Comprehensive Final Review
Which of the following laryngeal cartilages are paired? (1) Epiglottis (2) Thyroid cartilage (3) Corniculate cartilage (4) Arytenoid cartilage (5) Cuneiform cartilage (6) Cricoid cartilage
3, 4, 5
A primary spermatocyte is a diploid cell that gives rise to two secondary spermatocytes after the first meiotic division. The primary spermatocyte has _________ chromosomes.
46
Calculate the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume is 500 ml, the respiratory rate is 12/minute, and the anatomical dead space is 100 ml.
4800 ml
Plasma accounts for _________ of total blood volume.
55%
Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
Liver
What action is most responsible for the resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cells?
Movement of K+ through voltage-gated K+ channels
Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood?
Neurotransmitters
What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
True or False? The enteric nervous system acts independently of the CNS to control local reflexes in the digestive tract.
True
Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?
Urine storage
Which of the following structures is located within the perineum?
Urogenital triangle
From largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is
bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.
Contact digestion takes place in/at the _______
brush border of the small intestine
The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is ______
carbaminohemoglobin
Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
chyme from entering the large intestine.
Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis?
coagulation
The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
Blood is a type of _________tissue
connective
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes
constriction of blood vessels.
The enteric plexus
controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the ___
epiglottis
The embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary gland is
epithelium from the oral cavity.
Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the _____
external urinary sphincter
The posterior pituitary
has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.
The esophagus
has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the ________
hilum
The heart
is a four-chambered muscular pump.
Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
liquefying and digesting the food.
The _________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing _______
liver; cholesterol
The hypothalamus
regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
When 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin
releases more O2 to tissues.
A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called ____
segmental contraction
Sperm cells are produced in the _________ and complete maturation in the _________
seminiferous tubules; epididymis
The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain ________
smooth muscle
The micturition reflex is initiated by the
stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder.
When the inspiratory muscles contract,
thoracic volume increases.
The penis consists of _________ columns of erectile tissue
three
The lungs have
two blood flow routes and two lymphatic supplies.
In males, both urine and male reproductive fluids travel through the _______
urethra
Monosaccharides
use a symport process in their absorption.
The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the _________.
alveolar ventilation
How much saliva is generally produced each day?
1 - 1½ L
The mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia is located on chromosome _________
11
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in _________.
protection
The location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotum
provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm cell development.
The renal corpuscle connects to the _______
proximal convoluted tubule
Contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles
pull the testes closer to the body.
LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of ______
receptor mediated endocytosis
The function of the pericardial fluid is to
reduce friction between the pericardial membranes
Diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased _________ production.
ADH
If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,
ADH secretion decreases.
Which statement accurately descibes a condition of the heart chambers during the cardiac cycle?
All four chambers of the heart are in diastole at the same time.
A decrease in blood volume will result in
All of the choices are correct.
Hepatocytes
All of the choices are correct.
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the left ventricle?
Aorta
What is found in an intestinal villus?
Blood capillaries and a lacteal
Which of the following functions is associated with the nose?
Both "Warming inhaled air" and "Producing mucus to trap debris from the air" are correct.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will increase when
Both "blood osmolality increases" and "blood pressure decreases" are correct.
The visceral layer of Bowman capsule
Both "is part of the filtration membrane" and "contains podocytes" are correct.
Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the posterior wall of the heart?
Circumflex artery
Which of the following functions is associated with the blood?
Delivery of O2 to tissue cells
Which of the following would result from a reduced function of the Na+ channels in the SA node?
Depolarization would be delayed, and the heart rate would decrease.
Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?
Efferent arteriole
What role does oxytocin play in lactation?
Ejection of milk
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
Esophagus
Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic regulation of the heart is true?
If cardiac muscle cells are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force.
What is the importance of the delay in the action potential in the AV node?
It allows an action potential to reach the left atrium so both atria contract together, before the ventricles contract.
Which of the following structures opens directly into the nasal cavity?
Paranasal sinuses
Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?
Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
Proper environment for functioning of pepsin
Which of the following substances found in semen is mismatched with its function?
Prostaglandins - cause urethral contractions
Which vessels transport blood to the right and left lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?
Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.
If a blood buffer is absent, which function of the blood would be compromised?
Regulation of pH
Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
Relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity.
Which of the following sequences for the conducting system is correct?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?
Segmental contraction
Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?
Stomach
Which cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom?
Ventricular fibrillation
When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?
Vocal folds (cords)
Which of the following statements concerning the larynx is correct?
When the glottis closes, air is prevented from leaving the lungs.
The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is _______
absorption
Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by
action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.
The renal papillae extend into the _____
minor calyces
The myenteric plexus is found in the _________ of the digestive tract wall.
muscularis
Neutrophils are derived from a population of intermediate cells called ______
myeloblasts
Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by
neurohormones of the hypothalamus
Oxytocin release is stimulated by _____
nursing a baby
The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the _______
oropharynx
Hemoglobin that has oxygen attached is called _______
oxyhemoglobin
The pericardial sac is lined with
parietal pericardium.
Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of _____
peristaltic contractions
The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the _______
peritubular capillary
The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the _________ phase of swallowing.
pharyngeal
The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the _________membranes.
pleural
The inner layer of Bowman capsule consists of specialized cells called _______
podocytes
The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through the _________ circulation
systemic
Afterload is
the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause
the kidney tubules to retain more water.
Physiological dead air space is anatomic dead space plus
the volume of any alveoli where gas exchange is diminished.