COMPS EXAM Chapters 1-3
one of the most popular sexual identity development models that was often used in developing other identity development models was developed by
Cass
integrity vs despair
Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson's stage 1- 3 years; toddlers use their developing motor and cognitive skills to decide for themselves.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves
Gerard Caplan
Expanded Eric Lindemann's work by applying public health and preventative psychiatry principles.
Adaptation or Resolution Phase
Feelings of belonging to multiple cultures and having a sense of well-being.
Sociometry
Gauges the extent of relationship among people or groups, or how people relate to one another, via a sociogram
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Psychologist who proposed that anyone facing a loss, such as imminent death, loss of a loved one, or even an unexpected life transition, will experience grief, as characterized by following stages 1. shock and denial 2. anger 3. bargaining and guilt 4. hopelessness 5. acceptance
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers
two indian American men referred to their neighbor as Chinese. their neighbor became annoyed and corrected them by saying Im filipino! Get it right!" the two men were surprised they were scolded. one said to the other, probably the Chinese and flipinos are part of different castes. that must be why he is offended. according to Piaget, these neighbors are involved in the process of adaptation known as
assimilation
Parents who enforce a set standard of conduct and frequently use physical punishment to control their children are
authoritarian
Mary becomes angry with God after the death of her close friend, and she questions herself as a spiritual person. What spiritual identity development status is Mary most likely in?
awakening
Leo Vygotsky
a Russian psychologist who developed a constructionist cognitive developmental theory that integrated language as well as social and cultural influences.
corpus callosum
a bundle of nerve cells that connects the two hemispheres and allows them to integrate cognitive, emotional, and bodily functions
all of the following are developmental crises EXCEPT: - the birth of a child -moving to a new state - a car accident - changing jobs
a car accident
Ableism
a form of discrimination by which people believe that one who is disabled is limited in the extent of what he or she can truly do and under evaluate his or her abilities
Classism
a form of discrimination founded on a person's social status
crisis team
a group of professionals from different backgrounds who have been trained to respond to those in crisis
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
a health care organization, that allows members to access health and mental health services at a lower cost than many standard health insurance plans
separation
a legal process that allows couples to remain legally married while living separate lives
resilience
a person ability to maintain equilibrium, adjust to distressful or disturbing circumstances or to bounce back toward a level of positive functioning in spite of adverse situations
Mulatto
a person of both white and African lineage
Genderqueer
a person who does not conform to traditional ideas of gender roles and sexual orientation
two-spirited person
a person with the spirit of both male and a female
intimate partner violence (IPV)
a predominant form of adult domestic violence, defined as any behavior that is physically, emotionally, or sexually abusive in nature and used to gain authority over one's relationship with an intimate partner
Homoprejudice
a term that has recently emerged in research as scholars suggest that prejudice is more the cause of discrimination than an actual phobia per se
middle adulthood
about 30-60 years
counselors should advocate for
acceptance of sexual minorities
intimacy vs isolation stage
according to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships
initiative vs guilt stage
according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 5 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
industry vs inferiority stage
according to Erikson, the period from age 6 to 11 years characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world
generatively vs stagnation stage
according to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society
motivational interviewing has been primarily used in
addictions counseling
genital stage
adolescence; puberty causes a reemergence of sexual impulses
a cultural group that typically deals with issues with eating disorders and sexually risky behaviors is
adolescents
latency stage
ages 6-11 years; sexual desires become dormant as the individual focuses on mastery of social skills, personal awareness, and ego refinement
people who are in the conventional stage of kolhbergs theory of moral development may do all of the following except follow the rules - to avoid societal disapproval - to avoid familial disapproval - agreed on through a democratic process - so that law and order can be maintained
agreed on through a democratic process
Feminist Theory
aims to help clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives as well as to empower them to improve their lives and the lives of others
according to Maslow, before people can meet their needs for esteem, they must meed their need for - safety -belongingness -survival (psychological needs) -all the above
all the above
correlational research design
allows researchers to study the relationship between two variables that exist but are not experimentally manipulated
Claire is three years old. When her mother leaves for work in the morning, she cries so loud and for so long that her grandparents shut all the apartment windows and doors. they fear that their neighbors will suspect child abuse . when Claires mother returns, Claire clings to her leg as she does her house chores for the evening. Claire would be considered by Mary Ainsworth to display
ambivalent attachment
The American Counseling Association was originally named. a. American Association of Counseling and development b. American Personnel and Guidance Association. c. National Vocational Guidance Association d. American Counseling Association
american personnel and guidance association
as genetic screening becomes more prominent, it is important for counselors to be knowledgeable about different classes and examples of genetic disorders. sickle cell anemia is classified as
an autosomal disorder
Five stages of prejudice
antilocution, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, extermination
Jospeh Wolpe
applied classical conditioning procedures to psychotherapy
when do babies become adept at holophrasing?
