Community Exam 2
violence
intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation
out of pocket
medical bill that is not covered by insurance and must be paid by the patient
primary prevention of violence
mentoring and peer programs ID high risk individuals education
Private Health care
most health care is provided in private sectors: including prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases or rehab and restorative care by clinics, hospitals, nursing homes/skilled care facilities, and even home- home health can be for profit and nonprofit
Political Action Committees (PAC)
non- partisan entities that promote the election of candidates believed to be sympathetic to their interests.
pneumonia vaccine
once after 65 with booster every 5
Clara Burton
organized relief efforts during the Civil War and established the red cross to preform humanitarian efforts
private insurance
pay monthly premium coverage based on level of plan
the old-old
people age 85 and older
the middle-old
people aged 75-84
r/f for intimate partner abuse
perpetrator has hx of violence low self esteem poverty risky sexual behaviors depression trust issues depression
challenges with health legislation
personal bias (pro/against abortion) cost lack of knowlege
lobbyist
persuader of legislators by representing an organization to influence legislators to pass certain health bills state or federal level
recommended screenings older adults annually
physical with BP BG ocult blood vision glaucoma and dental
4 types of child abuse
physical, sexual, emotional, neglect
migrant health disparities
poor health and low access to HC low income language barrier
factors that influence violence
poverty unemployment substance abuse mental illness access to firearms political/religious ideology intolerance ignorance
colonoscopy
preformed every 10 years unless told to sooner my MD
sigmoidoscopy
preformed every 3-5 years
r/f for youth violence
prior history substance use poor family structure poor grades poverty hanging out with people older then then
negative aspect of rural nursing
professional isolation distance to hospital
macular degeneration
progressive damage to the macula of the retina
global violence problem
prostitution sexual exploitation forced labor slavery human trafficking forceful removal of organs
Local programs
provide direct services to people can establish local health codes, fund public hospitals and provide services to vulnerable populations who lack health insurance (cook county)
positive aspects of rural nursing
provide holistic care know everyone well autonomy valued by community
Quality care
provided by AHRQ
Personal health services
providing care to the community in clinics, schools, or correctional institutions
Title VIII Nursing Workforce ReAuthorization Act
reauthorizes and improves nursing workforce programs, supporting practice in rural and medically underserved communities, and provides support for advanced nursing education diversity, National Nurse Service Corps, nurse faculty loan forgiveness, and geriatric education to address the current issue of nurse faculty and nursing shortages.
tertiary prevention violence
rehab individuals and families
Psychosocial Issues and Role Changes Affecting Seniors
retirement relocation widowhood loss of loved ones may have to raise grandchildren
preparing for home visit
review referral est contact with client - if telephone not answered may need to use drop-in technique
agriculture workers
risk for: injury from heavy machinery musculoskeletal discomfort respiratory conditions hearing loss HTN chemical exposure
Example of private healthcare
seeing a MD in their office and then being admitted to the hospital
the young-old
seniors 75-74
Nurse lobbyist
serve as a credible source of information on health issues
Examples of government can contribute to protecting the health of the community
sewage treatment immunizations for school attendance
under reporting elder abuse r/t
shame isolation failure of HCP to routinely assess points of contact no uniform reporting system
PSA screening
should be done anually
bone density scan
should be offered to women once once they have reached menopause, repeat scans are only indicated when there are abnormalities
hearing test
should be preformed every 2-5 years
serum cholesterol screening
should be run ever 5 years
risk of injury and death in rural areas
smoking alcohol abuse firearm usage suicide MVA not using seatbelt
sources of Income >65y
social security earnings pension assets
GAP insurance
a medical plan that pays the amount applied to the insured major medical deductible and coinsurance- it covers the same expenses as the major medical plan except for charges for professional fees in a doctors office/clinic/ outpatient rx drugs; vision, dental and plan copayments
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning 5th leading cause of death in those >65
Copayment
a small fixed fee paid by the patient at the time of an office visit
elderly safety considerations
falls tbi driver safety elder abuse kitchen safety cold and heat
normal age-related worries
financial concerns health problems reduced social interactions
Which competencies are important in the rural setting? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Spiritual values 2 Emergency care 3 Family dynamics 4 Physical assessment 5 Clinical decision-making
Medicare Part C
"all in one" alternative to Original Medicare. They are offered by private companies approved by Medicare. Called Medicare Advantage Plan includes dental and vision medicare A+B
A client who is admitted to the hospital and requires a colon resection states, "I want to be a do not resuscitate [DNR]." The nurse questions the client's understanding of a DNR order. Which response by the client best indicates to the nurse an understanding of a DNR order?
