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that culture's own standards
Relativism (71)
evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that culture's own standards
relativism
evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that culture's own standards
relativism
evaluates the ideas and practices enacted by members of a given culture by that cultures own standards
Holism
examining how parts make a whole.
energy cycles
exchanges of energy, carrying capacity, effectively self-sustaining. Continuous multidirectional feedback to adjust and adapt from information.
balanced polymorphism
exists when selective pressure for one form of an allele is balanced or offset by selective pressure against that form, so that both alleles persist in a population, having achieved some kind of balance
Balanced Polymorphism
exists when selective pressure for one form of an allele is balanced or offset by selective pressure against that form, so that both alleles persist in a population, having achieved some kind of balance
balanced polymorphism
exists when selective pressure for one form of an allele is balanced or offset by selective pressure against that form, so that both alleles persist in a population, having achieved some kind of balance -ex. sickle cell gene--> the harm of one allele is offset by the benefits of another
what is reductionism
explaining organisms as machines and reducing them to their moving parts (OPPOSITE OF HOLISM)
Androgynous
expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics
androgynous
expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics
Surplus
extra food or material items that can be stored
surplus
extra food or material items that can be stored
division of labor
extra-familial economic specialization, in which different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent
Division of labor
extra-familial economic specialization, in which different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent
division of labor
extra-familial economic specialization, in which different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent
ethnicity
face of identity related to shared national or regional origins and shared culture
Ethnicity
facet of identity related to shared national or regional origins and shared culture
ethnicity
facet of identity related to shared national or regional origins and shared culture
proximate cause
factors in the immediate vicinity of infectious processes
Industrialized agriculture
farming (often of one crop only) for profit, rather than food, using highly mechanized means
industrialized agriculture
farming (often of one crop only) for profit, rather than food, using highly mechanized means
industrialized argiculture
farming (often of one crop only) for profit, rather than food, using highly mechanized means
Classificatory kin
fictive kin; people who are referred to with kin terms and said to be related but known by everyone not to be
classificatory kin
fictive kin; people who are referred to with kin terms and said to be related but known by everyone not to be
Classifactory Kinship
fictive, "as if" relation
dietary staple
food (usually plant based) that a group eats a lot of; examples for various cultures are bread, tortillas, mongongo nuts, and rice
Dietary staple
food (usually plant-based) that a group eats a lot of; examples for various cultures are bread, tortillas, mongongo nuts, and rice
historical particularism
franz boas -a viewpoint in which because different societies have different histories, their cultures are therefore unique and particular.
what did Franz boas think about evolutionism
franz called BS!! he went against the idea that western society was the pinnacle. each culture is good in its OWN WAY. we must look at the 4 fields of anthropology in order to get a full idea of a culture
horticulture
gardening lifestyle (no irrigation, no plows, no fertilizer, no permanent settlements)
Horticulture
gardening lifestyle (no irrigation, no plows, no fertilizer, no permanent settlements)
horticulture
gardening lifestyle (no irrigation, no plows, no fertilizer, no permanent settlements)
Foraging
gathering vegetable and animal or other foods directly, also known as hunter-gatherer lifestyle
foraging
gathering vegetable and animal or other foods directly, also known as hunter-gatherer lifestyle; ofter nomadic people use this method, at least seasonally; about 2/3 of this diet is plant based
Recessive
gene form that can only be expressed if paired with a self-same allele; can be dominated or overridden by a dominant allele; a recessive trait is a trait overridden in this way
recessive
gene form that can only be expressed if paired with a self-same allele; can be dominated or overridden by a dominant allele; a recessive trait is a trait overridden in this way
sickle cell anemia
gene-linked disease causing red blood cells to carry less oxygen and to form an abnormal crescent shape that can clog circulation; generally incurable having various forms
genetic drift
general evolution in a gene pool to random chance
polymorphic
genes come in various forms
ecological selection
genetic adaptation in response to a change in the environment that makes a given trait advantageous. -based solely on pathogen and environmental pressures not sexual selection
ecological selection
genetic adaptation in response to change in environmental pressures that makes a given trait advantageous
macroevolution
genetic adaptation that brings about a whole new species
Macroevolution
genetic adaptation that brings about whole new species
macroevolution
genetic adaptation that brings about whole new species
microevolution
genetic adaptation that is not major enough to lead to speciation
Micro evolution
genetic adaptation that is not major enough to lead to speciation (the emergence of a new species)
Microevolution
genetic adaptation that is not major enough to lead to speciation (the emergence of a new species)
Gene flow
genetic evolution due to migration, when one group's genes flow into another's gene pool
gene flow
genetic evolution due to migration, when one group's genes flow into another's gene pool
gene flow
genetic evolution due to migration, when one's groups genes flow into another's gene pool -american eye color
Genetic drift
genetic evolution due to random chance
genetic drift
genetic evolution due to random chance
genetic drift
genetic evolution due to random chance -only noticeable in small populations
genotype
genetic makeup
mutation
genetic miscopying, often due to some kind of exposure, for instance to a toxic
mutation
genetic miscopying, often due to some kind of exposure, for instance to a toxic chemical, or radiation or a particular virus -ex. abestos
Mutation
genetic miscopying, often due to some kind of exposure, for instance to a toxic chemical, or radiation, or a particular virus
race
genetically distinct populations within a species
Innate immunity
genetically inherited immunity
innate immunity
genetically inherited immunity
patogen
germ
Pathogen
germ or infectious agent
pathogen
germ or infectious agent
world system theory (wallerstein)
global history has been shaped by the rise and failure of a series of world systems - examination of local cultures in relation to larger global forces; economy and power relations
Redistribution
goods are taken from one subgroup for use with another, or for use society-wide (e.g., to build roads
redistribution
goods are taken from one subgroup for use with another, or for use society-wide
Redistribution
goods are taken from one subgroup for use with another, or for use society-wide (e.g., to build roads)
geographical clines
gradient which different traits evolved
3 features of culture
habitual, learned, shared
social theory explanation
has to do with what is, not what should be. social science can only help us to know what is and why. social research aims to find patterns of regularity in social life
androgynous
having both male and female characteristics
Polymorphic
having various forms
polymorphic
having various forms
polymorphic
having various forms or alleles
metabolism
he biochemical process of breaking down and repurposing food components for bodily use
syndemics
health-related problems that cluster by population, race, time
historically bigger weight is attributed to...
healthy, strong, fertile, attractive, giving, rich, political power, familial power
Pastoralism
herding lifestyle; nomadic or semi-nomadic
pastoralism
herding lifestyle; nomadic or semi-nomadic
1. Participant observation is different from other forms of observation in that o The observer actively manipulates the environment of those she observers in order to test hypotheses o It does not take place in a laboratory o The observer maintains a certain amount of proximity to the people she tries to observe o It focuses on individual participates, instead of the group o The observer participates in the culture under study
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states
hierarchial socio-political entity in which bureaucracy is centralized, with multiple parts, including a formal legal system
Social stratification
hierarchical social organization
social stratification
hierarchical social organization
States
hierarchical socio-political entity in which bureaucracy is centralized, with multiple parts, including a formal legal system
states
hierarchical socio-political entity in which bureaucracy is centralized, with multiple parts, including a formal legal system
chiefdoms
hierarchical socio-political group run by a hereditary 19 an exchange relationship infused with emotional bureaucracy, in which people inherit their positions
Chiefdom
hierarchical socio-political group run by a hereditary bureaucracy, in which people inherit their positions
chiefdom
hierarchical socio-political group run by a hereditary bureaucracy, in which people inherit their positions
Multiple origins
holds that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion, in many regions and perhaps (but not necessarily) with some gene flow between regions
multiple origins
holds that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion, in many regions and perhaps (but not necessarily) with some gene flow between regions
multiple origins model
holds that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion, in many regions and perhaps with some gene flow between regions
Out of Africa Model
holds that Homo sapiens spread globally in waves of migration outward from East Africa
out of Africa model
holds that Homo sapiens spread globally in waves of migration outward from East Africa
multiple origins
holds that homo sapiens sapiens evolved concurrently, in a convergent fashion in many regions and perhaps with some gene flow between regions
assimilation hypothesis
holds that population of homo sapiens who left africa in earlier waves were absorbed or assimilated into newer populations
Assimilation Hypothesis
holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were absorbed or assimilated into newer populations
Assimilation hypothesis
holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were absorbed or assimilated into newer populations
assimilation hypothesis
holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were absorbed ot assimilated into newer populations
replacement hypothesis
holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases newer population waves brought, or were driven
Replacement hypothesis
holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left Africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases newer population waves brought, or were driven out or otherwise replaced by the newcomers
replacement hypothesis
holds that populations of Homo sapiens who left africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases newer population waves brought, or were driven out or otherwise replaced by the newcomers
replacement hypothesis
holds that populations of homo sapiens who left africa in earlier waves were decimated by diseases new population waves brought, or were driven out or otherwise replaced by the newcomers
Hygiene hypothesis
holds that the immune systems of children exposed to more microbes have greater tolerance for the irritants that trigger asthma and allergies
hygiene hypothesis
holds that the immune systems of children exposed to more microbes have greater tolerance for the irritants that trigger asthma and allergies
systems thinking
holistic focus, highlights synergy (combined effects are greater than sum of parts)
bipedalism
homo erectus, ability to walk
refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two identical alleles for a pair
homozygus
carrying capacity
how many or how much of a given population can be supported by the environment.