approximately 1 1/2 years of age
when a client discloses that she has been a victim of elder abuse, counselors
are commonly mandated to report to law enforcement
filial piety regarding family applies most closely to which cultural group?
asians Americans
when working with an 8 year old child in a non school setting, it is commonly necessary to obtain
assent from the child and informed consent from the parent
social influence model
asserts that if counselors are viewed as having expertise and being attractive they will have greater influence on the client
the association for spiritual, ethical, and religious values counseling (ASERVIC) began as a an association for counselors who were
catholic
situational crisis
caused by an event that is shocking and traumatic
psychiatric crisis
caused by mental health and/or substance use problems
environmental crisis
caused by natural or human caused events affecting multiple people in the affected environment
developmental crisis
caused by normal life experiences
existential crisis
caused by realizations of personal purpose and meaning
mestizo
characterizes one born of Native American and Caucasian parents
Lamar is interested in joining a professional organization that fosters scholarship and excellence in the counseling profession. What organization would be most suitable for him to join?
chi sigma iota (CSI)
Biracial individuals
children of parents from two different racial background
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
civil rights law passed to guarantee that students with disabilities receive the services they need to gain the benefits of education
Desiree is an obedient daughter who wants to make sure her family approves of her choices. At school, she has always felt more comfortable following the rules than rebelling. She is in the ____ stage of Loevinger's ego development theory
conformist
Midbrain
connects hindbrain and forebrain, controls eye muscles, and relays auditory and visual information
pons
connects the left and right cerebellum
Forebrain
consists of the cerebral cortex which is responsible for higher order behavior and conscious thought
culture
consists of the shared values, practices, social norms, and worldview associated with a particular group
parietal lobe
controls spatial reasoning and sense of touch
right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body and is responsible for muscle abilities, imagination, and emotional expression
left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body and is responsible for language and writing abilities, and logical and systematic thought
Frankie and Margot are in their twenties and thirties, respectively, they are probably in the _____ level of kohl bergs theory of moral development
conventional
each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT a. licensure was created to protect the public b. counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state c. virgina was the first state to license counselors d. the requirements for acquiring licensure vary from state to state
counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state
cerebral cortex
covers the two cerebral hemispheres, is responsible for memory, concentration, problem-solving abilities, and muscle coordination, and divided in four lobes : occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal
the social influence model espouses that a counselor should have____for maximum influence
credibility
which identity development mode includes encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization as some of its statuses?
cross nigrescence model
Labeling clients as resistant because they do not make eye contact during a counseling session might be an example of
cultural encapsulation
language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called a. surface structures b. global structures c. deep structures d. intrinsic structures
deep structures
multicultural counseling
defined as the integration of cultural identities within counseling process
Sexism
defined as the oppression of individuals on the basis of gender
Ethnocentrism
defining a cultural group beliefs that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures
locus of control
degree of control individuals perceived they have over their environment
in classical conditioning, the temporal relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus is important. The effectiveness of the conditioning depends depends on how and when either stimulus is presented. Which of the following is the most successful form of conditioning. -backward conditioning -simultaneous condition -retroactive conditioning -delayed conditioning
delayed conditioning
race
describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics
Albert Bandura
developed social learning theory which is based on the principle that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling
five types of crises include
developmental, environmental, existential, situational, and psychiatric
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
transphobia
discrimination against this community due to their nonalignment with cultural expectations
Heterosexism
discriminatory practice toward those who do not fall within mainstream category of heterosexual
preconventional level
earliest level of moral development; at this level individuals have little awareness of socially acceptable moral behavior and follow rules primarily to avoid punishment or reap rewards
Empowerment
elevates peoples sense of what they can do and their personal value
ethological theories
emphasize the role of instinct in human development and use naturalistic observation; believe people are born with innate capacities
pecks theory of adult development is an expansion of
eriksons psychosocial theory
difference between ethics and laws
ethics are developed by associations to help members practice in a reputable manner whereas laws are included in the penal code and often carry more serious consequences when individuals fail to comply with them
the view that ones culture is preferential to evaluate another culture is called
ethnocentrism
longitudinal design study
examine and re-examine the same group (cohort) of individuals of a specific developmental level as they mature and age, usually over a time frame of at least 10 years
burnout
exhaustion stemming from repeated exposure to stressful circumstances that result in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment
gender roles
expectations put on a person by society about how someone should behave, think, and be treated about what beliefs he or she should hold.