1 "My doctor will know what to do." 2 "My family can make the decisions for me." 3 "If something happens to me, I do not want cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]." 4 "If I have a heart attack, I do not want any medication." A: if something happens i do not want CPR
Which question would the nurse ask to assess a client's orientation to place?
1 "Where are you?" 2 "Who brought you here?" 3 "Do you know where you are?" 4 "How long have you been here?" A: where are you
Which assessment data would cause the nurse to suspect that a toddler-age child is experiencing physical neglect?
1 Abdominal distention 2 Bloody underclothing 3 Recurrent urinary tract infections 4 Bruises in various stages of healing A: abdominal distention
Which describes the purpose of public health laws? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Advocating for the rights of people 2 Prohibiting the purchase or sale of organs 3 Regulating health care and health care financing 4 Ensuring professional accountability for the care provided 5 Encouraging health care professionals to assist in emergencies
The nurse is assisting with the end-of-life care of a client. Which activity is performed when the nurse views family as context?
1 Assess the resources available to the family. 2 Meet the client's family's comfort and nutritional needs. Correct3 Meet the client's comfort, hygiene, and nutritional needs. Incorrect4 Determine the family's need for rest and their stage of coping.
The home health care nurse visits an older adult couple living independently. The wife cares for the husband, who has dementia. Which interventions would the nurse implement for them? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Assess the wife for caregiver burden. 2 Arrange hospice care for the husband. 3 Make health care decisions for the couple. 4 Assess the husband for signs of physical abuse. 5 Identify social support within the community.
Which behavioral findings correspond to intimate partner violence in young adolescents? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Attempting suicide 2 Sexually acting out 3 Pattern of substance abuse 4 Fear of certain people or places 5 Preoccupation with others' or one's own genitals
Which intervention by the home health care nurse conforms to the use of safety competency while providing health care?
1 Ensures the furniture does not obstruct the client's movement 2 Updates the client's electronic health record after providing care 3 Coordinates with the local pharmacy to supply medication for the client 4 Teaches the family caregiver to assist the client with range-of-motion exercises
Which information would the registered nurse provide when educating a nursing student about living wills? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Health care workers would always follow the directions of a client's living will. 2 Clinically specific instructions are provided that help in dealing with unforeseen circumstances. 3 Clients use living wills to declare any medical procedures they want or do not want when terminally ill. 4 Living wills are written documents that direct the client's treatments in the event of a terminal illness or condition. 5 Authorized individuals are given authority to make medical decisions on behalf of the client if he or she is unable to do so.
Which factors would the nurse consider when assessing a client's increased risk for suicide? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Impulsivity 2 Panic attacks 3 Unemployment 4 Religious beliefs 5 Substance abuse 6 Sense of responsibility to family A: impulsivity, panic attaks, unemployment, substance abuse
The nurse is preparing to teach a community health program for senior citizens. Which physical findings would the nurse include that are typical in older adults?
1 Increased skin elasticity and an increase in testosterone production 2 Impaired fat digestion and an increase in pepsin production 3 Increased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output 4 An increase in body warmth and some swallowing difficulties A: Increased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output
A child has a fractured arm and multiple old injuries. Child maltreatment is suspected. Which parental characteristic supports this suspicion?
1 Inquiring about the time of discharge 2 Displaying signs of guilt about the injuries 3 Expressing concern about the child's health 4 Offering inconsistent stories about the injuries
The community nurse is assessing an older adult client who lives alone at home. The nurse finds that the client refrains from physical activity for fear of falling when walking. Which intervention(s) by the nurse are beneficial to promote a healthy lifestyle? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Instruct the client to apply bedside rails. Correct2 Encourage the client to wear nonskid shoes. Correct3 Suggest that the client use an assistive device. 4 Ask the client to install handrails in the bathroom. Correct5 Help the client rearrange furniture in the house. A: encourage the client to wear nonskid shoes, use assistive devices, help rearrange furniture
Which statements best describe a health policy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 It involves goal-directed decision-making. 2 It involves governments or other authorized entities. 3 It involves decision-making on current political issues. 4 It includes actions, nonactions, decisions, and guidance. 5 It results from an authorized personal decision-making process.