description of Marxist Social Conflict Theory
human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict, and those who maintain social power use it to further their own interests - "Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than consensus. ... More powerful groups will tend to use their power in order to retain power and exploit groups with less power." (Wikipedia)
anthrogenic
human generated (ex. malaria)
Anthropogenic
humanly created or generated; often applied to describe diseases or problems related to human-made changes to the physical environment, such as via agricultural practices
anthropogenic
humanly created or generated; often applied to describe diseases or problems related to human-made changes to the physical environment, such as via agricultural practices
inductive research
identifies specific and concrete data bits and provides explanations for why events occur as they do - reasoning that uses a number of specific examples to arrive at a conclusion
normal science
if the results didn't come out as scientists wanted, they'd blame it on something else. -these scientists were narrow minded inside a single paradigm and did not question it
Proximate cause
immediate; very near
proximate cause
immediate; very near
passive immunity
immunity acquired by infants from breastfeeding; antibodies are passed along via breast milk
Passive immunity
immunity acquired by infants from breastfeeding; antibodies are passed along via breast milk
passive immunity
immunity acquired by infants from breastfeeding; antibodies are passed along via breast milk
Adaptive immunity
immunity brought on through vaccination or inoculation
adaptive immunity
immunity brought on through vaccination or inoculation
adaptive immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen through innate or passive immunity
market exchange
impersonal exchanges, often involving money; goods have no links to their producers; once a good is paid for no further obligation ensues
Market exchange
impersonal exchanges, often involving money; goods have no links to their producers; once a good is paid for no further obligation ensues
market exchange
impersonal exchanges, often involving money; goods have no links to their producers; once a good is paid for no further obligation ensues
Ultimate cause
in the end; ultimate causes are where the buck stops
ultimate causes
in the end; where the buck stops
genetic evolution
includes change due to drift, mutation, migration
Geographic clines
incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing environmental pressures or challenges
geographic clines
incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing environmental pressures or challenges
geographic clines
incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing environmental pressures or challenges.
geographic clines
incrementally or gradually changing distributions of traits over geographic regions, which are related to incrementally changing envrionmental pressures or challenges
hosts
individual organism sickened by an agent' active presence
Hosts
individual organism sickened by an agent's active presence
hosts
individual organism sickened by an agent's active presence
gatekeepers
individuals who control access to a community, organization, group of people, or source of information
Complex systems theory focuses on _________ flow and this compliments ecology's initial focus on _______ flow.
information, energy
what are the subsistence types?
intensification, manipulation, technology
what are the different levels of culture
international culture, national culture, and "subcultures" (within a subculture there can be different groups)
interpretive anthropology
interpretive anthropologists believe that ethnographers should describe and interpret what is meaningful to natives - "cultures are texts that natives constantly 'read' and ethnographers must decipher"
law of unintended consequences
intervention in a complex system can have surprising and undesirable consequences. example- McDonald's leading to an obesity and diabetes issue
antigens
invading cell "red flags"
ethnocentrism
involves putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation, in contrast to using the cultures norms and values to make interpretations
situatedness
involves the specific privileges and disadvantages inherent in an individuals social role/status
An interconnected system consisting of "biotic' and 'abiotic" elements
is an ecosystem
affiliative
it (body decoration) will symbolize one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture
relativism
judge others by their standards, using their culture's ethos and values.
Affinal kin
kin related by law, such as through adoption or marriage in the United States
affinal kin
kin related by law, such as through adoption or marriage in the United States
Consubstantial kin
kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial (e.g., nurturance, love) or material (e.g., bodily fluids such as breast milk, DNA, blood)
consubstantial kin
kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial or material
Consanguineal
kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality
consanguineal
kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality
consanguineal kin
kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality
macroevolution
large scale evolution, can bring about whole new species
chronic disease
lasts over a long span of time
Chronic
lasts over a long time span
chronic
lasts over a long time span
epigenome
layer of biochemical interactions surrounding our genes
epigenome
layer of biochemical interactions surrounding our genes - turn genes on and of, effect expression
in regards to melanin, more sun =
less folate
in regards to melanin, more melanin =
less vitamin D
homoerectus/ergaster
literally, 'erect man'; ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet; emerged about 1.5 million years ago
Homo erectus / ergaster
literally, 'erect man'; ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet; emerged about 1.5 million years ago
Homo erectus/ergaster
literally, 'erect man'; ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet; emerged about 1.5 million years ago
Homo habilis
literally, 'handy man'; ancestral human like species that systematically made and used tools; emerged about 2.5 million years ago
Homohabilis
literally, 'handy man'; ancestral human-like species that systematically made and used tools; emerged about 2.5 million years ago
Homosapiens
literally, 'wise man' or 'knowing man'; fully anatomically modern human beings; emerged 150,000 years ago
Homo sapiens
literally, 'wise man' or 'knowing man'; fully anatomically modern human beings; emerged 150,000 years ago
Homo sapiens
literally, 'wise' or 'knowing man'; fully anatomically modern human beings; emerged 150,000 years ago
Homeostasis (24)
literally, steady state; a balance achieved when small changes are made that do not notably alter the system but instead allow it to run as it has been running
homeostasis
literally, steady state; a balance achieved when small changes are made that do not notably alter the system but instead allow it to run as it has been running
biotic
living organism
Reservoir hosts
living organism that carries a pathogen as a host and serves as a vector or pathogen-carrying organism
Resivour hosts
living organism that carries a pathogen as a host and serves as a vector or pathogen-carrying organism
reservoir hosts
living organism that carries a pathogen as a host and serves as a vector or pathogen-carrying organism
developmental adjustment
long-term change in an organisms growth/biochemical processes dring development that occurs in response to environmental conditions which happens in that individuals lifetime
holism
looking at adaptations in context as a whole
oxytocin
love and friendship hormone
dominant
make their own instructions precedence over recessive alleles so that only they are expressed as a trait; a dominant trait is a trait expressed in this way
Dominant
make their own instructions take precedence over recessive alleles so that only they are expressed as a trait; a dominant trait is a trait expressed in this way
dominant trait
making their own instructions take precedence over recessive genes
Ihamana
male Zuni who dresses and works as a woman
plasticity
malleability, developmental range
Plasticity
malleability, particularly in relation to an organism's developmental range
Stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (e.g., a tattoo on a visible part of one's body, a sign on one's clothing)
stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (e.g., a tattoo on a visible part of one's body, a sign on one's clothing)
stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (ex. a tattoo on the body or a sign on one's clothing)
non-random mating
mating and reproduction limited by particular factors determined by a certain population. -ex. ethnic boundaries decide mates aka sexual selection
Avunculate
matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children
avunculate
matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children
The 'comparative method'
may compare the culture in question to the anthropolists own culture
Microevolution and Macroevolution
micro: population frequencies change macro: speciation (brings about a whole new species)
Scavenging
minimum-impact lifestyle in which subsistence depends on picking up dead organisms and fruit (etc.) that has dropped off the plant
Scavenging
minimum-impact lifestyle in which subsistence depends on picking up dead organisms and fruit (etc.) that has dropped off the plant
scavenging
minimum-impact lifestyle in which subsistence depends on picking up dead organisms and fruit that has dropped off the plant
microevolution
minor scale evolution
genetic adaptation
more/less advantageous for survival
what is the cause/mechanism of genetic adaptation?
natural selection (low mortality, high fertility with advantageous trait)
what is vitamin N?
nature
Homo Sapien Sapien pushed...
neanderthals from niche or assimilated
androgynous
neither male nor female
complex adaptive systems
networks of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow and in which "emergent, surprising, creative behavior is a real possibility" (change is fine!)
complex adaptive systems
networks of dynamically interrelated parts where info flows - creates emergent, surprising, creative behavior
mirror neurons
neurons in our brain that learn actions by watching other's perform them
mirror neurons
neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action. mirroring the other person. - mirror neurons also create empathy and allow us to put ourselves in other people's shoes-
when is genetic adaptation realized?
next generation
is developmental adjustment directly inheritable?
no
abiotic
non-living
Abiotic (24)
non-living chemical or physical factors in an environment, such as soil, atmospheric gasses, sunshine and water
abiotic
non-living chemical or physical factors in an environment, such as soil, atmospheric gasses, sunshine, and water
abiotic
non-living water, air, and the environment
Gene
a discrete sequence of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains (stores or codes) the recipe for a particular protein, or regulates the expression of protein-coding genes; genes are passed along from parent to offspring through the process of reproduction
gene
a discrete sequence of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains (stores or codes) the recipe for a particular protein, or regulates the expression of protein-coding genes; genes are passed along from parent to offspring through the process of reproduction
Malaria
a disease caused proximally by parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium and carried by the Anopholes mosquito; entails cyclical high fevers, headaches, and often death in humans; one of the top ten causes of death worldwide
malaria
a disease caused proximally by parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium and carried by the Anopholes mosquito; entails cyclical high fevers, headaches, and often death in humans; one of the top ten causes of death worldwide
Infectious disease
a disease resulting from the presence and activity of a pathogenic microbial agent that can be communicated from one person to another
infectious disease
a disease resulting from the presence and activity of a pathogenic microbial agent that can be communicated from one person to another
somatization
projection of mental attitudes/concerns onto the body so they are expressed as physical symptoms (ex. school anxiety)
allocare
providing childcare services to children who are not one's own biological offspring.
artificial selection
purposeful breeding for selective traits
Artificial selection
purposeful breeding of plants or animals, by humans, with the intention of producing in their offspring particular traits
artificial selection
purposeful breeding to produce in their offspring particular traits
co-sleeping
purposefully sleeping in close proximity, for instance in the same room (but not necessarily in the same bed) as per cultural reccomendations
ethnocentrism
putting one's culture at the center of any interpretation
Ethnocentrism
putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation; viewing other cultures through one's own culture's lens
Ethnocentrism (30)
putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation; viewing other cultures through one's own culture's lens
Bioavailability
quality of a food item affecting the degree to which an eater can extract and make use of nutrients; affected by such things as food storage conditions, cooking processes, and juxtapositions with other food items
bioavailability
quality of a food item affecting the degree to which an eater can extract and make use of nutrients; affected by such things as food storage conditions, cooking processes, and juxtapositions with other food items
paradigm shift
radical change in thinking (Lamarcks epigenetics did this for science)
Monogenic
raits traceable to just one gene; most traits, in contrast, are 'polygenic'
non-linear
ramifications don't unfold in a predictable manor - surprises
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
practice theory
recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence (culture <---> individual // reciprocal relationship)
what is the opposite of holism?