Generation X (1965-1984)
experienced reduced adult supervision and increased parental divorce. characterized as cynical as slackers in their youth, in midlife they report seeking work-life balance and being active and happy
reaction formation
expressing the opposite motive than was originally intended to help prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings from becoming expressed
the Buckley amendment is also known as
family educational rights and privacy act
Jean Piaget
believed that growth in mental development depended on ones ability to order and classify new information
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
federal law passed in 1996 to protect the privacy of individuals medical and mental health records
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
federal law that addresses prevention, assessment, investigation, and prosecution go child abuse and neglect, it mandates counselors to report suspicions of child abuse/neglect to their local child protective services
violence
focused intent to cause harm
erik Erikson
focused on an individuals learned social interactions within the environment as a key influence on ego development
an ethical principle that encourages counselors to actively promote the welfare of their clients is known as
beneficence
survey research
can be conducted via interviews or through administration of questionaries and involves sampling a large pool of participants to assess and understand their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions regarding the stimuli under study
NECA and NCDA are both professional associations devoted to the specialization of
career counseling
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 7 years of age) during which a child develop symbolic representations that allow them to use language and engage in imitative play
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities, children learn cause and effect, trial and error problem solving, and object permanence
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (11+ years) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to 11 years of age) during which children can now readily use symbols to engage in mental operations involving logic, able to classify, seriate, and conserve, can understand reversibility, reduced egocentrism, understand relational terms, still unable to reason abstractly
directory information
information that schools can release about students without parental consent; includes the students name, address, telephone number, date of birth, honors or awards, and dates of attendance at school
Erickson would consider a normal 4 year old child to be in the ___ stage of personality development
initiative vs guilt
individuals who adhere to moral standards to satisfy their own personal desires are in kohlbergs ____ stage
instrumental hedonism
individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ___ stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development
formal operational
John B. Watson
founder of behaviorism
ego
freud believes emerged during the first year of life, operates on the reality principle
Autosomal disease
genetic disorders that involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome
according to Gessell, human development is PRIMARILY due to - genetics -nurture -the environment -none of the above
genetics
intelligence is accounted for mostly by a persons
genetics
Animism refers to
giving life to lifeless objects
informed consent
guarantees a client the right to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship that ensures the active involvement of the client in decisions made during the counseling process. when working with minors counselors must obtain from parents/legal guardians and assent from the minor.
Working for the collective good of society refers to which tenet of social justice?
harmony
devin is 17 years old and drives over the speed limit without wearing seatbelts. when his girlfriend complains, he tells her there is no way they can get hurt. "Sweetie I'm a great driver and I promise I'd never drive any faster than I can handle" It's likely that Devin
has created a personal fable
a resilience characteristic is
having a supportive social network
SLAP
helpful acronym to help remind counselors of the major area covered during a suicide assessment: - Specific details - Lethality of plan - Availability of method - Proximity to obtaining help
occiptal lobe
helps brain interpret sensory info through the eyes
the brain is divided into three parts. the most primitive part of the brain is the
hindbrain
the faith that focuses on karma and the deity of brahman is
hinduism
Robert, biologically a male at birth, has presented to counseling to help him process his feelings associated with being more aligned with traditionally feminine characteristics. which of the following orientation categories would leas likely describe Robert? - homosexual -questioning -transgender -transgender and gender nonconforming
homosexual
feelings of hopefulness and captivation of a new culture are part of the ____ phase of culture shock
honeymoon
social aging
how one is chronological age is viewed within the societal or cultural context and is affected by vocation and socioeconomic status
Baby Boomer Generation (1946-1964)
report a strong work ethic, competitive nature, resourceful, goal centered, and self assured
John Bowlby
researcher who focused on Attachment theory, described infants as being born with an innate potential for attachment
Konrad Lorenz
researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
temporal love
responsible for hearing and storage of permanent memory
different parts and structures within the brain are responsible for various functions. the ___ is responsible for regulating arousal and attention
reticular activating system
regression
return to an earlier more comfortable period in life
according to the indivisible self wellness model, the following is NOT part of the essential self - gender identity -nutrition -spirituality -self-care
self-care
billy is an infant who is playing with his father. His father takes a ball and hides it behind his back. billy laughs and begins to search for the ball. billy is in the ____ stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development
sensorimotor
mental health parity and addiction equity act (MHPAEA)
signed into law in 2008, requires insurance companies offering coverage for mental health and substance use related services to make coverage comparable to general medical coverage
in classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using
simultaneous conditioning
cross-sectional design studies
simultaneously examine several groups from differing levels of development
Lydia was 28 years old when her daughter fell ill and died from food contaminated with E. coli. She began attending a group for parents who are grieving a child, but she still has a difficult time coping. Lydia's loss is a
situational crisis
tertiary oppression is
internalized oppression
rights negotiations
involve the legality of what is right and uses norms, policies and rules
internet based negotiations
involve the process of finding a commonality between the individuals involved
microaggression
involves an aggressive act against a minority, such as men and women of color
moral development
involves an individuals growing ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act in accordance with those distinctions
case study
involves collecting data on a developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing a similar developmental phenomenon
culture shock
involves having to transition to a foreign environment by adjusting to the new foods, customs, language, an so on
biological aging
involves how the body functions and changes over time, this includes anabolism and catabolism
Reorientation and Reintegration Phase
involves reintegrating into the new culture by viewing both the good and bad of the culture
prosocial behavior
involves sensitivity to the needs of others and although it occurs in early childhood, is not consistently displayed until later childhood
Trans-affirmative Approach
involves the counselor adopting the role of an advocate by being involved politically, teaching the client how to advocate, and rallying for equal community resources
Crisis or Disintegration Phase
involves the individual being frustrated or let down by cultural aspects that were at first fascinating
time-lag studies
sometimes called cohort sequential studies, involve replications of previous studies on a modern day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study.