Which unit in the hospital would be the priority for implementation and evaluation of a workplace violence protection plan as one component of a hospital disaster plan?
1 Medical unit 2 Surgical unit 3 Emergency department 4 Maternity department
Which organization assists in establishing policies related to Medicare and Medicaid payment for meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs)?
1 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) 3 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 4 Health Information Management Systems Society (HIMSS)
Which are the similarities between Medicare and Medicaid? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Older clients are assisted through both programs. 2 Medicare and Medicaid pay for home care services. 3 Both programs pay the full cost of services provided. 4 Low income families are recipients of both programs. 5 Both Medicare and Medicaid finance poor pregnant women.
Which represents a significant shift in U.S. health policy in recent years?
1 Palliative care is now being offered to children and adults. 2 End-of-life care is no longer covered by insurance companies. 3 Terminal clients now have standardized support for ending their lives. 4 There is a focus on better managing clients with multiple chronic conditions. A: there is a focus on better managing clients with multiple chronic conditions
A client whose medical expenses are covered under Medicare is hospitalized. Which component of Medicare can be claimed?
1 Part A 2 Part B 3 Part C 4 Part D A: part a
The nurse's advocate role for a victim of intimate partner violence (IPV) would include which important components? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Planning for future safety 2 Normalizing victimization 3 Validating the experiences 4 Promoting access to community services 5 Providing housing for the victim
While assessing an older adult during a regular health checkup, the nurse finds signs of elder abuse. Which physical findings would further confirm the nurse's suspicion? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 Presence of hyoid bone damage 2 Presence of cognitive impairment 3 Presence of burns from cigarettes 4 Presence of bedsores 5 Presence of unexplained bruises on the wrist(s)
A hospice client who has severe pain asks for another dose of oxycodone. Which consideration is the nurse's primary concern when responding to the client's request?
1 Prevent addiction. 2 Determine why the medication is needed. 3 Provide alternative comfort measures. 4 Reduce the client's pain. A: reduce clients pain
Which group benefits from Medicare?
1 Self-insured employers 2 People who are 65 years or older 3 Members of low-income families 4 Children who are not poor enough for Medicaid
A client dies while several family members are in the room. Which intervention will the hospice nurse initially use during the shock phase of a grief reaction?
1 Stay at the bedside with the family and the deceased. 2 Direct activities related to funeral arrangements. 3 Mobilize the support systems for the family. 4 Present the full reality of the loss to the family. A: stay at bedside
The nurse reviews the medical record of a client who is eligible to receive hospice care. Which are the criteria for a client to receive this type of care? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
1 When the client is nearing death 2 When the expected death of the client is within 6 months 3 When the client seeks no aggressive disease management 4 When a family member has signed an informed consent form 5 When the client has been issued a "do not resuscitate" order A: When the expected death of the client is within 6 months, When the client seeks no aggressive disease management, when the client has issued a DNR
the elite old
100 years and older
suicide
10th leading cause of death in US 2nd leading cause of death ages 10-34 4th leading cause of death 35-54 men are more likely to use a firearm
rural community
15% of nations elderly >50% of people living under poverty line
HMO
A group plan offering prepaid medical care to its members need referral from PCP to go to specialist lower monthly premium
Medicaid
A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them (low income families) <65y differs by state enrollment periods
Medicare
A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older, ESRD, ALS, disability
Public Health
focuses on the population through government programs and promote the general welfare by establishing laws and focusing on dx prevention and promotion
environmental health services
food hygiene (health codes)- inspection of food producing/ control of waste, air, noise, water pollution; occupational health
functional age
functional ability and ability to preform ADLS
Public Policy
government standards that effect that state and general public
Which action would the nurse take for an older adult resident with Alzheimer disease who often talks about the "good old days" at the ranch?