reductionism
Heterozygous
refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two different alleles for a pair
heterozyus
refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two different alleles for a pair
Homozygous
refers to inherited gene pairs; occurs when a person has two identical alleles for a pair
Social structure
refers to the way in which a society is structured or built from the relationships between the classes or groups of people within it
social structure
refers to the way in which a society is structured or built from the relationships between the classes or groups of people within it
according to our class material, what is talent?
refining, failing, grit, passion - not determined solely by genes
reflexivity
reflecting on your own culture as you study.
transgendered
refusing to fit one standard or the other
rna
regulates gene expression
dynamic
relations between parts are moving and fluid
Gametes
reproductive cells
gametes
reproductive cells
gametes
reproductive cells (eggs, sperm)
building rapport
requires the researcher to gain the trust of people involved in the research community
Taboo
rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power
taboo
rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power
Normal science
scientific practice that is driven by a shared, paradigmatic theory about the world that has long been agreed upon
normal science
scientific practice that is driven by a shared, paradigmatic theory about the world that has long been agreed upon
Nonrandom mating
selective mating, driven by conscious rules or unconscious impulses; happens in human populations for instance when kinship or class-related rules or ethnic boundaries limit who can build a family with whom
non random mating
selective mating, driven by conscious rules, if a family member had to marry someone specific
sexual selection
selective mating, driven by unconscious impulses or conscious rules; happens in human populations for instance when kinship or class-related rules or ethnic boundaries limit who can build a family with whom
Sexual selection
selective mating, driven by unconscious impulses or conscious rules; happens in human populations for instance when kinship or class-related rules or ethnic boundaries limit who can build a family with whom
Meaning response
self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries
meaning response
self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries
ethnicity
self-designated membership in a group working to maintain its cultural and political presence in a national system (not all people of similar national origin identify themselves as members of the same ethnic group)
Cloning
self-replication, for instance by splitting, so that each generation is a duplicate of the last; reproduction involving no sex
cloning
self-replication, for instance by splitting, so that each generation is a duplicate of the last; reproduction involving no sex
cloning
self-replication; so that each generation is a duplicate of the last; reproduction involving no sex
Comunitas
sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
communitas
sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
communitas
sense of boundedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
Rites of passage
separation, transition (liminal), reincorporation
ritual
set of actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value; a multimedia event that, when enacted, increase group cohesion
Ritual
set of actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value; a multimedia event that, when enacted, increases group cohesion
ritual
set of actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value; a multimedia event that, when enacted, increases group cohesion
system
set of dynamic interrelated parts functioning together as a whole
genotype
set of genes carried
Agriculture
settled farming, practiced with plows, irrigation, and/or fertilizers
Agriculture
settled farming, practiced with plows, irrigation, and/or fertilizers
agriculture
settled farming, practiced with plows, irrigation, and/or fertilizers
Red Queen Hypothesis
sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid evolution of parasites (evolutionary arms race)
commensality
shared eating
what did Emile Durkheim believe
she believed in the study of "social facts" and that there was order on a large scale to how people behave
epidemiological transition
shift from an epidemiological profile highlighting infectious diseases with high mortality rates to one in which non- infectious or chronic diseases with low mortality but high morbidity rates feature centrally
Epidemiological transition
shift from an epidemiological profile highlighting infectious diseases with high mortality rates to one in which non- infectious or chronic diseases with low mortality but high morbidity rates feature centrally
epidemiological transition
shift of epidemiological profiles
Acclimation
short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan
Acclimatization
short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan
acclimation
short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan
acclimatization
short-term, reversible changes in an organism's biology, such as when a summertime beachgoer develops a seasonal tan
acclimatization
shorter term, reversible self-protective changes (ex. beach summer tan)
Morbidity
sickness
morbidity
sickness
what leads to emergence
simple interactions between parts to strive to keep a system together can lead to something entirely new // to an emergence // we adapt and something new comes out of it!
rite of passage
simply a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or group of people from one social status to the next (a first haircut)
fosterage
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long-term
fosterage
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long term
Fosterage
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long-term
social scientists create theories about the nature of the _____________ rather than ____________ life
social scientists create theories about the nature of the GROUP rather than INDIVIDUAL life. - they study what goes on between groups/humans - they try to understand the systems in which people operate
open societies
societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such)
organic analogy
society is like an organism, with differentiated systems held together by mutual interdependence; it will evolve over time from being simple and homogeneous (like an amoeba) to being heterogeneous and complex
Organic analogy
society is like an organism, with differentiated systems held together by mutual interdependence; it will evolve over time from being simple and homogeneous (like an amoeba) to being heterogeneous and complex
organic analogy
society is like an organism, with differentiated systems held together by mutual interdependence; it will evolve over time from being simple and homogeneous to being heterogeneous and complex
Anomaly
something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a 'monster'); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order
anomaly
something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a monster); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order
ostundo
spanish words for fright which takes the soul away
Antibodies
special proteins that can lock, selectively, onto the invading cells' antigens and effectively disarm them
antibodies
special proteins that can lock, selectively, onto the invading cells' antigens and effectively disarm them
Niche
species-specfic way of making a living or subsisting
Niche (24)
species-specific way of making a living or subsisting
niche
specified resource relations -species-specific way of making a living
surrogate
stand in mother or father for procreative purposes; surrogate mothers (gestational surrogates) can carry (gestate) children for their legal mothers
surrogate
stand in mother or father for procreative purpose
Surrogate
stand in mother or father for procreative purposes; surrogate mothers (gestational surrogates) can carry (gestate) children for their legal mothers
Resilience
strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations
resilience
strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations
taboo
strictly prohibited
ethnology
study of characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them
epidemiology
study of disease distribution and determinants
Epidemiology
study of disease distribution and its determinants
Epidemology
study of disease distribution and its determinants
epidemiology
study of disease distribution and its determinants
Anthropology
study of humankind; holistic in perspective
epigenetics
study of interactions between genes and their environment that "bring pheonotype into being"
Epigenetics
study of the interaction between genes and their environment that produce the phenotype
natural selection
survival advantages that particular traits confer allow their bearers to produce more healthy offspring
adaptation
survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in response to a change in the environment. adaptive systems evolve instead of breaking down
adaptations
survival-enhancing change in a system triggered by atypical, stress-producing change in environment
adaptation
survival-enhancing change in response to environmental pressures
adaptation
survival-enhancing change in response to environmental pressures. -due to information flows -continual multi-directional feedback
mechanical systems
system of dynamically interrelated parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment (compare to 'complex adaptive system')
Mechanical Systems (25)
system of dynamically interrelated parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment; predictable
mechanical systems
system of dynamically related parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment
Complex adaptive systems
system or network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow; this system can change itself adaptively in response to changes in its environment (compare to 'mechanical system')
Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) (25)
system or network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow; this system can change itself adaptively in response to changes in its environment
what is an extender of biological capacity?
technology (cooking, clothes, inventions)
what is culture
that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
macronutrients
the 3 key nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Agency
the ability to impose one's will or make significant choices
agency
the ability to impose one's will or make significant choices
commensality
the act of shared eating
Biological determinism
the argument that biology determines utterly and completely one's capacities and characteristics. -problematic bc it leads to racism -downplays hard work -diverts us from reaching our full potential
What is salvage (recall) ethnography?
the attempt to reconstruct a cultural system at a slightly earlier period by interviewing older individuals who lived during that time period
Biological determinism (20)
the belief that biology alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'cultural determinism')
biological determinism
the belief that biology alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'cultural determinism')
Cultural determinism (22)
the belief that culture alone determines one's capacities and characteristics
cultural determinism
the belief that culture alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'biological determinism')
What is cultural determinism?
the belief that culture dictates or determines behavior
What is cultural knowledge?
the beliefs, attitudes, rules, assumptions about the world, and other mental phenomena; five parts: Norms, Values, Symbols, Consturction of Reality, and Worldview
Metabolism
the biochemical process of breaking down and repurposing food components for bodily use
metabolism
the biochemical process of breaking down and repurposing food components for bodily use
stress
the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run
Stress
the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run; key biochemicals entailed are cortisol and catecholamines, including epinephrine
stress
the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run; key biochemicals entailed are cortisol and catecholamines, including epinephrine
gender
the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex
cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits w' the lifestyle that ones culture recommends and aspires to be (lower CC, higher stress)
cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the life-style that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to
Cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to
cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to
epidemiological profile
the disease profile or picture of a given group; it identifies which diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing, or have experienced and to what degree.
epidemiological polarization
the division between the haves and have nots, or the transitioned and the non transitioned - is called by some "The Great Epi divide"
Gene pool
the entire population's sum total of genes
Genepool
the entire population's sum total of genes
gene pool
the entire population's sum total of genes
Genome
the entire stock of genetic information carried by a given species
genome
the entire stock of genetic information carried by a given species
cultural adaptation
the environment conditions determined our survival needs and cultural aims.
social justice
the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups
Social justice
the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups
social justice
the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups
energy flow
the focus of homeostasis is really on...
paradigm
the framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data
Red Queen Hypothesis
the idea that a population in which genetic variation is not maintained is at a distinct disadvantage in a world that is constantly producing new environmental pressures
red queen hypothesis
the idea that a population in which genetic variation is not maintained is at a distinct disadvantage in a world that is constantly producing new environmental pressures
Lamarckism
the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited
lamarckism
the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited
lamaricksism
the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited
Lamarckism
the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited (natural selection replaced this idea!!)
reductionism
the idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of it. -fails to put into larger context
Reductionism (23)
the idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of that system
reductionism
the idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of that system
Unilineal
the idea that culture (or anything) evolves in one direction over time, progressively improving
unilineal evolution
the idea that culture (or anything) evolves in one direction over time, progressively improving
unilineal evolution
the idea that culture evolves in 1 direction over time, progressively improving.