antilocation
stage of prejudice including the sharing of harmful views with those who have the same belief system whether they are known to the person or not
extermination
stage of prejudice that is focused to demolish certain groups of people
physical attack
stage of prejudice where acting either overtly violent or with violent undertones when in a high pressure situation against targeted group
Discrimination
stage of prejudice where purposely making sure individuals do not have access to resources for a better quality of life
Avoidance
stage of prejudice where you are purposely trying to not be around disliked persons
motivational interviewing is mainly based on rogerian counseling style, but
is also directive
hindbrain
is responsible for life maintenance and survival functions including the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, reticular activating system
conflict resloution
is the way individuals seeks resolution to interpersonal differences and usually involved negotiating, mediating, facilitating, and arbitrating
rationalization
justifying ones behavior with logical sounding reasons, thus concealing the real reason for a behavior
an individual fidgeting during a counseling session is an example of what form of nonverbal communication?
kinesics
professional counselors must be familiar with common examples of genetic disorders. males born with an extra X chromosome have
klinefelters syndrome
Intersexed
knowns as hermaphrodites these individuals possess both male and female genitalia and hormones
child abuse
legal definitions range from state to state, the legal definition involves harm to an individual under the age of 18 years, caused by either exploitation, neglect, or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.
the worldview that the environment is accountable for the consequences that occur is best captured by which of Sue's 1978 dimensions?
locus of responsibility
after spending five years in U.S. Maya, believes she no longer belongs in her home culture and does not fit in the host culture. Which acculturation model best describes her acculturation level?
marginalization
identity
means an understanding of oneself as a separate, distinct individual and springs from a synthesis of successive identifications with other people into a consistent, coherent, and unique whole
Schema
mental structure that processes or integrates experiences, info, or perceptions
psychological first aid (PFA)
method of working with individuals during a crisis to first meet the clients essential survival needs than their psychological needs by using the core counseling skills
Havighurst believes that relating to one's spouse as a person is a developmental task of - young adulthood -middle age -late maturity -all of the above
middle age
Erika is able to meet current expenses, can plan for her financial future, but is not necessarily wealthy. Which socioeconomic status most likely describes her?
middle class
millie takes her younger brothers cookie and begins to eat it. when her mother explains that stealing cookies is not allowed in their house, she crushed the cookie in her brothers hand. her mother is exasperated but known that Millie doesn't understand the reason for this rule. millie is in the ______ stage of Piagets theory of moral development
moral realism
A woman who balances her personal needs with those of others is in the ____________________ stage of Gilligan's theory of moral development.
morality of nonviolence
__ comprise he smallest percentage of the US population
native americans
Naomis Chomsky's theory of language development is considered to be a
nativist approach
claudia is considering friending a client on facebook to augment their counseling sessions. According to the ACA Code of Ethics, personal virtual relationships between counselors and former clients are
never allowed
high context communication
nonverbal communication involving individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings
Kinesics
nonverbal communication involving posture, body movements, and positions
chronemics
nonverbal communication involving the perception and use of time to define identities and interaction
low context communication
nonverbal communication referring to indiviudals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings
Paralanguage
nonverbal communication refers to verbal cues other than words
Pansexual
not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity.