Allowing the resident to reminisce about the past and listening with interest
premium
A specific sum of money paid by the insured to the insurance company in exchange for financial protection against loss.
deductible
Amount you must pay before you begin receiving any benefits from your insurance company
coalition example
group of nurses coming together to voice concerns and maximize resources for the Flint Water Crisis
During the presentation, one of the participants states, "I am turning 65 this year. Who will pay for my visits to the doctor?" How would the nursing student respond?
A. "You will be responsible for paying for your doctor visits." B. "Medicare Part A will pay for your doctor visits." C. "Medicare Part B will pay for your doctor visits." D. "You will need a Medigap supplement policy to pay for your doctor visits." A: Medicare Part B will pay for your doctor visits."
Steve decided to formally name Marion as the person he would like to make health care decisions for him in the event he became incapacitated. This is an example of which of the following? Select all that apply.
A. An advance directive B. A living will C. A durable power of attorney for health care D. A health care proxy A: durable POA HC and HC proxy
A nursing program has partnered with a neighborhood senior citizen center to provide an educational program to the participants at the center. The nursing students will be providing education to the seniors about pertinent issues associated with aging. The students explore the literature, looking for information about age-related changes, Medicaid and Medicare, and end-of-life issues. The students prepare a presentation, as well as several posters to relay this information to the group. What information should the nursing students share regarding normal physiological changes in the aging population?
A. Chronological age is a better measure of age than functional age B. Urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging C. The sense of thirst diminishes with aging D. Polypharmacy is not a concern for older adults A:Urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging
Marion's husband, Steve, died 6 months ago after a 2-year battle with brain cancer. During the last 3 months of his life, Steve and his family agreed to in-home hospice services. Based on what you know about in-home hospice care, which of the following was most likely the primary goal of hospice nursing care for Steve?
A. Prevention of complications related to inactivity B. Maintenance of ambulatory function as long as possible C. Control of pain related to brain tumor growth D. Provision of support necessary for a home death A: control pain
What information should the nursing students share about advance directives?
A.The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care facilities to inform patients in writing about their rights to execute advance directives B.A durable power of attorney is a legal document whose purpose is to allow individuals to specify what type of medical treatment they want to receive if they are incapacitated C.A durable power of attorney for health care authorizes someone to act on an individual's behalf with regard to property and financial matters D. A living will allows an individual to designate a health care proxy or surrogate to make decisions or surrogate to make decisions about medical care if one is unable to do so A: The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care facilities to inform patients in writing about their rights to execute advance directives
How a bill becomes a law
Bill is introduced in either house; sent to committee to be approved, rewritten, or killed; sent to the floor for debate and vote; sent to the other chamber for the same process; both houses pass the revised bill; sent to president for approval; president signs, (or, if vetoed, must have 2/3 vote of both houses to override); bill becomes a law
John and Maria are new employees at the Green City Health Department. John is a community health nurse, and Maria is a food inspector. As part of their orientation to the department, they are learning about the U.S. health care system. Based on what they have learned about the scope of services at the federal, state, and local level, which of the following services can they expect the city health department to facilitate?
Control the wastewater treatment plant conduct needs assessment for lead poisoning prevention program TB screening of city jail inmates A: Control the wastewater treatment plant
Which describes the purpose of a health care proxy or durable power of attorney for health care?
Designates a person or persons to make health care decisions on behalf of the client
coalition
a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose supported by nurses
Suicide in the Elderly
high success rate men over 85 at greatest risk
Medicare Part D
Prescription drug coverage
Drug-Food Interactions
Food is known to increase, decrease, or delay drug absorption. Food can bind with drugs, causing less or slower drug absorption.
income and poverty
highest in the south female-headed families have highest rates children greatly effected
hospice care
holistic, compassionate care given to dying people and their families with care aimed at improving quality of life and relieving suffering
community-based care
home health hospice occupation health programs mental health programs school health adult day care faith-based care
interpersonal violence
homicide suicide domestic abuse sexual assault stalking bullying child maltreatment neglect emotional abuse elder abuse
common home health services
hospice PT OT Speech therapy ADL assistance
Sandy is a community health nurse in Big Falls, a midsized town in the upper Midwest. She coordinates maternal-child health and well-elderly clinics. Her clients are largely of low socioeconomic status and diverse ethnic backgrounds. She has been assigned to a task force whose charge is to examine issues of access to health care in the community. Given that Big Falls has similar characteristics to other U.S. communities, which factors can we assume currently stress the local health care system? Select all that apply.