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and worldview of its speakers
dependent vs independent variable
the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent is the effect
What does linguistic anthropology focus on?
the interrelationships between language and other aspects of a culture
Natural selection
the key mechanism of genetic evolution; a process by which the genes for expressed traits that happen to give an organism an adaptive advantage for survival under given environmental conditions are therefore more likely to be found in the next generation's gene pool, if the same environmental conditions persist; descent with modification
natural selection
the key mechanism of genetic evolution; a process by which the genes for expressed traits that happen to give an organism an adaptive advantage for survival under given environmental conditions are therefore more likely to be found in the next generation's gene pool, if the same environmental conditions persist; descent with modification
embodiment
the literal "making physical" of culture
Embodiment
the literal 'making physical' of culture
embodiment
the literal 'making physical' of culture
symbiosis
the living together of two dissimilar organisms, as in mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, or parasitism. -interaction between two different biological organisms
Phenotype
the manifestation or measurable expression of the genotypegenetic adaptation
phenotype
the manifestation or measurable expression of the genotypegenetic adaptation
Participation observation' is different from other forms of observation in that
the observer participates in the culture under study
complex adaptive theory
the parts of a system can adapt, altering a system's direction
Quickening
the point in gestation at which fetal movement can be felt by the birth mother
quickening
the point in gestation at which fetal movement can be felt by the birth mother
positionality
the power position in which a person/group is situated socially
homeostasis
the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. an ideal balance point at which species population numbers and the relations between populations would hold steady even as time passed. from this perspective, change is seen in a bad way!
Intensification
the process of doing more to get food; more intensified subsistence strategies (e.g., agriculture) manipulate or interfere with the environment more than less intensive strategies (e.g., scavenging) do
intensification
the process of doing more to get food; more intensified subsistence strategies (argiculture) manipulate or interfere with the environment more than less intensive strategies (scavenging) do
Intensification
the process of doing more to get food; more intensified subsistence strategies (e.g., agriculture) manipulate or interfere with the environment more than less intensive strategies (e.g., scavenging) do
Allostasis
the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' to accommodate chronic stress
allostasis
the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' to accommodate chronic stress
somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress
Somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress
somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptons; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress
Allocare
the provision of childcare services to children who are not one's biological offspring; literally, 'other care'
allocare
the provision of childcare services to children who are not one's biological offspring; literally, 'other care'
liminal period
the second phase of a rite of passage, placing the initiate in a space that is "betwixt and between" the old identity and the new identity
Genotype
the set of genes an individual carries (as opposed to their manifestation)
structural violence
the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
Racialization
the simple classification of people according to so- called race; non-evaluative (contrast with 'racism')
radicalization
the simple classification of people according to so- called race; non-evaluative (contrast with 'racism')
racialization
the simple classification of people according to so-called race
racialization
the simple classification of people according to so-called race; non-evaluative
anthropology
the study of all of humankind (cultures of past, present, future)
anthropology
the study of human systems and human interactions with the systems in which they are embedded
anthropology
the study of humankind. -biological, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology
Epigenetics
the study of interactions between genes and their environment that bring the phenotype into being
epigenetics
the study of interactions between genes and their environment that bring the phenotype into being
cultural anthropology
the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together. - holistic understanding of humans across space and time - immersive, local data collection methods - solutions must attend to cultural relative understanding - emphasis on qualitative research
What is functionalism?
the theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to the persistence of the whole society (everything people do serves a purpose); Two Important British functionalists: 1) Bronislaw Malinowski -emphasized the needs of individuals: biological, psychological, and social (problem: how do you define need, want; some things seem to not have a function 2) A.R. Radcliffe-Brown - focused on the needs of society; maintaining orderly social relationships; cultural equilibrium must be maintained (problem: societies change)
what is the theory of evolutionism (lewis Henry Morgan, sir edward burnette taylor, marx)
the theory of evolutionism revolves around the idea that all human groups move through series of cultural evolution in order to reach the pinnacle: WESTERN SOCIETY!
Macronutrients
the three key nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Culture
the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage
culture
the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage
culture
the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage (social, political, economical, religious, cosmological, linguistic, health etc)
Culture
the totality of each human groups shared and learned heritage.
homo neanderthalensis denies...
them of our species appellation
disease ecology
theoretical framework that focuses on the germ, the immediate or proximal environment in which it lives, and the context in which germs are spread
Disease ecology
theoretical framework that focuses on the germ, the immediate or proximal environment in which it lives, and the context in which germs are spread
disease ecology
theoretical framework that focuses on the germ, the immediate or proximal environment in which it lives, and the context in which germs are spread
paradigm
theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data
structural functionalism
theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.) - basically, society is organized by its structural principles
What is interpretive anthropology?
theory that emphasizes the uniqueness and individuality of each human culture; analyzes cultural elements by explicating their meanings to people and understanding them in their local context
relativism
things make sense in context, judging others by their own standards
when is developmental adjustment realized?
this generation/life
phagocytes
those leukocytes or while blood cells that eat or otherwise get rid of pathogens
Phagocytes
those leukocytes or white blood cells that eat or otherwise get rid of pathogens
Lymphocytes
those leukocytes or white blood cells that help our bodies remember and recognize previous invaders and support our bodies in destroying them
lymphocytes
those leukocytes that help our bodies remember and recognize previous invaders and support our bodies in destroying them
racialism
to "see" race (evaluative, visual)
racism
to judge based on imputed race
hygiene hypothesis
too sterile of an environment doesn't keep the immune system busy/healthy/prepared
what are environmentally induced epigenetic events?
toxins, food/diet, lifestyle, activity
index trait
trait that attracts one to another
polygenic traits
traits controlled by two or more genes
index trait
traits that attract
poly genetic
traits that develop through the interaction of a collection of numerous genes
Polygenic
traits that develop through the interaction of a collection of numerous genes
polygenic
traits that develop through the interaction of a collection of numerous genes
monogenic
traits traceable to just one gene, most traits are polygenic though
Monogenic
traits traceable to just one gene; most traits, in contrast, are 'polygenic'
Epidemiological triangle
triangle representing the relationship between the host, environment, and agent
epidemiological triangle
triangle representing the relationship between the host, environment, and agent
epigenetic events
turn other genes on or off
in the end; ultimate causes are where the buck stops
ultimate cause
deductive research
use facts, rules, or properties to reach conclusions
reflexivity
using what we learn about other cultures to learn about ourselves
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allele
variant of a single gene
Alleles
variants of a single gene
alleles
variants of a single gene
polymorphic
various forms of alleles
reductionism
viewing people/things from one point without full context
traits associated with race are...
visually salient
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals without which the biochemical processes entailed in fueling human life cannot happen
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals without which the biochemical processes entailed in fueling human life cannot happen
What is the cultural construction of reality?
ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into categories, usually linguistically encoded; implies that different peoples do not perceive the human and natural worlds in the same ways
condordance
what we are vs. what we feel we should be
attenuation
when a pathogen evolves, via natural selection, to have less of an impact on its host, and its host, as a result, can carry or spread it for longer
Attenuation
when a pathogen evolves, via natural selection, to have less of an impact on its host, and its host, as a result, can carry or spread it for longer
attenuation
when a pathogen evolves, via natural selection, to have less of an impact on its host, and its host, as a result, can carry or spread it for longer
Sedentism
when a population lives in a permanent settlement, as agriculturalists do
Sedentism
when a population lives in a permanent settlement, as agriculturalists do
sedentism
when a population lives in a permanent settlement, as agriculturalists do
Social cohesion
when a society holds itself together
social cohesion
when a society holds itself together
fight or flight reaction
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival
Fight or flight reaction
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival
fight or flight reaction
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes for a fight or fleeing the scene; thought to aid species in survival
Social soundness
when aid groups work with community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures
social soundness
when aid groups work with community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures
social soundness
when aid groups work with the community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures
seasonality
when changing season lead to shifts in diet quality and quantity
Seasonality
when changing seasons lead to shifts in diet quality and quantity
Specialization
when different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent
specialization
when different groups within a society do different jobs and are therefore interdependent
Cordance
when features or traits co-occur with predictable regularity
concordance
when features or traits co-occur with predictable regularity
cordance
when features or traits co-occur with predictable regularity
Industrial melanism
when industrial processes darken the environment, leading to increased fitness for members of a species in which more melanic pigment is expressed and so supporting the natural selection of the melanic trait
industrial melanism
when industrial processes darken the environment, leading to increased fitness for members of a species in which more melanic pigment is expressed and so supporting the natural selection of the melanic trait
social condensation
when larger groups break into smaller factions
Social condensation
when larger groups break into smaller factions, much as water vapor will condense into droplets on a cold drink bottle
social condensation
when larger groups break into smaller factions, much as water vapor will condense into droplets on a cold drink bottle
Role incongruity
when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on
role incongruity
when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on
niche construction
when organisms, through biological and behavioral processes, act upon (construct or modify) the environmental niches that they (and other organisms) occupy just as those niches act upon them
Niche construction
when organisms, through biological and behavioral processes, act upon (construct or modify) the environmental niches that they (and other organisms) occupy just as those niches act upon them
status inconsistency
when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the statues she or he feels that she or he deserves
Status inconsistency
when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the status she or he feels that she or he deserves
status inconsistency
when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the status she or he feels that she or he deserves
Nonlinear (CAS) (26)
when ramifications of an event do not follow from the event in a predictable manner but instead occur as surprises that lead to surprises of their own
Epidemiological polarization
when the epidemiological profile of the poor entails high levels of mortality from infectious disease and lots of death at young ages, while the rich live longer and die later from non-infectious diseases
Noncordance
when things (features, traits) do not co-occur with predictable regularity; often referenced to dismiss claims that biological race exists
non concordance
when things (features, traits) do not co-occur with predictable regularity; often referenced to dismiss claims that biological race exists
noncondordance
when things do no co-occur with predictable regularity
leukocytes
white blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells; key to good immune system functioning
leukocytes
white blood cells; key to good immune system functioning
synergy
working together
ethos
worldview, fundamental value set
ethnography
written account of one's culture
colostrum
yellow liquid before milk
is genetic adaptation directly inheritable?
