Comprehensive Final Review

Which of the following laryngeal cartilages are paired? (1) Epiglottis (2) Thyroid cartilage (3) Corniculate cartilage (4) Arytenoid cartilage (5) Cuneiform cartilage (6) Cricoid cartilage

3, 4, 5

A primary spermatocyte is a diploid cell that gives rise to two secondary spermatocytes after the first meiotic division. The primary spermatocyte has _________ chromosomes.

46

Calculate the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume is 500 ml, the respiratory rate is 12/minute, and the anatomical dead space is 100 ml.

4800 ml

Plasma accounts for _________ of total blood volume.

55%

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Liver

What action is most responsible for the resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cells?

Movement of K+ through voltage-gated K+ channels

Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood?

Neurotransmitters

What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

Norepinephrine and acetylcholine

True or False? The enteric nervous system acts independently of the CNS to control local reflexes in the digestive tract.

True

Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?

Urine storage

Which of the following structures is located within the perineum?

Urogenital triangle

From largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is

bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.

Contact digestion takes place in/at the _______

brush border of the small intestine

The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is ______

carbaminohemoglobin

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis?

coagulation

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

Blood is a type of _________tissue

connective

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes

constriction of blood vessels.

The enteric plexus

controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the ___

epiglottis

The embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary gland is

epithelium from the oral cavity.

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the _____

external urinary sphincter

The posterior pituitary

has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.

The esophagus

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the ________

hilum

The heart

is a four-chambered muscular pump.

Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in

liquefying and digesting the food.

The _________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing _______

liver; cholesterol

The hypothalamus

regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

When 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin

releases more O2 to tissues.

A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called ____

segmental contraction

Sperm cells are produced in the _________ and complete maturation in the _________

seminiferous tubules; epididymis

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain ________

smooth muscle

The micturition reflex is initiated by the

stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder.

When the inspiratory muscles contract,

thoracic volume increases.

The penis consists of _________ columns of erectile tissue

three

The lungs have

two blood flow routes and two lymphatic supplies.

In males, both urine and male reproductive fluids travel through the _______

urethra

Monosaccharides

use a symport process in their absorption.

The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the _________.

alveolar ventilation

How much saliva is generally produced each day?

1 - 1½ L

The mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia is located on chromosome _________

11

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in _________.

protection

The location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotum

provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm cell development.

The renal corpuscle connects to the _______

proximal convoluted tubule

Contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles

pull the testes closer to the body.

LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of ______

receptor mediated endocytosis

The function of the pericardial fluid is to

reduce friction between the pericardial membranes

Diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased _________ production.

ADH

If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,

ADH secretion decreases.

Which statement accurately descibes a condition of the heart chambers during the cardiac cycle?

All four chambers of the heart are in diastole at the same time.

A decrease in blood volume will result in

All of the choices are correct.

Hepatocytes

All of the choices are correct.

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the left ventricle?

Aorta

What is found in an intestinal villus?

Blood capillaries and a lacteal

Which of the following functions is associated with the nose?

Both "Warming inhaled air" and "Producing mucus to trap debris from the air" are correct.

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will increase when

Both "blood osmolality increases" and "blood pressure decreases" are correct.

The visceral layer of Bowman capsule

Both "is part of the filtration membrane" and "contains podocytes" are correct.

Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the posterior wall of the heart?

Circumflex artery

Which of the following functions is associated with the blood?

Delivery of O2 to tissue cells

Which of the following would result from a reduced function of the Na+ channels in the SA node?

Depolarization would be delayed, and the heart rate would decrease.

Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?

Efferent arteriole

What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

Ejection of milk

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Esophagus

Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic regulation of the heart is true?

If cardiac muscle cells are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force.

What is the importance of the delay in the action potential in the AV node?

It allows an action potential to reach the left atrium so both atria contract together, before the ventricles contract.

Which of the following structures opens directly into the nasal cavity?

Paranasal sinuses

Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?

Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

Proper environment for functioning of pepsin

Which of the following substances found in semen is mismatched with its function?

Prostaglandins - cause urethral contractions

Which vessels transport blood to the right and left lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.

If a blood buffer is absent, which function of the blood would be compromised?

Regulation of pH

Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?

Relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity.

Which of the following sequences for the conducting system is correct?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?

Segmental contraction

Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?

Stomach

Which cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom?

Ventricular fibrillation

When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?

Vocal folds (cords)

Which of the following statements concerning the larynx is correct?

When the glottis closes, air is prevented from leaving the lungs.

The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is _______

absorption

Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by

action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.

The renal papillae extend into the _____

minor calyces

The myenteric plexus is found in the _________ of the digestive tract wall.

muscularis

Neutrophils are derived from a population of intermediate cells called ______

myeloblasts

Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by

neurohormones of the hypothalamus

Oxytocin release is stimulated by _____

nursing a baby

The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the _______

oropharynx

Hemoglobin that has oxygen attached is called _______

oxyhemoglobin

The pericardial sac is lined with

parietal pericardium.

Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of _____

peristaltic contractions

The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the _______

peritubular capillary

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the _________ phase of swallowing.

pharyngeal

The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the _________membranes.

pleural

The inner layer of Bowman capsule consists of specialized cells called _______

podocytes

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through the _________ circulation

systemic

Afterload is

the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.

An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause

the kidney tubules to retain more water.

Physiological dead air space is anatomic dead space plus

the volume of any alveoli where gas exchange is diminished.