Increasing number of residents >85y Increasing cost of Rx limited access to high-cost services
groups responsible for accreditation
Joint Commission... National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)
MCO
Managed Care Organization similar to HMOs and the companies agree to provide most Medicaid benefits for people in exchange for a montly payment from the state. Private insurance companies can offer health plans for Medicaid recipients and these would be considered MCOs
Which facility has enabled rural hospitals to have increased access to specialist consultations?
Medicare 2 Medicaid 3 Telemedicine 4 Critical access hospital A: telemed
State Health Departments
Most organized into divisions or bureaus Play many different roles Can establish health regulations Provide link between federal and local health agencies Serve as conduits for federal funds aimed at local health departments Have laboratory services available for local health departments
health promotion activities
Nutrition, exercise, sleep and rest, leisure activities, time management, immunizations, medications, safety
Florence Nightingale
impacted public health by collecting and analyzing outcomes in the Crimea War
uMembers of the task force have been assessing the types of insurance reimbursement plans that are available to community residents. It is discovered that the majority of employed, insured adults have plans that include disincentives for use of out-of-plan providers, are relatively expensive, and offer a specific amount of reimbursement to the provider. What type of reimbursement plan is being described?
PPO
Which health screening and immunization recommendations are appropriate for a 48-year-old client? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Pelvic examination annually 2 Blood cholesterol annually over the age of 45 3 Blood pressure at every visit but at least every 2 years 4 Blood lipids every 5 years if blood cholesterol is within normal limits 5 Papanicolaou (Pap) and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing unnecessary if three tests are negative after the age of 40 6 Measles, mumps, and rubella immunization once if born after 1956 with no evidence of immunity A: pelvic, BP every two years, cholesterol, MMR
home health nurse responsibilities
Performs holistic, periodic assessments of client and family/caregiver resources Participates in performance improvement activities Collects/uses research findings to evaluate plan of care Educates clients/families on health promotion/self-care Serves as a client advocate Promotes continuity of care Uses the Scope and Standards of Home Health Nursing Practice to guide clinical practice Identifies ethical issues Explores options with the necessary individuals and staff members to achieve resolution
Sylvia Trent Adams
PhD RN appointed by the Trump admin to serve as surgeon general to advise on public health and scientific issues
PPO
Preferred provider organization. A prepaid health insurance plan in which providers agree to deliver services for discount fees; patients can go to any provider, but using nonparticipating providers results in higher costs to the patient do not need a referral from PCP higher monthly premium
Children's Bureau Act of 1912
Regulated unhealthy child labor practices Shepherd
Which tasks should the nurse perform to comply with public health laws? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Report cases of communicable diseases. Report incidents of domestic violence. Ensure that clients in a community have received necessary immunizations.
A debilitated older client who has glaucoma places great value on independence. What would the nurse encourage the client to do after discharge from the hospital?
Self-administer eye medications using appropriate technique
Risk factors for suicide
Sex (Male), Age (Teenager or Elderly), Depression, Previous Attempt, Ethanol or Drug Use, Loss of rational thinking, Sickness (medical illness), 3 or more prescription medications, Organized plan, No spouse (divorced, widowed, or single especially if childless). Social support lacking. Women try more often. Men succeed more often.
SANE nurse
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner •provide comprehenisive psych/medical, and forensic services for victim and collaborate with community based victim advocates for victim support.
Which action of the nurse would be most important to convey interest in starting a conversation with a client who has hearing loss?
Smiling while seeing the client 2 Nodding head in front of the client 3 Making eye contact with the client 4 Leaning forward towards the client A: make eye contact
immunizations for older adults
Tdap flu pneumonia Hep A/B if at risk herpes zoster varicella
The nurse is working in a hospital that receives most of its payment from Medicare and Medicaid services. In the annual assessment of The Joint Commission, the hospital had not met all the standards set forth in the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services. Which action would the nurse expect to be taken?