yes
What are symbols?
objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities; they are arbitrary - no inherent qualities in the symbol lead a group to attribute one meaning to it rather than another; they are also conventional - meanings exist only because people implicitly agree they exist
Epidemiological Study
observes visual behavior instead of controlled groups (good for health effects studies, however flawed in that there is no randomization - confounding variable)
Liminal
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage
liminal
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage
liminal phase
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage
structural violence
occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure
Structural violence
occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure
structural violence
occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within the social structure
Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)
often two blinded groups, one with a placebo (not always practical, can be dangerous or use too many volunteers)
anomaly
omething that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a 'monster'); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order
allele
one version of a gene that governs a characteristic (such as fur color)
population
organism of one species occupying one niche
vector
organism that carries a pathogen to another organism (e.g., mosquito)
vector
organism that carries a pathogen to another organism
Vectors
organism that carries a pathogen to another organism (e.g., mosquito)
developmental process
organisms growing/maturing
non-random mating/sexual selection
organisms having a hand in reproductive selection
Chromosomes
organized, structured packages of DNA found in the center or nucleus of each cell and passed along to offspring during reproduction
chromosome
organized, structured packages of DNA found in the center or nucleus of each cell and passed along to offspring
Chromosomes
organized, structured packages of DNA found in the center or nucleus of each cell and passed along to offspring during reproduction
Hemoglobin
oxygen-binding or carrying molecules found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
oxygen-binding or carrying molecules found in red blood cells
Agents
pathogen, substance, or process that causes morbidity and/or mortality
agents
pathogen, substance, or process that causes morbidity and/or mortality
reference group theory
people judge their lot in life less by objective conditions than by comparing themselves with others around them- the reference group
stakeholders
persons who have a vested interest in what the research results are and how they are used
2 kinds of leukocytes
phagocytes (cells that chew/eat invaders) and lymphocytes (cells that help our bodies remember/recognize previous invaders and support our body in destroying them)
phenotype
physical expression of genes
stigmatized
physically marked as targets for rejection (non-conformers)
meaning responce
placebo healing
flora
plants
biocultural diversity
population-based human variation generated in or reflecting of the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither of which can function without the other
what kind of kinship is common in the Hua?
post natal, dynamic and open society
what is the cause/mechanism of developmental adjustment?
pre-natal/childhood exposure, physical plasticity, organism development
mechanical systems
predictable system
concordance
predictable, co-occuring
What kind of kinship is most common in the contemporary United States?
prenatal, static, closed
balanced polymorphism
pressure for one form of an allele is affected by the pressure against that form
balanced polymorphism
pressure for one form of the allele is balanced or offset by pressure against. (example- having both sickle and red blood cells balances each other out)
niche construction
process whereby organisms, through their metabolism, their activities, and their choices, modify their own and/or others' niches
Clifford Geertz, Deep Play
-"The culture of a people is an ensemble of texts, themselves ensembles, which the anthropologist strains to read over the shoulders of those to whom they properly belong"
Subsurface Survey
-(digging small test holes) is done where ground cover exists
Absolute Dating
-Actual age of artifacts based on proven scientific principals
What does Biological and Physical Anthropology allow us to do?
-Allows us to address questions of deep human ancestry :When and where did humans evolve -Allows us to address biological questions of contemporary peoples :Nutrition :Diseases
Genotype
-An individual's hereditary makeup; genes and chromosomes
Phenotype
-An individuals outward expression, or physical characteristics
Site
-Any place where any one did only thing in the past and left evidence of their activities
Relative Dating
-Approximate age of artifacts -Changes in style, form, etc.
James Usher
-Archbishop of Church of Ireland -Created the night before October 23, 4004 B.C.
Gregor Mendel
-Austrian monk, famous for his early experiments in genetics -Crossed varieties of pea plants with different characteristics -There are dominant and recessive traits
Cultural Relativism
-Behavior in one culture should not be judged by another culture's standard's; to see each culture in its own right
Alleles
-Biochemically different forms of genes
Do we shape our language or does our language shape us?
-Both Our perceptions, ways of thinking, behavior and beliefs are all expressed or reflected in our language
Mutation
-Changed in the DNA of which genes and chromosomes are built -Acts on the genotype -Provides variety for natural selection
Excavation
-Cover small or large areas -Can include :Digging "test units: :Block excavation
Culture is Integrated
-Culture is a system, with patterns and connections :Parts of the system work together to produce the whole :Changes in any given part of the system can affect other aspects of culture
Windover Site
-Discovered in 1983 in East-Central Florida -Human remains encountered in peat bog -Prehistoric cemetery, 7,000-8,000, 168 burials
Independent Invention
-Domestication of plants and animals
Cultural Relativism
-Each culture accepted and understood in its own
Famous Anthropologist
-Edward Burnett Tylor -Published Primitive Culture -Culture..... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, or any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
Acculturation
-Exchange of cultural features that results from continuous firsthand contact between groups :Cherokee Alphabet
Catastrophism
-Exinct animals were destroyed in some great catastrophe -Explained landforms
International Culture
-Extends beyond national boundaries; cross-cuts from nation to nation
Sir Charles Lyell
-Father of Modern Geology -"Principals of Geology" 1830-88
Problem-oriented research
-Focuses on specific issues -The whole of culture is too broad; break it into pieces to study it
Genotype vs. Phenotype
-Genotype : Collection of alleles -Phenotype : Physical expression of alleles
Natural Selection
-Greater fitness= greater reproduction. Others are "selected against" -Survival of the fittest -Acts on the phenotype, or the biological expression, not necessarily the genotype -Tends to limit variety
Team Research
-Individual researchers attacking specific questions, working together -Makes the most of research opportunities
Genes
-Individual traits, found in pairs on chromosomes -These combined pairs determine biological traits
Heterozygous
-Individuals have mixed alleles for a given gene
Homozygous
-Individuals have the same alleles for a given gene
Surface Survey
-Is done where artifacts are exposed
Creationism
-Judeo-Christian beliefs based on the Torah, or the Bible (Christianity), particularly Genesis
Tylor's Categories
-Knowledge, Belief, Arts, Morals, Law etc. -Examples: Women's rights, Education, Religion, Gender Roles, How we view other groups
Ways in which human evolution prepared us for culture
-Large, Complex Brains :Learning, Language, Memory -Binocular, Color Vision :Depth perception, precise vision -Manual dexterity, opposable thumbs :Grasping, manipulating objects -Upright, bipedal posture :Ability to carry objects, use tools -Reduced offspring :More parental investment, learning opportunity
Transformism
-Later known as Evolution -Living species are the result of changes or transformations over great time "Descent with modification"
Relative weaknesses of Cultural Anthropology?
-Limited, Self life -Limited to the present (bias of time) -Lies
Longitudinal Research
-Long-term research
Uniformitarianism
-Natural forces in action today were also in action in the past
Major proponent and contributor to the study of Stratigraphy
-Observing the layers and their relationship -Comparing the time and how they came about
Weaknesses of Archaeology?
-Only working with objects: hard to get the full story- can't ask question
Enculturation
-Shaped by the things around us -Culture is learned both consciously and unconsciously/subconsciously -Culture is shared among members of a group
Chromosomes
-Strands of DNA, arranged in matching pair of genes -Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)
Relative strengths of Cultural Anthropology?
-Studying living subjects -Building Data -Raises cultural awareness
National Culture
-The beliefs, behaviors, values, institutions, etc. shared by members of the same nation
Primatology
-The biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman primates -Helps us to better understand human behavior and its possible roots
Subcultures
-The endless variety of different symbol-based patterns and traditions within a society :Ethnicity, Religion, Geographic, Region etc.
Carbon Dating (C-14)
-The most common absolute dating method -This ratios is used to calculate the date of death
Ethnocentrism
-The practice of viewing one's own culture as superior, and applying your culture's values in judging other cultures
Darwin's major contribution
-The process of Natural Selection
Diffusion
-The spread of borrowing of cultural traits between cultures -Can be through direct contact or indirect contact
Genetics
-The study of heredity and variation in living organisms -"Lamarckin Evolution or transmission of traits acquired during lifetime -Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French biologist
Linguistic Anthropology
-The study of human language through time and space -Provides great historical information
Systematic Survey
-Used to cover small or large areas
Biology tells us ___________ Culture tells us ____________
-What we need to eat -What to eat, when to eat it, how to eat it, how to behave while eating, etc.