Power in negotiation
occur when individuals vie to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics such as relaying false info and cheating
stranger anxiety
occurs around six months of age when infants become fearful in the presence of strangers
compassion fatigue
occurs in helping professionals who experience overwhelming feelings after being exposed to client crisis states; sometimes called secondary traumatic stress reaction
separation anxiety
occurs in infants between the first and second birthdays and involves extreme distress when separation from a primary caregiver occurs
Assimilation
occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new info in terms of a previously existing context
accommodation
occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes a restructuring change in mental organization so that new info or categories of into can be added to the existing cognitive framework
Transcrisis
occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully dealt with and becomes submerged into a client's subconscious
some common issues affecting _____ clients are grief, loss, physical challenges, and terminal illness.
older adult
psychological aging
one's perception of personal age
superego
operates on the morality principle emerges at about five years of age and displays the moral value and standards internalized through social interactions and from societal rules and mores
monochromic time
orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use schedules, advanced planning of activities)
Parenting Styles: Authoritarian
parents are restrictive and lack outward expressions of warmth
parenting styles: permissive
parents display little control and at most moderate warmth
Parenting Styles: Authoritative
parents display moderate control and explain the reasoning behind their decisions in order to help children understand the important factors that go into covering behavior and decisioning making
parenting styles: uninvolved
parents show little if any interest in their children and are indifferent or rejecting toward them.
Kohlbergs theory of moral development stages
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
children of permissive parents often become all of the following except - rebellious -aggressive -self-centered -irresponsible
rebellious
displacement
redirecting feelings onto a less threatening person or object
Ethnicity
refers to a persons identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background
sensory memory
refers to all the environmental stimuli to which one is exposed at any given moment in time
collective trauma
refers to an entire community's reaction to a crisis
Questioning
refers to an individual who is questioning his or her sexual orientation or gender identity
wellness
refers to an integration of mind, body, and spirit resulting in positive well- being
racial identity
refers to an orientation to one or more racial groups
reparative therapy (conversion therapy)
refers to attempting to change ones sexual orientation
gender expression
refers to how individuals portray their gender
oppression by force
refers to imposing a role, experience, or condition on someone
transgender and gender nonconforming
refers to individuals whose identified gender or gender expression does not fit into the binary social categories of masculinity and femininity traditionally assigned with the male and female assigned sex at birth
oppression by deprivation
refers to not providing someone with a necessary experience or resource
multiracial
refers to one who is from multiple racial lineages
Heteronormativity
refers to societal expectations that individuals on the basis of their biological sex adhere to gender roles that complement those of the opposite biological sex
cultural identity
refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
cisgender
refers to the perceptions by individuals the their assigned sex at birth is aligned with their identified gender
gender
refers to the social categories of masculinity or femininity, with placement heavily guided by culture
polychromatic time
refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships among people
emic perspective
refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a clients culture
etic perspective
refers to viewing clients from a universal perspective
locus of responsibility
refers to what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals
sex
refers to whether a person is biologically male or female as determined by hormones, genetics, and physical makeup
when counselors are unable to use encryption software while performing distance counseling, they are ethically required to
refrain from providing their services over the internet
denial
refusing to believe that something has occurred or exists
according to helms racial interaction theory, a racial interaction in which an individual of a lower racial identity status holds more power over an individual would be considered an
regressive interaction
reticular activating system
regulates arousal and attention
Cerebellum
regulates balance
medulla oblongata
regulates the heart and breathing
frontal lobe
regulates the sense of smell, body control and movement
structural violence
relates to the results of individuals being marginalized intentionally or unintentionally by political, economic, and social institutions
Mary Ainsworth
studied how four different attachment styles affected kids
Edward L. Thorndike
studied learning principles in animals (cats) even before Pavlov
Daniel Levinson
studies adult male development and presented a combination task/stage theory. He observed that adult males created life structures (periods of growth and stability) alternated with transitional periods that helped the adult reach a more mature life structure level.
compensation
substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure
activity theory
suggests that as people age they prefer to remain socially active in order to resist self-preoccupation and maintain closer social relationships
the appropriate use of grammar is the definition of
syntax
short-term memory
temporary storage of recent events
cognitive dissonance
term coined by Leon festinger used to explain the conflict or discomfort that an individual experiences when a discrepancy is noticed between what he or she already knows and new information being recieved
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
the association in charge of accreditation for the majority of counseling and counseling related programs and undergo its accreditation process
Spiritual bypass is a term that refers to
the avoidance of these problematic issues (psychological, physical, emotional, cognitive, relational, or behavioral levels) by a person working through personal concerns at the spiritual level only
part of biological aging, the term catabolism refers to
the bodys decline to death from it peak
nature vs. nurture has been a controversial topic in developmental psychology. Today, epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of
the combination of nature and nurture
internalized homophobia
the process by which sexual minorities accept heterosexist messages; this can hinder their sexual identity development.
acculturation
the process in which an individual makes senses of a hosts cultures value system in relation to his or her own
color consciousness
the process of how Whites, in response to their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial differences
long-term memory
the relatively permanent storage of information
internalized classism
the result of a person feeling shame for the class to which they belong and their "place" in society due to SES.
conventional level of moral development
the second level of moral development, in which familial or societal authority is recognized, and people conform to rules in order to avoid social disapproval or avoid criticism by those in authority
Mediation
the use of a an objective, uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution with the goal of working toward determining specific desires and good solutions
facilitation
the use of counseling-related skills, especially in groups, to analyze the conflict, find compromise, and solutions, and elicit commitment among individuals
Proxemics
the use of personal physical distances
culture exists on three levels including?
universal, group, and individual
med-arb
uses both mediation and arbitration; The objective individual listens to both sides, problem-solves to incorporate mediation, and then lets individuals make the final decision
sociogram
visual way to analyze and display relationships
assimilation model
where highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the other more dominant group
Robert peck
whose research interests centered upon human development, coping skills, motivation, career competence, moral behavior, and teacher effectiveness, expanded on the final two stages of eriksons stages
which of the following best describes the developmental issues of feminist identity development models - women must relinquish their gender privilege -men are to actively commit to support networks that include women -women are to accept traditional gender roles for men and women -women grow psychologically as they address sexism
women grow psychologically as they address sexism
Two forms of feminism are women of color feminism and Black feminism. What is the difference between the two?
women of color feminism embraces all women, regardless of color, and black feminism focuses mainly on the oppression of African American women
what are the four phases of culture shock?
→ Honeymoon Phase → Shock Phase → Adjustment Phase → Reentry Phase (into one's own culture)
Arnold Gesell
- American psychologist and pediatrician who believed that human development reflects a genetic unfolding of, and maturational readiness fo, physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional characteristics or milestones with only slight environmental influence
U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)
A civil rights act that protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability.
Jane Loevinger
A developmental psychologist who proposed 10 stages of ego development, which explained human personality developmental progression and fixation
Eric Lindemann
A pioneer in the development of crisis models, who observed that mental health professionals can help those affected by traumatic events to grieve and mourn properly, preventing further mental health complications.
educational record
Any document or information kept by the school relating to a student, such as attendance, achievement, behavior, activities, and assessment.
the most recently established division of ACA
Association for child and adolescent counseling (ACAC)
white privilege typically includes each of the following EXCEPT - seeing ones race represented positively in media -being able to obtain work easily - being free from much oppression based on race - being discriminated against due to being in the majority
- being discriminated against due to being in the majority
Shawna, a college sophomore, would like support withe her inability to focus in class. she is most encouraged to work with which of the following types of counselor? - school counselor -college admissions counselor - college counselor - psychoanalyst
- college counselor
classical conditioning is a type of stimulus response learning theory. Recall Ivan pavlova well-known studies on the salivation of dogs when presented with food powder. in his famous experiments with dogs the conditioned stimulus was
- the bell, buzzer, or tone
which of these statements best characterize the model minority myth? - African Americans who are successful serve as an example that racism has decreased over time - people of color can be positive examples for future generations -asian Americans successes are indicators that they do not experience discrimination - asian Americans are a heterogeneous group
-asian Americans successes are indicators that they do not experience discrimination
Kelsey, an African American female presents for counseling to address dual career issues with her partner. which of the following cultural value considerations would least likely be prioritized in counseling? - degree of egalitarianism in partnership -needs of Kelsey as an independent decision maker -spiritual support for Kelsey -relationships with extended family and her friends
-needs of Kelsey as an independent decision maker -spiritual support for Kelsey
an example of institutional racism is most likely which of the following? - lack of use of African American designs in modern architecture -placing a latino student in a special education course because a teacher views his English as inferior -limited representation of positively represented people of color in history textbooks -portraying Jesus in the christian faith as white only
-limited representation of positively represented people of color in history textbooks
elder abuse types
-physical, sexual, or verbal abuse - financial exploitation -neglect of caregiver to provide proper care
anal stage
1-3 years; primary source of gratification is the anus and buttocks area
Atchley's Stages of Retirement
1. preretirement 2. immediately after retirement (honeymoon phase) 3. period of disenchantment 4. reorientation
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
adolescence
13-19 years
the brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a person is
16 years old
young adulthood
19-30 years
Millennials (Generation Y)
1981-2004; grew up in the digital age and experienced terrorist acts and school shooting reports in the media. busy as kids, heavily scheduled
how many morphemes does the word "books" have?
2
toddlerhood
2-3 years
Generation Z (Gen Z)
2005-2024; global, tech savvy, social, and visually oriented. may become the most educated and sophisticated generation yet
early childhood
3-5 years of age
phallic stage
3-5 years; primary source of gratification is through the genitals
Jody and Chuck are getting married. neither have been married before, but chuck has two children from a previous relationship. jody gets along very well with the children and has known the older of the two since she was three years old. what percentage of first marriages end in divorce?
50%
middle childhood
6-12 years of age
late adulthood
60-75 years
old age
75+ years
Vicarious Trauma
A stress reaction resulting from exposure to client disclosures of traumatic events
each of the following is correct concerning the acronym, OARES, from motivational interviewing, EXCEPT - O= open ended questions - A= action -R= reflective listening - S= summarize
A= action
Ethan is two years old. after watching his mother wrinkle her nose at items she disliked, he began picking up items and showing them to his grandparents. "thats nasty!" he would inform them. which of the following people developed social learning theory, which is based on the principle that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling?
Albert Bandora
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Also known as the Buckley Amendment; enacted in 1974; federal law that protects the privacy of student educational records. Specifically the act provides parents and students the right to access the students educational records, petition to have incorrect information found in the record amended and ensure that certain information is not released to outside agencies without permission
Robert Havighurst
American professor, physicist, educator, and aging expert, who proposed a series of developmental tasks that humans achieve as they grow and develop from infancy through late adulthood.
the __ is NOT a founding member of ACA -association for humanistic counseling (AHC) - American school counselor association (ASCA) - National career development association (NCDA) - Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)
American school counselor association
Roger Gould
American writer and psychiatrist, studied more than 1,000 adults and discovered they strove to eliminate false assumptions usually relating to parental dependency, that restricted young and middle adult development
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
transformation-based negotiations
Deal with promoting empowerment and recognition of involved persons.
cultural racism
Devaluing cultural artifacts that do not approximate White cultural values.
IS PATH WARM
Ideation Substance use Purposelessness Anxiety Trapped Hopelessness Withdrawal Anger Recklessness Mood changes
separation model
Individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values
honeymoon phase
Involves hopefulness, excitement, and captivation of the new culture.
John is extremely stressed about his upcoming statistics test. his counselor suggests that he try imagining that he is at a lake fishing for the day. John does so and begins to feel better. which of the following people developed the principle of reciprocal inhibition, which means that a person cannot engage in two mutually exclusive events simultaneously?
Joseph Wolpe
postconvential level
Kohlberg's highest level of moral development in which individuals develop personal standards for right and wrong and people also behave in a way that respects the dignity of all people
the largest group making up what constitutes Latin Americans is
Mexicans
individual trauma
One person's ability to cope with a crisis.
Carol Gilligan
Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships
Colorism
Refers to the judgement of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites.
Arbitration
The use of a third party to make decisions that resolve a conflict for the involved individuals
Silent Generation/Traditionalists
before 1945; experienced the Great Depression, so they strive for financial security, comfort, and to feel needed
diane is often mistake for being 10 years younger than her actual age. she says that her youthful glow is from living a carefree life and lots of physical activity. which of the following is NOT a true statement about biological aging? - biological aging depends on metabolic changes -biological aging refers to peoples perceptions of how old or young they feel -biological aging involves anabolism -biological aging involves catabolism
biological aging refers to peoples perceptions of how old or young they feel
aging involves growth and change in an organism over time and is categorized as
biological, social, and psychological
in havighursts model of human development, many of the earlier childhood tasks are
biologically determined
basic trust vs mistrust
birth 1-2 years; the caretakers responsibility is to create a trusting environment for, and positive relationship with, the infant
oral stage
birth to 1 year, primary source of pleasure is through the mouth -sucking or mouthing
infancy
birth to 2 years
freud believed that fixation results from
both overgratification and undergratification.
Tony and Danielle recently survived a flood within their community, which destroyed their personal property causing them to miss work as they tried to rebuild their lives. As a result, they developed substantial anxiety as their financial resources dwindled. a counselor may want to most engage in the following type of intervention to work with the couple: - crisis counseling training and assistance program - collective trauma work - psychological field - self- care strategies
collective trauma work
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
commonly referred to as the affordable care act (ACA) provides health care to Americans and included consumer protections from private health insurance companies and limits long- term health care expenses
Jessica worked with survivors of a terroist attack. two weeks into her post-attack work, she had trouble sleeping and wondered to her friends, "Whats the point of all the work that I do? Its not solving anything. terrorists will keep on killing and theres nothing I can do to stop that" Jessica is experiencing
compassion fatigue
prenatal period
conception to birth
advocacy counseling
concerned with supporting and promoting the needs of clients and the counseling profession at all levels (i.e. teaching clients to self-advocate, being involved in policy changes, psychoeducation)
naturalistic observation
conducted in natural settings, usually through observation and interview
CRCC certifies the following type of counselor: a. Clinical mental health counselors b. School counselors c. College counselors d. Rehabilitation counselors
d. rehabilitation counselors
recognition
deals with being able to connect to the situation and engage in true listening
Rome and janissa announced that they planned to get divorced. janissaries spoke to her mother and said their problems had been occurring for a while, and she realized these problems were insurmountable. today, a couples divorce is mostly blamed on
incompatibility
in Goulds theory of adult development, adults must do each of the following EXCEPT - refute false assumptions -decrease parental dependency -increase spousal dependency -increase self-reliance
increase spousal dependency
individual racism
individual perspective that another race is less inteligent inferior, etc.
racism occurs at 3 levels including
individual, institutional, and cultural
integration model/biculturalism
individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the host culture
marginalization model
individuals reject the cultural values and customs of both cultures
which of the following does not typically characterize the coming out process ? - individuals tend too become involved with the sexual minority community prior to sexual acts - individuals tend to come out during adolescence - the coming out process is embedded within sexual identity development models - the coming out process involves both self-awareness and disclosure of a sexual minority status
individuals tend too become involved with the sexual minority community prior to sexual acts
heteroflexible
individuals who may primarily identify as heterosexual but engage in limited same sex sexual behavior but do not identify as bisexual
worldview
individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world
gender dysphoria
person who is born one gender, identify with another, and feel conflicted about it
Sigmund Freud
personality develops through interaction of personal needs and the environment, and past experiences play and essential part in present behaviors
transsexuals
persons who choose to alter their biology to be more in line with their identified gender
transgenderist
persons who live the life of the opposite sex without biological intervention
projection
placing personal feelings, thoughts, or motives on someone else
id
present at birth, contains the individuals basic instincts and operates on the pleasure principle
structural classism
promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes
Uri Bronfenbrenner's
proposed a systems perspective to explain the processes that occur between people and their environments
modern classism
proposes that those of the lower statuses may exhibit classism as well
disengagement theory
proposes that withdrawal from the social system is a natural process precipitated by the need for reflection, self-preoccupation, and lower need for emotional connectedness with others
a counselor who receives both a subpoena and a court order must
provide the court with appropriate information or be held in contempt of court
By license, all ___________________________ can prescribe medication to their clients.
psychiatrists
the mental health practitioners who most commonly administer psychological testing are
psychologists
repression
pushing undesirable thoughts and feelings from consciousness
social identity theory
puts forth the idea that people sort themselves into groups on the basis of similar characteristics, such as ethnicity and gender
institutional racism
racism perpetrated by institutions such as businesses and government
during the _____ stage of family development, it is most important for boundaries to become more flexible
raising adolescents
which of the following is least likely true about the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework? - the counseling relationship domain refers to the process of a counselor and client navigating their degree of power associated with cultural identity statuses to develop and effective working alliance - the client worldview domain includes standards that promote culturally affirmative attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills, and action - the counseling and advocacy interventions domain includes standards that promote culturally affirmative attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills and action - the counseling and advocacy interventions domain included interpersonal actions that support social justice
the counseling and advocacy interventions domain includes standards that promote culturally affirmative attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills and action
annulment
the formal voiding of a marriage
sociodramatic play
the imitation of adult play and facilitating more mature social interactions among children. Has 4 categories 1. nonsocial: toddlers play by themselves 2. Parallel play: children play near each other 3. associative play: engage in separate activities while talking with each other 4. cooperative play: play with each other to attain a common goal
Libel is all of the following EXCEPT a. the intentional spreading of falsehoods through spoken word b. the intentional spreading of falsehood through writing c. a type of defamation d. addressed by tort law
the intentional spreading of falsehoods through spoken word
kismari earned a masters degree in school counseling program and has three years of supervised work experience. in her work, she has helped students process bullying, handle family issues, and prepare for college applications. while this has been a common experience for her and her former classmates, the school counseling field a. was initially primarily dedicated to providing vocational guidance b. usually works more closely with juvenile justice c. approaches work with individuals from a systems theory perspective d. is committed to affecting public policy
was initially primarily dedicated to providing vocational gudiance
John Dollard and Neal Miller
were considered "drive" or incentive theorists and believed that anxiety and psychological disturbances were learned from experiences