The Joint Commission would conduct an unannounced follow-up survey in the hospital. accreditation may be lost of they fail the follow up and the hospital may stop receiving payment
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
Medicare Part A
The part of the Medicare program that pays for hospitalization, care in a skilled nursing facility, home health care, and hospice care.
Medicare Part B
The part of the Medicare program that pays for physician services, outpatient hospital services, durable medical equipment, and other services and supplies. routine medical
Polypharmacy
The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems.
Federal Health Agencies
U.S. department of health and human services -under direction of the secretary of health -funded through federal taxes Consists of Children and Families, community living, Medicare and medicaid, HIPPA, SSI, AFDC
anxiety disorders in older adults
Up to 15% of older adults are affected by anxiety disorder per year. Physiological problems associated with generalized anxiety disorder: •Headache •Muscle tension •Nausea
Local Health Departments
Usually responsibility of city or county governments; some services mandated by state law, other programs locally planned and implemented
high tech home health services
infusions like TPN or antibiotics peds services for chronic disease follow up on premies once D/C ventilator therapy home dialysis
intentional injuries
injuries from violence
Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ)-
a federal agency established to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care for Americans publish materials for education with EBP and clinical guidlines
Patient's Bill of Rights
a list of guarantees for those receiving medical care including confidentiality access to info fair treatment informed consent and autonomy
presbycusis
age related hearing loss
IPV and pregnancy
all pregnant women are screened common signs: delayed prenatal care, unexplained bruising, using harmful substances to baby, lack of participation in prenatal edu
Managed Care
any method designed to reduce unnecessary use of services, improve cost containment/cost effectiveness, and ensure high quality care
secondary prevention violence
assess or screen for elder abuse diagnose and treat victims utilize collaborative team members
Social Security Act
created a tax on workers and employers. That money provided monthly pensions for retired people.
Cataracts
clouding of the lens
home visits
conduct environmental assessment create comfortable atmosphere that emphasizes communication build trust
community health services
control of communicable diseases (covid); immunizations; maternal child health programs
Access to health insurance challenges
cost (individual or small businesses); change in employment; changes in eligibility (maritial status/death of spouse)
EPO
exclusive provider organization that only allows you to get health care services from doctors, hospitals, and other care providers within a certain network. You will not be covered if you go with someone out of network.
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
expected physiological changes of aging
decreased EVERYTHING (skin turgor, wt, chest wall movement, senses, ht, subQ fat)
Rural Health Care Delivery System
decreased number of HC providers implement telemed high cost to implement
preventative care
dental vison screening and early tx GYNE and breast exam
Federal programs
department of health and human services dep. of education - health and school health Medicare (65+)
funding to rural areas
dependent on population density, often receive low state and federal funding
voluntary agencies classifications
different categories of health like specific organ body structure welfare of specific groups
disparities in rural communities
employment income education insurance mortality morbidity access to care #1
3 priorities in rural public health
environmental health maternal child health communicable diseases
Tdap
every 10 years
Flexible Spending Account
special type of tax-advantaged account that can be used to pay for medical expenses. FSAs are usually one element of your job's employee benefits program. You accrue funds in this account by having your employer deduct a certain amount of money each paycheck and put that money in to the FSA. Money in an FSA can only be used to pay for medical expenses, including dental and vision expenses. It also includes copays, deductibles and over-the-counter medications.
nursing policy
specifies nursing leadership that influences and shapes health policy and nursing practice ex: two nurses verify heparin
State Programs
state health department need federal level for resources Medicaid
Voluntary agencies
support health care and can also offer direct care services
Pure Food and Drug Act
the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs
factors that influence HC cost
unnecessary use of services lack of preventative care lifestyle societal beliefs technology aging society drug costs shift from nonprofit to for profit HC HC/insurance fruad
HSA (Health Savings Account)
used in association with a medical plan that carries a high deductible
elements of environmental health
water quality toxins/waste global environmental health infrastructure surveillance healthy homes outdoor air quality
drug-drug interactions
when the effect of a medication is changed, enhanced, or diminished when taken with another drug, including herbal substances
community violence
workplace violence youth violence gangs hate crimes terrorism