Spatial Data
-Where everything was found, is very important :Geographic location of site :Location of each test within site :3D location of artifacts within tests
Open societies
-are those with inbuilt class mobility -Societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such) -Societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such)
plasticity
-irreversible, occurs during maturation -can be molded -enables our bodies to respond to environmental pressures
culture's 4 features
-learned -shared socially -habitual -self-centered
Anthropology (Four fields) (OM)
-sociocultural: examine social practices & patterns across cultures w/ special interest in how people live in particular places and how they organize, govern, and create meaning -biological: (physical) how humans adapt to diverse environments, how biological and cultural processes work together to shape growth, development and behavior, and what causes disease and early death -archaeology: study past peoples and cultures, from deepest prehistory to the recent past, through analysis of material remains - artifacts and evidence of past environments to architecture & landscapes -linguistic: comparative study of ways in which language reflects and influences social life
Closed societies
-those in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth or anchored in a rite of passage from which there is no going back -personal status is ascribed based on birth or rite of passage -societies in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth
What are the five properties of language from the lecture?
1) Arbitrary - any word can be attached to any meaning; language tends to be used in similar ways; ex: Bouba/Kiki effect 2) Systematic - how people use language is systematic (grammar) 3) Discrete - language is made up of discrete pieces: phonemes (the smallest unit of sound) and morphemes (combo of phonemes that communicates a standardized meaning) 4) Productive - fluency is adding together a finite number of words and grammar rules yielding an infinite number of sentences 5) Symbolic - language is constructed of signs; each word is a symbol of its meaning
What are the four fields of anthropology?
1) Archaeology 2) Biological (physical) - studies the biological evolution of humans and other primates 3) Cultural - studies way of life of contemporary and historically recent peoples 4) Linguistics - study of language
What are the five properties of language in the book?
1) Discreteness - the combinations of units (sounds & words) to communicate messages 2) Arbitrariness - meanings of words cannot be understood or deduced by people who do not know the language 3) Productivity - finite number of words can be combined into an infinite number of sentences 4) Displacement - People can discuss objects, persons, and events that are not immediately present or that are imaginary, futuristic, or imaginary 5) Multimedia Potential - messages can be transmitted through many media - sound, print, sight, etc.
What are the components of linguistic knowledge?
1) Grammar - sounds that exist, rules for combining them into sequences, meanings conveyed by these sequences, and how sentences are constructed by stringing words together according to precise rules 2) Dialects - variations in language based on factors such as region, ehtnic identity, and socioeconomic class 3) Sound systems - the sounds of a language, and the ways these sound occur in regular and consistent patterns 4) Words & Meanings - words are a combination of phonemes to which people attach meanings
What are the three main anthropological approaches?
1) Holistic Approach - assumes that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension can be understood in isolation 2) Comparative Approach - valid hypothesis and theories about humanity must be tested with information from a wide range of cultures 3) Relativistic Approach - no culture taken as a whole is inherently superior or inferior to any other; the notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using one's own cultural standards
What two characteristics of symbols did Victor Turner identify while working with people in Africa?
1) Multivocality - symbols represent many qualities and abstract values simultaneously 2) Condensation - the meaning of a symbol is condensed in a material form that is easy to represent, think about, and become attached to
What is post-modernism?
1) implies the impossibility of being objective 2) Critical theory - seeks to question accepted truths and critiques simple ideas and easy answers 3) Came from art, architecture, literature, and literary criticism; assumes our experience of our world is mostly words/stories; how we speak and write becomes a part of our understanding of reality 4) Critique of meta narratives (a grand narrative common to all) ex: Christian narrative of the fall of man; Enlightenment idea that everyone acting the same would yield a better society 5) argues against a single method to understanding everything 6) Focuses on power relations and hegemony (control) between genders and between fieldworkers and people of research 7) Includes a general critique of western knowledge
Five Ways to Spot Fake News
1. Look for unusual URLS 2. Dissect the layout 3. Dig deeper (who supports it?) 4. Cross-check for credibility 5. Reverse image source
consubstantial skin
2 kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial (e.g., nurturance, love) or material (e.g., bodily fluids such as breast milk, DNA, blood)
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent - cheap/easy and doesn't work (low variation)
Adaptation
A responsive, survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in reaction to some kind of atypical or new and stress-producing change in the environment
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Adaptation
A survival enhancing change in a system that is in response to an atypical, stress producing, change in the environment.
Mechanical systems
A system of dynamically interrelated parts that cannot change itself or adapt to changes in its environment (compare to 'complex adaptive system')
Holon
A system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger
What does teleological mean? Whose theory of evolution was teleological and whose was not?
A teleological process has an end point or goal. Darwin's theory of evolution was a continuous, infinite process, NOT teleological; Spencer's theory of social evolution IS teleological because it has the goal of the penultimate culture/society
fitness
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment given existing environmental pressures (high fertility, low mortality)
where in the world is there the most genetic diversity?
Africa
Biotic
Alive; a living component of an ecosystem, such as a plant or animal species
Ethnographic record
All ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together
Archaeological record
All material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and prehistoric societies
Biocultural Diversity
All population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither one of which can function without the other
gene pool
All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time. sum of genetic potential in a population
ecosystems
All the living and non-living things that interact in an area. an ecosystems populations are all related to each other through various ties involving energy flows (example- squirrels rely on oak trees, oak trees rely on squirrels to spread their acorns etc...)
Chromosomes and Genes are the ______________ ______________ units
Basic Heredity
Bronislaw Malinowski
British anthropologist (born in Poland) who introduced the technique of the participant observer. "Malinowski embraced the value of studying everyday life in all its mundane aspects. Thus for him it was not enough to simply record what tribal members said about their religious beliefs, sexual practices, marriage customs, or trade relationships - it was important to also studying how this measured up to, or played out in, what they did in every day life" (NNDB.com).
What are the biological, mental, and behavioral aspects of language?
Biological - the ability to speak due to biological development Mental - brain functioning/thinking/cognitive ability Behavioral - nonverbal communication/ behavior while speaking
Which of the following are 'reductionist' views?
Biological and cultural determinism.
What role does biology play in culture?
Biological differences affect behavior or behavioral predispositions; example: lactose intolerance in eastern Asia and southern Africa, but Europeans are able to digest milk; the ancestors of some people were able to drink milk so milk drinking evolved as a behavioral pattern; this showed that milk-drinking and genetic change co-evolved. Humans also have universal biological needs (food, reproduction) which all groups must develop ways of meeting
"Population based human variation that reflects an interacting combination of biological and cultural factors" is more simply called:
Biological diversity
Sex
Biologically differentiated status. Has to do with genitals and chromosomes
Which best describes Biological Determinism?
Biology determines on capacities in characteristics.
Biocultural Approach
Biology is a function of culture, as culture is a function of biology.
A structured package or bundle of DNA (one that can be passed along to an offspring) is called...
Chromosomes
DNA molecules make up ____________ and ______________
Chromosomes and Genes
What is the materialistic approach to anthropology?
Claims that the main influences on cultural differences and similarities are technology, the environment, and how people produce and distribute resources; Problem: reduces culture to physical items and misses out on spiritual aspects of culture
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Gender
Cultural construction. It defines masculinity and femininity for us. Variously entails expectations of how a person will move, dress, modify the body, and so on.
Why is it so difficult to define culture?
Culture is difficult to define because it is such a broad concept that covers a large spectrum of people's lives and has meant different things to different people over time
Comparative Method
Cultures under study are compared with each other intentionally.
RNA
DNA's biochemical helper which: fetches/delivers proteins for DNA, some kinds can regulate expression of genes
consanguineal kinship
DNA/genetic matter
What is the difference between emic and etic? Provide examples of each.
Emic means attempting to understand a culture as an insider, as one who practices the culture being studied. Ex: Franz Boas Etic means understanding a culture from the outside. Ex: EB Tylor
syndemic
Entails not just one health problem but a cluster of problems that work together, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other synergistically. Ex: HIV/AIDS
ethnographic techniques
- the researcher is the primary instrument of data collection - beliefs and perceptions - emic/etic - participant observation - conversation, interviewing - genealogical method (asking about the history of a group) - key cultural consultants - life histories
Wallaces wheel of science
- theories ---> hypothesis ----> observation -----> empirical generalizations
unilineal thinking
(one-way) evolutionary thinking that placed the ruling culture at the top toward a paradigm that allowed for many lines of cultural evolution
are social determinants of health inevitable or avoidable?
- they are LARGELY AVOIDABLE - THE GOAL- learn to identify the root cause of a problem and see the connection from underlying to proximate determinants
what is culture
"culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man (humans) as a member of society" - learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and attitudes characteristic of a particular society/group
homo erectus/ergaster
"erect man" -ancestral human-like species that stood erect and walked habitually on two feet, emerged about 1.5 mya
Genetic Evolution
A population level change to achieve homeostasis. It causes a change in the frequency of a specific gene within the gene pool.
Couvade
(men become pregnant too) -male participation in pregnancy, sometimes as demonstrated through the male experience of food cravings or morning sickness Ex: just as fatness implicates more than one person, pregnancy, too is not a private bodily state but a group one (men become pregnant too)
Reflexivity (L)
(mirror) reflecting on similarities, ie. rites of passage
how do theories make sense of things
- they explain human behavior - explain why things are the way that they are - explain why we do what we do - helps us to make sense of unity vs diversity - helps us to make sense of individual vs group - make sense of socially and culturally constructed nature of human realities
what are the two dimensions of cultural anthropology
- ethnography - ethnology
Archaeological Anthropology
- focuses on material remains - observe/reconstruct culture through physical remains rather than observing human behavior - "ideal" vs "real" culture (ideal culture- what people say about themselves. real culture- the material remains set aside)
what are the 3 different ways to change a gene pool?
- genetic drift- general evolution happening in a gene pool due to random chance - gene flow- shifts due to migration - mutation- when genes are duplicated for reproduction, alterations can occur (mutation is a miscopied gene)
linguistic anthropology
- grammar, sound, and meaning in language - historical linguistics: ancient languages and linguistic variation through time - sociolinguistics- how language and culture/social organization and behavior interact and intertwine
Conrad Philip Kottak
-"Culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways"
What are some of the areas a linguistic anthropologist might study?
