Communications Mid Term

Fact vs Theory

Fact- truth that is arrived at through the scientific process Theory - a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested scientifically

Trait Anxiety

"Measures how people generally feel across situations and time periods"... meaning that some people feel more uncomfortable than the average person regardless of the context, audience, or situation.

Informative Speech Organizations

- Categorical/Topic - Compare and Contrast - Spatial - Chronological - Biographical - Causal - Problem-Cause- Solution (strictly persuasive - Psychological

Transactional Model of Public Speaking

---> Dean Barnlund ---> individuals are sending and receiving messages at the same time

Ethics Pyramid What are the 3 parts of the ethics pyramid

---> Elspeth Tilley --> intent (bottom)(your intentions as a speaker or listener means (tools you use to communicate) ends (top) (outcomes you desire to achieve)

Encoding & Decoding

--> Encoding: " creating a message, adapting it to the receiver, and transmitting it across some source-selected channel Example: when you are at home preparing your speech or standing in front of your classroom talking to your peers. --> Decoding: sensing (hearing or seeing) a source's message, interpreting the message, evaluating the message, and responding to the message Example: as an audience member you listen to the speaker and interpret it.

Dialogic Theory of Public Speaking What is it? What are the 3 principles?

--> Ronald Arnett and Pat --> Public speaking can be viewed as dialogue 1) Dialogue is more natural than monologue 2) Meanings are in people not words 3) Contexts and social situations impact perceived meanings

Interaction Model of Public Speaking : LINEAR MODEL

--> Shannon and Weaver --> the original model --> 3 parts: source (person giving the speech) channel (speakers use of verbal and non verbal communication) receiver (the audience) --> similar to a telephone :

Ethos

--> Term coined by Aristotle --> refers to credibility; audience's perception that the speaker is honest, knowledgeable, and rightly motivated

Interactional Model of Public Speaking: Interactional Model

--> Wilbur Schramm --> builds upon the Linear Model --> added element of encoding and decoding --> feedback ( direct, moderately direct, indirect)

What are Aristotle's three speech purposes?

1) DELIBERATIVE ( political speech) 2) FORENSIC (courtroom speech) 3) EPIDEICTIC (Speech of praise or blame

What are some Myths of Communication Apprehension?

1) People who suffer from speaking anxiety are neurotic (no its a normal reaction) 2) Telling a joke or two is always a good way to begin a speech 3) Imagine the audience naked (doesn't work) 4)Any mistake means that you have "blown it" (no what matters is how you recover) 5) Avoid speaking anxiety by writing your speech out word for word and memorizing it. (no it makes it worse) 6) Audiences are out to get you 7) You will look to the audience as nervous as you feel 8) A little nervousness helps you give a better speech (THIS IS TRUE)

What are the Four Public Speaking Dimensions? Example of each.

1) Physical: involves the real or touchable environment where communication occurs (Example: classroom) 2) Temporal: where a particular message fits into the sequence of communication events as well as time of day and moment in history. (Example: people not paying attention at 12:30pm speech b/c their mind is on lunch; speech on campus security right after a shooting; funny speech after a sad one) 3) Social-psychological: status relationships among participants, roles and games that people play, norms of the society or group, and the friendliness, formality, or gravity of the situation 4) Cultural: must attempt to understand the cultural makeup of our audience in order to avoid misunderstandings

Purpose for Selecting a Topic

1) To Inform 2) To Persuade 3) To Entertain

Outline Formats- Benefits

1) Working Outline- used for developing your speech and its basic structure 2) Full-Sentence Outline - contains full sentences only. Gives you a full plan of what you intend to say so you don't have to struggle for words. Gives you an idea of how much time it will take to present your speech. Its good preparation. 3)Speaking Outline- Uses key words and phrases including far less detail than a full-sentence outline. prevents you from reading your speech to your audience

Communication code of Ethics? examples

A set of beliefs communication scholars have about the ethics of human communication Examples: - advocates for truthfulness, accuracy, honest, and reason - endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective.. - understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding - access to communication resources and opportunities

Abstract vs. Concrete

Abstract - terms that lend themselves to a variety of interpretations Concrete- easy to picture, no room for interpretation.

Attitude, value, and belief ...

Attitude- an individual's general predisposition toward something as being good/bad, right/wrong, negative/positive Value- an individual's perception of the usefulness, importance, or worth of something Beliefs- propositions or positions that an individual holds as true or false without positive knowledge or proof

Audience Anxiety

Communication apprehension prompted by specific audience characteristics. --> the more dissimilar we are compared to our audience the more likely we are to be nervous

Hearing vs. Listening

Hearing: an accidental and automatic brain response to sound that requires no effort (accidental, involuntary, effortless) Listening: purposeful and focused for the purpose of understanding the meanings expressed by a speaker (focused, voluntary, intentional)

Types of Speech Delivery

Impromptu Speaking - presentation of a short message without advance preparation Extemporaneous Speaking- presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes Manuscript speaking - word-for-word iteration of a written message Memorized Speaking - recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory

Primary vs Secondary Research

Primary - carried out to discover or revise facts, theories, and applications and is reported by the person conducting the research. (active form of research) --> ex: collecting surveys Secondary- discover or revise facts, theories, and applications BUT it is reported by someone not involved in conducting the research --> citing sources for paper

Primary/ Recency Organization

Primary - information that is presented first Recency- information that is presented last --> both easiest to recall

Sign Posting & Transitions

Signposting- another word for a preview that establishes the direction will take. Sometimes called this because you're establishing signs for audience members to look for while you're speaking. Transitions- help an audience stay on top of the information that is being presented to them.

Thesis & Preview

Thesis- a short, declarative sentence that states the purpose, intent, or main idea of a speech Preview- establishes the direction your speech will take. Speaker outlines the main points demonstrating to the audience that they are well organized

Verbal and Nonverbal Delivery Cues

Verbal- the way we actually deliver the words within the speech Nonverbal- maintaining eye contact, meaningful gestures, and movement

Context Anxiety

anxiety prompted by specific communication contexts . For example... --> formality (formal speaking settings --> high level of uncertainty --> novelty (new environments)

Situation Anxiety

communication apprehension created by the unique combination of influences generated by audience, time, and context

Noise

distractions that can inhibit an audience member from accurately attending to a speaker's speech.

Concepts of Difficult Language use a _________ explanation which is composed of what four parts?

elucidating 1) provide a example 2) follow up with a definition 3) provide a variety of less typical examples and non examples 4) have audience distinguish between examples and non examples

*Goals or Researching

goals- convey information in a way that expresses accuracy, clarity, interest Research- scholarly investigation into a topic in order to discover, revise, or report facts, theories, and applications.

What are some Physiological symptoms of communication apprehension?

heart pounding, clammy hands, sweating, stomach butterflies, nausea, shaking, quivering voice, dry mouth, rapid breathing, dizziness/light-headed

Communication apprehension

refers to an individual's fear or anxiety associated w/ either real or anticipated communication w/ another person or persons

Concluding Device

the final thought you want your audience members to have when you stop speaking Examples: Challenge Quotation Summary Visualizing the Future Appeal Inspirational Advice Proposal of solution Question Reference to Audience

What is free speech?/ First Amendment ?

the right to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content and subject only to reasonable limitations First Amendment in the Bill of Rights saying that congress should bake no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, the press, the right to peaceably assemble, and to petition the Government.

Implicit Theory

theories people have about the way the world works .. things that are difficult to understand because they are hard to believe