- how globalization affects linguistic patterns or creates new dialects of a language -how speakers of different languages talk about space and location - how language shapes the speakers' worldview
biological anthropology
- human evolution - human genetics - human growth and development - human biological plasticity - primatology
how to address social determinants
- improve conditions of daily life - tackle unequal distribution of power, money, and resources - measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base the CSDH focuses on the "causes of the causes" and eliminating and improving them
characteristics of ethnography
- is scientific - is investigative - uses the researcher as the primary tool of data collection - uses research methods and data collection techniques to avoid bias and ensure the accuracy of data - emphasizes and builds on the perspectives of the people in the research setting - uses inductive and deductive approaches
structuralism (Claude Levi strauss)
- search for universal characteristics of human minds (one is the need to classify) - all humans organize and structure our experiences by way of using binary principles or opposition; only real differences are in the tools for observing the world
what are the two strands of functionalism
- society changes in order to fulfill the needs of humans - if you change one dimension of a structure, then others will be affected
applied anthropology
- action-oriented - problem-solving
what is hegemony (Antonio Gramsci)
- complicity with/acceptance of domination as "natural" - The ways in which the powerful control perception such that they maintain power; Generally remains hidden and unnamed
different methods of cultural transmission
- direct- firsthand contact - forced- through warfare or domination - indirect- through an intermediary
What are the 4 main kinds of anthropology?
1. biological 2. linguistic 3. ethnology 4. archaeology
what are the 3 features of culture?
1. habitual 2. learned/acquired 3. shared
emergence of humans in order throughout history
1. homo habilis (first species to use tools and they had bigger brains) 2. homo erectus/ergaster (they had longer legs and arms and walked more. bigger brains which meant kids had to be born more prematurely) 3. homo sapiens 4. homo sapiens sapiens (the category we fit into- rather than the size of the brain growing, it was completely rewired)
human biological variation is...
1. regional/clinical 2. non-concordant (doesn't appear in distinct clumps)
what are scientific studies confounding variables?
1. selection bias 2. conflict of interest 3. selected use of data
deviants of variation
1. voluntary/imposed 2. affiliative (normative) or disaffiliative 3. flexible (temporary) or fixed (permanent)
how long ago were humans hunter gatherers?
10,000 years ago
how long ago did complex human traits develop?
100,000 years ago in Africa
how many genes does the average human have?
20-25,000 genes
Systems thinking
A point of view that highlights relationships and what emerges from them; properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone
Systema Naturae (1735)
4 lipids (blood, phlem, yellow and black/bile) associated with temperment
homo sapien sapien
60-50,000 years ago
what percent of human variation within races
80-85%
Synergy (L)
A collaboration that produces more than the sum of its parts
Ethnology
A cross-cultural comparison to understand significance of cultural variation.
Species
A discrete organism type that can reproduce itself, for instance by interbreeding and giving birth to fertile offspring; reproduction of fertile offspring is impossible across species boundaries
Complex Systems Theory
A network of dynamically interrelated parts between which information flows. Systems allow for individual creativity.
Emergence
A novel property or pattern that comes about as the result of interactions between parts of a system that aim to keep the system working and, in doing so, lead to something entirely new and otherwise unpredictable
Holism
A perspective that views parts of a system within the context provided by the system as a whole; holds that single parts of a system cannot be understood in isolation and that the whole is more than the sum of its parts\
Culture can be Adaptive and Maladaptive
Adaptive :Symbols, language, tools, mating, trading, social networking, etc. All critical to our survival and success Maladaptive :Fossil Fuels, Plastic, Caffeine, Music
1.ssDNA (do not cause illness in humans) VIRAL 2.5,000 bp 3.Enters into cells easily; affect wide range of diving & not dividing cells; Once it affects a cell, DNA travels to nucleus where its genes are activated; will integrate virus DNA into host genome (95% of the time in the same location on chromo 19, reducing the disruption of other genes) 4.Need a "Helper" virus to replicate themselves inside cells; Will not cause an immune response
Adeno-Associated Virus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use
1.DNA (common cold) VIRAL 2. 7,500 bp 3.Affect diving & non- dividing cells; Once adenovirus infects cell, DNA travels to cell's nucleus to activate its genes; To reduce immune response you can remove the proteins on the surface that trigger it 4.Immune responses can prevent sustained usage; Effective temporary; DNA will not integrate into host cells genome (after a week or two the cell will discard it & gene activation lost)
Adenovirus 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use
What is aphasia?
Also known as Wernicke's aphasia or jargon aphasia; replacing words with nonsense words
Who is credited with creating the division of the discipline?
American anthropologist Franz Boas
Niche Construction
An adaptive response to environmental change that is instigated by humans. Organisms shape their environment and are shaped by it throughout their daily life.
heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait/given gene
homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait/given gene
Ecosystems
Balanced systems comprising multiple abiotic or nonliving materials and biotic or living populations, each occupying a particular niche, coexisting in a balanced way, via energy flows, so that species' population numbers and volumes of abiotic materials hold steady even as time passes
Emergence
The result of a change in environment that creates something new to preserve an existing system.
Ethnographic record (31)
all ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together
ethnographic record
all ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together
archaeological record
all material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and pre- historic societies
What is evolution and whose theory was it originally?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution (1859 On the Origin of Scpecies) states that over time one species changes into a new species or several new species; biological change in response to the environment
Where did this approach to studying humans arise?
Anthropology developed out of the contact between Europeans and the people of the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas who looked, acted, and thought differently. This caused Europeans to strive to understand people's "primitive" ways of living
What is the "fifth" field of anthropology?
Applied Anthropology - the use of methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; all applied anthropologists have been trained in at least one of the traditional four fields
does the environment or genes affect humans
BOTH!!!
Archaeological record (31)
all material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and pre-historic societies
archaeological record
all material culture or artifacts and other remains of historic and pre-historic societies
In what ways can we observe the process of cultural construction of reality in action?
By observing their belief system, ex: belief in witches, the supernatural, spirits, etc.; By observing what people eat/what they consider food, ex: Hindus don't eat cows, Jewish people don't eat pork, Asian cultures consume dogs while Western peoples consider them house animals and not food
RNA
Can regulate gene expression and mediate the transformation of genotype to phenotype.
'Evolution' is essentially just another word for.
Change
Dynamism (L)
Change in the environment and the unpredictability of that change
monogenic
Characteristic coded for by one gene. (most traits are not like this)
Evolution was popularized by _______________
Charles Darwin "On the origin of species"
role incongruity
Conflict between the individual's values and the obligations of the role.
Ethnographic
Descriptive written accounts of the natives' social structures and cultures
The philosophy or theory that one's biology (e.g. hormones, ancestry) controls one's way of being in the world (e.g. personality, interests, temperament) is a form of:
Determinism
Traits are inherited as _________ units, not blended together
Discrete
We learned that one simple, graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of a particular gene that can occur in children, given the genotypes of their parents, is to...
Draw a Punnett Square
Is culture static or dynamic?
Dynamic, things are always changing
How doe ecological selection differ from sexual selection?
Ecological selection is brought on by extra-species or extra-human factors and Sexual selection is a form of non-random mating in which organisms themselves have a hand in.
Frank Hamilton Cushing
Ethnography and Ethnology -Zuni Pueblo in New Mexico, pioneer of participant observation
Ethnography vs. Ethnology (29)
Ethnography is the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples/cultures vs. Ethnology, the study of a particular population (branch of anthropology)
What impact did evolutionary theory have on anthropology?
Evolutionary theory led Western intellectuals to develop ideas about origins, evolution, and progress; led to the realization of the link between primitive peoples and the peoples of written accounts. This also led to the development of unilineal evolutionism which held the belief that all cultures passed through a similar sequence of stages in development
Bio-cultural diversity
all population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture
Biocultural diversity (9)
all population-based human variation generated in or reflecting the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture
fauna
animals and other non plant life forms
Fauna
animals and other non-plant life forms
Why is 'genetic variation' in a population's gene pool helpful for species survival?
Genes provide some kind of advantages against environmental pressure.
Culture is NOT ___________
Genetic Culture must be acquired or learned through observing, absorbed being taught
A tree in the woods is randomly knocked over (say, by a lightning strike) and the falling kills a badger that has been sheltering below it. The evolutionary consequences of this badger's death is...
Genetic Drift
biotic ecosystems
animals, humans
What is the humanistic approach to anthropology?
Goal: describing/interpreting particular cultures and achieve and insider's view while representing the voices of the people; humans are unique because they are cultural and linguistic beings different from other mammals; emphasizes symbols; particular cultures are so complex that each must be understood on its own terms; comparisons distort the cultures that are compared; field methods emphasize participation and relationships with the local people; descriptions emerge out of interactions between fieldworkers and are never completely objective
nu
Hua people Papa New Guinea - essence of oneself into the food they grow and give to others to eat
Culture is ____________
Human
What are some problems with evolutionary psychology?
Humans can and do act altruistically to members other than their own family; genetically, humanity is similar, so why do some cultures express certain traits but others do not; leaves out culture's influence in favor of biology
What do E.O. Wilson and evolutionary psychologists argue?
Humans can be understood much like animals; a body and its behavior are a gene's way of making more copies of itself; we are more likely to act altruistically toward family members because they share similar genetics
What is Clyde Kluckhohn's perspective?
In his article Queer Customs, he argues that cultural determinism and biological determinism are largely one-sided, that culture and biology are interdependent: culture arises out of human nature but its forms are restricted by both man's biology and natural laws
What is the link between language and culture?
Language is a reflection of culture; the way you speak is important to culture; a complex classification tends to develop around things that are important to a community; language also helps shape the worldview of its speakers
1. Circular pieces of dsDNA (plasmids) can be packaged into liposomes (mini lipid packets similar to cell membrane- will fuse to cell membranes when added to cells) NON VIRAL 2. No max length 3.Nonspecific for any cell type; Once inside a cell, plasmid DNA is transported to nucleus where genes are activated; Best suited for ex vivo gene therapy approaches 4.Enter cells less effective than virus; Unless engineered to do so, plasmid DNA will not integrate into cell's genome (even if engineered, effectiveness is low); Will not generate an immune response; Some are toxic
Liposome 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use
Homeostasis
Literally, steady state; a balance achieved when small changes are made that do not notably alter the system but instead allow it to run as it has been running
Colostrum
antibody-packed liquid that comes out of breasts prior to breast milk in a new mother
colostrum
antibody-packed liquid that comes out of breasts prior to breast milk in a new mother
phenotypicaly expressed traits occur in higher proportions in the...
NEXT generation
does race exist biologically?
NO
1. Lone, circular dsDNA (plasmid); not packaged NON VIRAL 2. No max length 3. Nonspecific to cells; ; Once inside a cell, plasmid DNA is transported to nucleus where genes are activated; Best suited for ex vivo gene therapy approaches 4. Enters cells less effectively than virus; Unless engineered to do so, plasmid DNA will not integrate into cell's genome (even if engineered, effectiveness is low); Will not generate an immune response;
Naked DNA 1.How the vector carries genetic material 2.Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted with this vector 3.Advantages of Use 4.Disadvantages of Use
Emic Perspective
Native-oriented
agency
People who are high in social hierarchy have much less ________. They have less ability to impose their will or make choices than the people who are at the top
What is the scientific approach to anthropology?
Primary goals are explaining cultural differences and similarities and why and how cultures change; humans are part of nature differing from animals only by a degree; emphasizes relationships with the environment; regularities and cross-cultural patterns exist and can be discovered through empirical observations and systematic comparisons; the ethnographer determines what is important for the purposes of scientific generalization. Includes evolutionary psychology (sociobiology)
social justice
Promotes equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions.
The 'Red Queen Hypothesis' can be best applied to which of the following situations?
Sexual reproduction leads to lack of population wide variation.
What are norms?
Shared ideals of expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations; include: 1) Folkways - norms about how things should be done or what behavior is called for in a given situation 2) Mores - norms about behavior that carry moral connotations; others may judge a person's character by how well he/she adheres to the more
What is culture?
Shared, socially learned knowledge and behavior that shared by a group
Humans are not __________ or ___________ they are _________
Static or Isolated, Dynamic
Ethnology
Take those specific studies, people and time and study them cross-culturally looking for patterns
agency
The ability to impose one's will or make significant choices
Fitness
The advantage provided by expressed traits given a new environmental pressure. It is measured by mortality and fertility.
What is ethnocentrism?
The attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples
Biological determinism
The belief that biology alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'cultural determinism')
Cultural determinism
The belief that culture alone determines one's capacities and characteristics (often used in opposition to 'biological determinism')
Biological Determinism
The concept that biology completely determines a person's abilities and traits. Has been applied strategically by those in power. Limited in that calling things natural, rationalizes them and limits the individual.
Culture
The learned traditions, customs, beliefs, taboos, ways of thinking and acting that both individuals and groups of humans possess
Genetic Drift
The general evolution in a gene pool caused by random redistribution of genes.
Anthropology
The holistic , Cross-cultural study of human beings and their immediate ancestors
Reductionism
The idea that an entire system can be explained by a single aspect of that system
What is biological determinism?
The idea that biologically (genetically) inherited differences between populations are important influences on cultural differences between them
historical particularism
The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories.
Red Queen Hypothesis
The illusion of standing still due to the construction of homeostasis. A gene pool must evolve to survive the changes around it.
Balanced Polymorphism
The pressure from one form of the allele is offset by pressure against it. It is why potentially harmful alleles remain in the gene pool. It is why there are multiple alleles for a single trait.
Archaeology
The study of human behavior through "material culture"
Biological or Physical Anthropology
The study of human biological diversity in time and space
Anthropology
The study of humankind; holistic in perspective
Epigenetics
The study of interactions between genes and their environment that bring the phenotype into being. It focuses on the layer of biochemical interactions surrounding the genes because epigenetic events cause the regulation of gene expression.
Cultural Anthropology
The study of living human societies and cultures
Enamal hypoplasia
a dental condition; a sign of nutritional stress; there is less enamel in some places on the teeth than there would be on healthy, evenly-nourished teeth
What are worldviews?
The ways people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves relating to the world around them
Enamel hypoplasia
a dental condition; a sign of nutritional stress; there is less enamel in some places on the teeth than there would be on healthy, evenly-nourished teeth
social soundness
This initiative called on all aid groups to take up the specific goal of the community involvement- of connecting with community leaders and members and working to create a good fit between programs and cultures.
enamel hypoplasia
a dental condition; a sign of nutritional stress; there is less enamel in some places on the teeth than there would be on healthy, evenly-nourished teeth
Language is a "___________" of human behavior?
Universal
species
a discrete organism reproduce itself, for instance by interbreeding and giving birth to fertile 4offspring; reproduction of fertileoffspring is impossible across species boundaries
Are there cultural universals?
Yes: physiological and biological needs (food, shelter, reproduction, etc.), family systems, ways of teaching children, ways of social control, ways of regulating sexual relations, myths/legends/folklore, rites of passage
Species (24)
a discrete organism type that can reproduce itself, for instance by interbreeding and giving birth to fertile offspring; reproduction of fertile offspring is impossible across species boundaries
gene
a discrete sequence of DNA that contains the recipe for a particular protein, or regulates the expression of protein-coding genes
lactose
________ tolerance the ability to digest
Lactose
________ tolerance the ability to digest milk sugars (lactose) until late in life
genus
a broad subfamily of organisms, each includes or is made up of various species
Genus
a broad subfamily of organisms; each genus includes or is made up of various species
genus
a broad subfamily of organisms; each genus includes or is made up of various species
Nonlinearity
a change in 1 part of the system could have a huge impact (butterfly effect)
Genetic evolution
a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by a variety of mechanisms, including mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection
genetic evolution
a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in the gene pool from generation to generation caused by a variety of mechanisms, including mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection
genetic adaptation
a change in the frequency of genes in the gene pool over time (generation to generation) in response to selective pressures resulting from natural selection
What is semantic domain?
a class of things or properties perceived as alike in some fundamental respect; hierarchically organized
race
a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species, they have features that regularly co-occur
race
a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species; have features that regularly co-occur; human sub-species do not exist
Race
a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species; races have features that regularly co-occur; human sub-species do not exist
race
a clearly differentiated sub-species or sub-group within a species; races have features that regularly co-occur; human sub-species do not exist
syndemic
a cluster of health problems that work together synergistically, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other
Syndemic
a cluster of health problems that work together synergystically, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other
Performative
a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married
performative
a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married
Ethos
a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values
ethos
a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values
ethnographic record
all ethnographic accounts, old and new, taken together
resistance
ability of an organism to withstand a particular pathogen or stressor
Resistance
ability of an organism to withstand a particular pathogen or stressor; in pathogens, an evolved capacity to remain unaffected by an antibiotic due to vulnerable organisms dying off prior to reproducing themselves
resistance
ability of an organism to withstand a particular pathogen or stressor; in pathogens, an evolved capacity to remain unaffected by an antibiotic due to vulnerable organisms dying off prior to reproducing themselves
Environmental reservoir
abiotic substance that can hold agents so that hosts come in contact with them (e.g., water, soil)
environmental reservoir
abiotic substance that can hold agents so that hosts come in contact with them (ex. water, salt)
environmental resivour
abiotic substance that can holdagents so that hosts come incontact with them (e.g., water,soil)
lamarckism
acquired characteristics which can be inherited (jean baptist lamarck)
ritual
action sets performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value
rituals
actions performed for their culturally relevant symbolic value (song, dance, prayer, eating together). RITUAL BRINGS A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOGETHER AND ELIMINATES TENSION. rituals are the cultural invention that made culture work.
health is a product of the interaction of biology and culture, and is a key indicator of...
adaptation
natural selection results in...
adaptive change
agriculture and animal domestication generally brings...
advanced civilization
humans capacity for culture came...
after our spread
what is affected by stress response?
aids species survival - affects nervous, hormonal, immune system
Biotic (24)
alive; a living component of an ecosystem, such as a plant or animal species
biotic
alive; a living component of an ecosystem, such as a plant or animal species
biological determinism
an argument that biology determines completely one's capacities and characteristics
participant-observation
an attempt to minimize ethnocentrism by living among/with the people of a different culture
racism
an evaluative position in which people are classed by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked
Racism
an evaluative position in which people are classed by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked (contrast to 'racialization')
racism
an evaluative position in which people are classed by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked (contrast to 'racialization')
racism
an evaluative position in which people are classified by so-called race and the races are rated and ranked
Reciprocal relationship
an exchange relationship infused with emotional value, and meant to be of long standing duration
Reciprocal relationship
an exchange relationship infused with emotional value, and meant to be of long-standing duration
reciprocal relationship
an exchange relationship infused with emotional value, and meant to be of long-standing duration
Ecological selection
an increase in a given trait's frequency in the next generation's gene pool that happens when a change in the environment makes that trait advantageous; natural selection's workhorse
ecological selection
an increase in a given trait's frequency in the next generation's gene pool that happens when a change in the environment makes that trait advantageous; natural selection's workhorse
Placebo
an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure
placebo
an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure
emergence
an outcome that's not predicted due to nonlinearity
What are the 6 basic emotions?
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise