COMPS EXAM Chapters 1-3

one of the most popular sexual identity development models that was often used in developing other identity development models was developed by

Cass

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage 1- 3 years; toddlers use their developing motor and cognitive skills to decide for themselves.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Gerard Caplan

Expanded Eric Lindemann's work by applying public health and preventative psychiatry principles.

Adaptation or Resolution Phase

Feelings of belonging to multiple cultures and having a sense of well-being.

Sociometry

Gauges the extent of relationship among people or groups, or how people relate to one another, via a sociogram

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Psychologist who proposed that anyone facing a loss, such as imminent death, loss of a loved one, or even an unexpected life transition, will experience grief, as characterized by following stages 1. shock and denial 2. anger 3. bargaining and guilt 4. hopelessness 5. acceptance

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

two indian American men referred to their neighbor as Chinese. their neighbor became annoyed and corrected them by saying Im filipino! Get it right!" the two men were surprised they were scolded. one said to the other, probably the Chinese and flipinos are part of different castes. that must be why he is offended. according to Piaget, these neighbors are involved in the process of adaptation known as

assimilation

Parents who enforce a set standard of conduct and frequently use physical punishment to control their children are

authoritarian

Mary becomes angry with God after the death of her close friend, and she questions herself as a spiritual person. What spiritual identity development status is Mary most likely in?

awakening

Leo Vygotsky

a Russian psychologist who developed a constructionist cognitive developmental theory that integrated language as well as social and cultural influences.

corpus callosum

a bundle of nerve cells that connects the two hemispheres and allows them to integrate cognitive, emotional, and bodily functions

all of the following are developmental crises EXCEPT: - the birth of a child -moving to a new state - a car accident - changing jobs

a car accident

Ableism

a form of discrimination by which people believe that one who is disabled is limited in the extent of what he or she can truly do and under evaluate his or her abilities

Classism

a form of discrimination founded on a person's social status

crisis team

a group of professionals from different backgrounds who have been trained to respond to those in crisis

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

a health care organization, that allows members to access health and mental health services at a lower cost than many standard health insurance plans

separation

a legal process that allows couples to remain legally married while living separate lives

resilience

a person ability to maintain equilibrium, adjust to distressful or disturbing circumstances or to bounce back toward a level of positive functioning in spite of adverse situations

Mulatto

a person of both white and African lineage

Genderqueer

a person who does not conform to traditional ideas of gender roles and sexual orientation

two-spirited person

a person with the spirit of both male and a female

intimate partner violence (IPV)

a predominant form of adult domestic violence, defined as any behavior that is physically, emotionally, or sexually abusive in nature and used to gain authority over one's relationship with an intimate partner

Homoprejudice

a term that has recently emerged in research as scholars suggest that prejudice is more the cause of discrimination than an actual phobia per se

middle adulthood

about 30-60 years

counselors should advocate for

acceptance of sexual minorities

intimacy vs isolation stage

according to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships

initiative vs guilt stage

according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 5 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

industry vs inferiority stage

according to Erikson, the period from age 6 to 11 years characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world

generatively vs stagnation stage

according to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society

motivational interviewing has been primarily used in

addictions counseling

genital stage

adolescence; puberty causes a reemergence of sexual impulses

a cultural group that typically deals with issues with eating disorders and sexually risky behaviors is

adolescents

latency stage

ages 6-11 years; sexual desires become dormant as the individual focuses on mastery of social skills, personal awareness, and ego refinement

people who are in the conventional stage of kolhbergs theory of moral development may do all of the following except follow the rules - to avoid societal disapproval - to avoid familial disapproval - agreed on through a democratic process - so that law and order can be maintained

agreed on through a democratic process

Feminist Theory

aims to help clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives as well as to empower them to improve their lives and the lives of others

according to Maslow, before people can meet their needs for esteem, they must meed their need for - safety -belongingness -survival (psychological needs) -all the above

all the above

correlational research design

allows researchers to study the relationship between two variables that exist but are not experimentally manipulated

Claire is three years old. When her mother leaves for work in the morning, she cries so loud and for so long that her grandparents shut all the apartment windows and doors. they fear that their neighbors will suspect child abuse . when Claires mother returns, Claire clings to her leg as she does her house chores for the evening. Claire would be considered by Mary Ainsworth to display

ambivalent attachment

The American Counseling Association was originally named. a. American Association of Counseling and development b. American Personnel and Guidance Association. c. National Vocational Guidance Association d. American Counseling Association

american personnel and guidance association

as genetic screening becomes more prominent, it is important for counselors to be knowledgeable about different classes and examples of genetic disorders. sickle cell anemia is classified as

an autosomal disorder

Five stages of prejudice

antilocution, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, extermination

Jospeh Wolpe

applied classical conditioning procedures to psychotherapy

when do babies become adept at holophrasing?

approximately 1 1/2 years of age

when a client discloses that she has been a victim of elder abuse, counselors

are commonly mandated to report to law enforcement

filial piety regarding family applies most closely to which cultural group?

asians Americans

when working with an 8 year old child in a non school setting, it is commonly necessary to obtain

assent from the child and informed consent from the parent

social influence model

asserts that if counselors are viewed as having expertise and being attractive they will have greater influence on the client

the association for spiritual, ethical, and religious values counseling (ASERVIC) began as a an association for counselors who were

catholic

situational crisis

caused by an event that is shocking and traumatic

psychiatric crisis

caused by mental health and/or substance use problems

environmental crisis

caused by natural or human caused events affecting multiple people in the affected environment

developmental crisis

caused by normal life experiences

existential crisis

caused by realizations of personal purpose and meaning

mestizo

characterizes one born of Native American and Caucasian parents

Lamar is interested in joining a professional organization that fosters scholarship and excellence in the counseling profession. What organization would be most suitable for him to join?

chi sigma iota (CSI)

Biracial individuals

children of parents from two different racial background

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

civil rights law passed to guarantee that students with disabilities receive the services they need to gain the benefits of education

Desiree is an obedient daughter who wants to make sure her family approves of her choices. At school, she has always felt more comfortable following the rules than rebelling. She is in the ____ stage of Loevinger's ego development theory

conformist

Midbrain

connects hindbrain and forebrain, controls eye muscles, and relays auditory and visual information

pons

connects the left and right cerebellum

Forebrain

consists of the cerebral cortex which is responsible for higher order behavior and conscious thought

culture

consists of the shared values, practices, social norms, and worldview associated with a particular group

parietal lobe

controls spatial reasoning and sense of touch

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body and is responsible for muscle abilities, imagination, and emotional expression

left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body and is responsible for language and writing abilities, and logical and systematic thought

Frankie and Margot are in their twenties and thirties, respectively, they are probably in the _____ level of kohl bergs theory of moral development

conventional

each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT a. licensure was created to protect the public b. counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state c. virgina was the first state to license counselors d. the requirements for acquiring licensure vary from state to state

counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state

cerebral cortex

covers the two cerebral hemispheres, is responsible for memory, concentration, problem-solving abilities, and muscle coordination, and divided in four lobes : occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

the social influence model espouses that a counselor should have____for maximum influence

credibility

which identity development mode includes encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization as some of its statuses?

cross nigrescence model

Labeling clients as resistant because they do not make eye contact during a counseling session might be an example of

cultural encapsulation

language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called a. surface structures b. global structures c. deep structures d. intrinsic structures

deep structures

multicultural counseling

defined as the integration of cultural identities within counseling process

Sexism

defined as the oppression of individuals on the basis of gender

Ethnocentrism

defining a cultural group beliefs that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures

locus of control

degree of control individuals perceived they have over their environment

in classical conditioning, the temporal relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus is important. The effectiveness of the conditioning depends depends on how and when either stimulus is presented. Which of the following is the most successful form of conditioning. -backward conditioning -simultaneous condition -retroactive conditioning -delayed conditioning

delayed conditioning

race

describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics

Albert Bandura

developed social learning theory which is based on the principle that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling

five types of crises include

developmental, environmental, existential, situational, and psychiatric

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

transphobia

discrimination against this community due to their nonalignment with cultural expectations

Heterosexism

discriminatory practice toward those who do not fall within mainstream category of heterosexual

preconventional level

earliest level of moral development; at this level individuals have little awareness of socially acceptable moral behavior and follow rules primarily to avoid punishment or reap rewards

Empowerment

elevates peoples sense of what they can do and their personal value

ethological theories

emphasize the role of instinct in human development and use naturalistic observation; believe people are born with innate capacities

pecks theory of adult development is an expansion of

eriksons psychosocial theory

difference between ethics and laws

ethics are developed by associations to help members practice in a reputable manner whereas laws are included in the penal code and often carry more serious consequences when individuals fail to comply with them

the view that ones culture is preferential to evaluate another culture is called

ethnocentrism

longitudinal design study

examine and re-examine the same group (cohort) of individuals of a specific developmental level as they mature and age, usually over a time frame of at least 10 years

burnout

exhaustion stemming from repeated exposure to stressful circumstances that result in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment

gender roles

expectations put on a person by society about how someone should behave, think, and be treated about what beliefs he or she should hold.

Generation X (1965-1984)

experienced reduced adult supervision and increased parental divorce. characterized as cynical as slackers in their youth, in midlife they report seeking work-life balance and being active and happy

reaction formation

expressing the opposite motive than was originally intended to help prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings from becoming expressed

the Buckley amendment is also known as

family educational rights and privacy act

Jean Piaget

believed that growth in mental development depended on ones ability to order and classify new information

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

federal law passed in 1996 to protect the privacy of individuals medical and mental health records

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

federal law that addresses prevention, assessment, investigation, and prosecution go child abuse and neglect, it mandates counselors to report suspicions of child abuse/neglect to their local child protective services

violence

focused intent to cause harm

erik Erikson

focused on an individuals learned social interactions within the environment as a key influence on ego development

an ethical principle that encourages counselors to actively promote the welfare of their clients is known as

beneficence

survey research

can be conducted via interviews or through administration of questionaries and involves sampling a large pool of participants to assess and understand their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions regarding the stimuli under study

NECA and NCDA are both professional associations devoted to the specialization of

career counseling

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 7 years of age) during which a child develop symbolic representations that allow them to use language and engage in imitative play

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities, children learn cause and effect, trial and error problem solving, and object permanence

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (11+ years) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to 11 years of age) during which children can now readily use symbols to engage in mental operations involving logic, able to classify, seriate, and conserve, can understand reversibility, reduced egocentrism, understand relational terms, still unable to reason abstractly

directory information

information that schools can release about students without parental consent; includes the students name, address, telephone number, date of birth, honors or awards, and dates of attendance at school

Erickson would consider a normal 4 year old child to be in the ___ stage of personality development

initiative vs guilt

individuals who adhere to moral standards to satisfy their own personal desires are in kohlbergs ____ stage

instrumental hedonism

individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ___ stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development

formal operational

John B. Watson

founder of behaviorism

ego

freud believes emerged during the first year of life, operates on the reality principle

Autosomal disease

genetic disorders that involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome

according to Gessell, human development is PRIMARILY due to - genetics -nurture -the environment -none of the above

genetics

intelligence is accounted for mostly by a persons

genetics

Animism refers to

giving life to lifeless objects

informed consent

guarantees a client the right to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship that ensures the active involvement of the client in decisions made during the counseling process. when working with minors counselors must obtain from parents/legal guardians and assent from the minor.

Working for the collective good of society refers to which tenet of social justice?

harmony

devin is 17 years old and drives over the speed limit without wearing seatbelts. when his girlfriend complains, he tells her there is no way they can get hurt. "Sweetie I'm a great driver and I promise I'd never drive any faster than I can handle" It's likely that Devin

has created a personal fable

a resilience characteristic is

having a supportive social network

SLAP

helpful acronym to help remind counselors of the major area covered during a suicide assessment: - Specific details - Lethality of plan - Availability of method - Proximity to obtaining help

occiptal lobe

helps brain interpret sensory info through the eyes

the brain is divided into three parts. the most primitive part of the brain is the

hindbrain

the faith that focuses on karma and the deity of brahman is

hinduism

Robert, biologically a male at birth, has presented to counseling to help him process his feelings associated with being more aligned with traditionally feminine characteristics. which of the following orientation categories would leas likely describe Robert? - homosexual -questioning -transgender -transgender and gender nonconforming

homosexual

feelings of hopefulness and captivation of a new culture are part of the ____ phase of culture shock

honeymoon

social aging

how one is chronological age is viewed within the societal or cultural context and is affected by vocation and socioeconomic status

Baby Boomer Generation (1946-1964)

report a strong work ethic, competitive nature, resourceful, goal centered, and self assured

John Bowlby

researcher who focused on Attachment theory, described infants as being born with an innate potential for attachment

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

temporal love

responsible for hearing and storage of permanent memory

different parts and structures within the brain are responsible for various functions. the ___ is responsible for regulating arousal and attention

reticular activating system

regression

return to an earlier more comfortable period in life

according to the indivisible self wellness model, the following is NOT part of the essential self - gender identity -nutrition -spirituality -self-care

self-care

billy is an infant who is playing with his father. His father takes a ball and hides it behind his back. billy laughs and begins to search for the ball. billy is in the ____ stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development

sensorimotor

mental health parity and addiction equity act (MHPAEA)

signed into law in 2008, requires insurance companies offering coverage for mental health and substance use related services to make coverage comparable to general medical coverage

in classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using

simultaneous conditioning

cross-sectional design studies

simultaneously examine several groups from differing levels of development

Lydia was 28 years old when her daughter fell ill and died from food contaminated with E. coli. She began attending a group for parents who are grieving a child, but she still has a difficult time coping. Lydia's loss is a

situational crisis

tertiary oppression is

internalized oppression

rights negotiations

involve the legality of what is right and uses norms, policies and rules

internet based negotiations

involve the process of finding a commonality between the individuals involved

microaggression

involves an aggressive act against a minority, such as men and women of color

moral development

involves an individuals growing ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act in accordance with those distinctions

case study

involves collecting data on a developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing a similar developmental phenomenon

culture shock

involves having to transition to a foreign environment by adjusting to the new foods, customs, language, an so on

biological aging

involves how the body functions and changes over time, this includes anabolism and catabolism

Reorientation and Reintegration Phase

involves reintegrating into the new culture by viewing both the good and bad of the culture

prosocial behavior

involves sensitivity to the needs of others and although it occurs in early childhood, is not consistently displayed until later childhood

Trans-affirmative Approach

involves the counselor adopting the role of an advocate by being involved politically, teaching the client how to advocate, and rallying for equal community resources

Crisis or Disintegration Phase

involves the individual being frustrated or let down by cultural aspects that were at first fascinating

time-lag studies

sometimes called cohort sequential studies, involve replications of previous studies on a modern day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study.

antilocation

stage of prejudice including the sharing of harmful views with those who have the same belief system whether they are known to the person or not

extermination

stage of prejudice that is focused to demolish certain groups of people

physical attack

stage of prejudice where acting either overtly violent or with violent undertones when in a high pressure situation against targeted group

Discrimination

stage of prejudice where purposely making sure individuals do not have access to resources for a better quality of life

Avoidance

stage of prejudice where you are purposely trying to not be around disliked persons

motivational interviewing is mainly based on rogerian counseling style, but

is also directive

hindbrain

is responsible for life maintenance and survival functions including the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, reticular activating system

conflict resloution

is the way individuals seeks resolution to interpersonal differences and usually involved negotiating, mediating, facilitating, and arbitrating

rationalization

justifying ones behavior with logical sounding reasons, thus concealing the real reason for a behavior

an individual fidgeting during a counseling session is an example of what form of nonverbal communication?

kinesics

professional counselors must be familiar with common examples of genetic disorders. males born with an extra X chromosome have

klinefelters syndrome

Intersexed

knowns as hermaphrodites these individuals possess both male and female genitalia and hormones

child abuse

legal definitions range from state to state, the legal definition involves harm to an individual under the age of 18 years, caused by either exploitation, neglect, or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.

the worldview that the environment is accountable for the consequences that occur is best captured by which of Sue's 1978 dimensions?

locus of responsibility

after spending five years in U.S. Maya, believes she no longer belongs in her home culture and does not fit in the host culture. Which acculturation model best describes her acculturation level?

marginalization

identity

means an understanding of oneself as a separate, distinct individual and springs from a synthesis of successive identifications with other people into a consistent, coherent, and unique whole

Schema

mental structure that processes or integrates experiences, info, or perceptions

psychological first aid (PFA)

method of working with individuals during a crisis to first meet the clients essential survival needs than their psychological needs by using the core counseling skills

Havighurst believes that relating to one's spouse as a person is a developmental task of - young adulthood -middle age -late maturity -all of the above

middle age

Erika is able to meet current expenses, can plan for her financial future, but is not necessarily wealthy. Which socioeconomic status most likely describes her?

middle class

millie takes her younger brothers cookie and begins to eat it. when her mother explains that stealing cookies is not allowed in their house, she crushed the cookie in her brothers hand. her mother is exasperated but known that Millie doesn't understand the reason for this rule. millie is in the ______ stage of Piagets theory of moral development

moral realism

A woman who balances her personal needs with those of others is in the ____________________ stage of Gilligan's theory of moral development.

morality of nonviolence

__ comprise he smallest percentage of the US population

native americans

Naomis Chomsky's theory of language development is considered to be a

nativist approach

claudia is considering friending a client on facebook to augment their counseling sessions. According to the ACA Code of Ethics, personal virtual relationships between counselors and former clients are

never allowed

high context communication

nonverbal communication involving individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings

Kinesics

nonverbal communication involving posture, body movements, and positions

chronemics

nonverbal communication involving the perception and use of time to define identities and interaction

low context communication

nonverbal communication referring to indiviudals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings

Paralanguage

nonverbal communication refers to verbal cues other than words

Pansexual

not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity.

Power in negotiation

occur when individuals vie to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics such as relaying false info and cheating

stranger anxiety

occurs around six months of age when infants become fearful in the presence of strangers

compassion fatigue

occurs in helping professionals who experience overwhelming feelings after being exposed to client crisis states; sometimes called secondary traumatic stress reaction

separation anxiety

occurs in infants between the first and second birthdays and involves extreme distress when separation from a primary caregiver occurs

Assimilation

occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new info in terms of a previously existing context

accommodation

occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes a restructuring change in mental organization so that new info or categories of into can be added to the existing cognitive framework

Transcrisis

occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully dealt with and becomes submerged into a client's subconscious

some common issues affecting _____ clients are grief, loss, physical challenges, and terminal illness.

older adult

psychological aging

one's perception of personal age

superego

operates on the morality principle emerges at about five years of age and displays the moral value and standards internalized through social interactions and from societal rules and mores

monochromic time

orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use schedules, advanced planning of activities)

Parenting Styles: Authoritarian

parents are restrictive and lack outward expressions of warmth

parenting styles: permissive

parents display little control and at most moderate warmth

Parenting Styles: Authoritative

parents display moderate control and explain the reasoning behind their decisions in order to help children understand the important factors that go into covering behavior and decisioning making

parenting styles: uninvolved

parents show little if any interest in their children and are indifferent or rejecting toward them.

Kohlbergs theory of moral development stages

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

children of permissive parents often become all of the following except - rebellious -aggressive -self-centered -irresponsible

rebellious

displacement

redirecting feelings onto a less threatening person or object

Ethnicity

refers to a persons identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background

sensory memory

refers to all the environmental stimuli to which one is exposed at any given moment in time

collective trauma

refers to an entire community's reaction to a crisis

Questioning

refers to an individual who is questioning his or her sexual orientation or gender identity

wellness

refers to an integration of mind, body, and spirit resulting in positive well- being

racial identity

refers to an orientation to one or more racial groups

reparative therapy (conversion therapy)

refers to attempting to change ones sexual orientation

gender expression

refers to how individuals portray their gender

oppression by force

refers to imposing a role, experience, or condition on someone

transgender and gender nonconforming

refers to individuals whose identified gender or gender expression does not fit into the binary social categories of masculinity and femininity traditionally assigned with the male and female assigned sex at birth

oppression by deprivation

refers to not providing someone with a necessary experience or resource

multiracial

refers to one who is from multiple racial lineages

Heteronormativity

refers to societal expectations that individuals on the basis of their biological sex adhere to gender roles that complement those of the opposite biological sex

cultural identity

refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories

cisgender

refers to the perceptions by individuals the their assigned sex at birth is aligned with their identified gender

gender

refers to the social categories of masculinity or femininity, with placement heavily guided by culture

polychromatic time

refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships among people

emic perspective

refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a clients culture

etic perspective

refers to viewing clients from a universal perspective

locus of responsibility

refers to what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals

sex

refers to whether a person is biologically male or female as determined by hormones, genetics, and physical makeup

when counselors are unable to use encryption software while performing distance counseling, they are ethically required to

refrain from providing their services over the internet

denial

refusing to believe that something has occurred or exists

according to helms racial interaction theory, a racial interaction in which an individual of a lower racial identity status holds more power over an individual would be considered an

regressive interaction

reticular activating system

regulates arousal and attention

Cerebellum

regulates balance

medulla oblongata

regulates the heart and breathing

frontal lobe

regulates the sense of smell, body control and movement

structural violence

relates to the results of individuals being marginalized intentionally or unintentionally by political, economic, and social institutions

Mary Ainsworth

studied how four different attachment styles affected kids

Edward L. Thorndike

studied learning principles in animals (cats) even before Pavlov

Daniel Levinson

studies adult male development and presented a combination task/stage theory. He observed that adult males created life structures (periods of growth and stability) alternated with transitional periods that helped the adult reach a more mature life structure level.

compensation

substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure

activity theory

suggests that as people age they prefer to remain socially active in order to resist self-preoccupation and maintain closer social relationships

the appropriate use of grammar is the definition of

syntax

short-term memory

temporary storage of recent events

cognitive dissonance

term coined by Leon festinger used to explain the conflict or discomfort that an individual experiences when a discrepancy is noticed between what he or she already knows and new information being recieved

Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)

the association in charge of accreditation for the majority of counseling and counseling related programs and undergo its accreditation process

Spiritual bypass is a term that refers to

the avoidance of these problematic issues (psychological, physical, emotional, cognitive, relational, or behavioral levels) by a person working through personal concerns at the spiritual level only

part of biological aging, the term catabolism refers to

the bodys decline to death from it peak

nature vs. nurture has been a controversial topic in developmental psychology. Today, epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of

the combination of nature and nurture

internalized homophobia

the process by which sexual minorities accept heterosexist messages; this can hinder their sexual identity development.

acculturation

the process in which an individual makes senses of a hosts cultures value system in relation to his or her own

color consciousness

the process of how Whites, in response to their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial differences

long-term memory

the relatively permanent storage of information

internalized classism

the result of a person feeling shame for the class to which they belong and their "place" in society due to SES.

conventional level of moral development

the second level of moral development, in which familial or societal authority is recognized, and people conform to rules in order to avoid social disapproval or avoid criticism by those in authority

Mediation

the use of a an objective, uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution with the goal of working toward determining specific desires and good solutions

facilitation

the use of counseling-related skills, especially in groups, to analyze the conflict, find compromise, and solutions, and elicit commitment among individuals

Proxemics

the use of personal physical distances

culture exists on three levels including?

universal, group, and individual

med-arb

uses both mediation and arbitration; The objective individual listens to both sides, problem-solves to incorporate mediation, and then lets individuals make the final decision

sociogram

visual way to analyze and display relationships

assimilation model

where highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the other more dominant group

Robert peck

whose research interests centered upon human development, coping skills, motivation, career competence, moral behavior, and teacher effectiveness, expanded on the final two stages of eriksons stages

which of the following best describes the developmental issues of feminist identity development models - women must relinquish their gender privilege -men are to actively commit to support networks that include women -women are to accept traditional gender roles for men and women -women grow psychologically as they address sexism

women grow psychologically as they address sexism

Two forms of feminism are women of color feminism and Black feminism. What is the difference between the two?

women of color feminism embraces all women, regardless of color, and black feminism focuses mainly on the oppression of African American women

what are the four phases of culture shock?

→ Honeymoon Phase → Shock Phase → Adjustment Phase → Reentry Phase (into one's own culture)

Arnold Gesell

- American psychologist and pediatrician who believed that human development reflects a genetic unfolding of, and maturational readiness fo, physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional characteristics or milestones with only slight environmental influence

U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)

A civil rights act that protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability.

Jane Loevinger

A developmental psychologist who proposed 10 stages of ego development, which explained human personality developmental progression and fixation

Eric Lindemann

A pioneer in the development of crisis models, who observed that mental health professionals can help those affected by traumatic events to grieve and mourn properly, preventing further mental health complications.

educational record

Any document or information kept by the school relating to a student, such as attendance, achievement, behavior, activities, and assessment.

the most recently established division of ACA

Association for child and adolescent counseling (ACAC)

white privilege typically includes each of the following EXCEPT - seeing ones race represented positively in media -being able to obtain work easily - being free from much oppression based on race - being discriminated against due to being in the majority

- being discriminated against due to being in the majority

Shawna, a college sophomore, would like support withe her inability to focus in class. she is most encouraged to work with which of the following types of counselor? - school counselor -college admissions counselor - college counselor - psychoanalyst

- college counselor

classical conditioning is a type of stimulus response learning theory. Recall Ivan pavlova well-known studies on the salivation of dogs when presented with food powder. in his famous experiments with dogs the conditioned stimulus was

- the bell, buzzer, or tone

which of these statements best characterize the model minority myth? - African Americans who are successful serve as an example that racism has decreased over time - people of color can be positive examples for future generations -asian Americans successes are indicators that they do not experience discrimination - asian Americans are a heterogeneous group

-asian Americans successes are indicators that they do not experience discrimination

Kelsey, an African American female presents for counseling to address dual career issues with her partner. which of the following cultural value considerations would least likely be prioritized in counseling? - degree of egalitarianism in partnership -needs of Kelsey as an independent decision maker -spiritual support for Kelsey -relationships with extended family and her friends

-needs of Kelsey as an independent decision maker -spiritual support for Kelsey

an example of institutional racism is most likely which of the following? - lack of use of African American designs in modern architecture -placing a latino student in a special education course because a teacher views his English as inferior -limited representation of positively represented people of color in history textbooks -portraying Jesus in the christian faith as white only

-limited representation of positively represented people of color in history textbooks

elder abuse types

-physical, sexual, or verbal abuse - financial exploitation -neglect of caregiver to provide proper care

anal stage

1-3 years; primary source of gratification is the anus and buttocks area

Atchley's Stages of Retirement

1. preretirement 2. immediately after retirement (honeymoon phase) 3. period of disenchantment 4. reorientation

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

adolescence

13-19 years

the brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a person is

16 years old

young adulthood

19-30 years

Millennials (Generation Y)

1981-2004; grew up in the digital age and experienced terrorist acts and school shooting reports in the media. busy as kids, heavily scheduled

how many morphemes does the word "books" have?

2

toddlerhood

2-3 years

Generation Z (Gen Z)

2005-2024; global, tech savvy, social, and visually oriented. may become the most educated and sophisticated generation yet

early childhood

3-5 years of age

phallic stage

3-5 years; primary source of gratification is through the genitals

Jody and Chuck are getting married. neither have been married before, but chuck has two children from a previous relationship. jody gets along very well with the children and has known the older of the two since she was three years old. what percentage of first marriages end in divorce?

50%

middle childhood

6-12 years of age

late adulthood

60-75 years

old age

75+ years

Vicarious Trauma

A stress reaction resulting from exposure to client disclosures of traumatic events

each of the following is correct concerning the acronym, OARES, from motivational interviewing, EXCEPT - O= open ended questions - A= action -R= reflective listening - S= summarize

A= action

Ethan is two years old. after watching his mother wrinkle her nose at items she disliked, he began picking up items and showing them to his grandparents. "thats nasty!" he would inform them. which of the following people developed social learning theory, which is based on the principle that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling?

Albert Bandora

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Also known as the Buckley Amendment; enacted in 1974; federal law that protects the privacy of student educational records. Specifically the act provides parents and students the right to access the students educational records, petition to have incorrect information found in the record amended and ensure that certain information is not released to outside agencies without permission

Robert Havighurst

American professor, physicist, educator, and aging expert, who proposed a series of developmental tasks that humans achieve as they grow and develop from infancy through late adulthood.

the __ is NOT a founding member of ACA -association for humanistic counseling (AHC) - American school counselor association (ASCA) - National career development association (NCDA) - Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)

American school counselor association

Roger Gould

American writer and psychiatrist, studied more than 1,000 adults and discovered they strove to eliminate false assumptions usually relating to parental dependency, that restricted young and middle adult development

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

transformation-based negotiations

Deal with promoting empowerment and recognition of involved persons.

cultural racism

Devaluing cultural artifacts that do not approximate White cultural values.

IS PATH WARM

Ideation Substance use Purposelessness Anxiety Trapped Hopelessness Withdrawal Anger Recklessness Mood changes

separation model

Individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values

honeymoon phase

Involves hopefulness, excitement, and captivation of the new culture.

John is extremely stressed about his upcoming statistics test. his counselor suggests that he try imagining that he is at a lake fishing for the day. John does so and begins to feel better. which of the following people developed the principle of reciprocal inhibition, which means that a person cannot engage in two mutually exclusive events simultaneously?

Joseph Wolpe

postconvential level

Kohlberg's highest level of moral development in which individuals develop personal standards for right and wrong and people also behave in a way that respects the dignity of all people

the largest group making up what constitutes Latin Americans is

Mexicans

individual trauma

One person's ability to cope with a crisis.

Carol Gilligan

Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships

Colorism

Refers to the judgement of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites.

Arbitration

The use of a third party to make decisions that resolve a conflict for the involved individuals

Silent Generation/Traditionalists

before 1945; experienced the Great Depression, so they strive for financial security, comfort, and to feel needed

diane is often mistake for being 10 years younger than her actual age. she says that her youthful glow is from living a carefree life and lots of physical activity. which of the following is NOT a true statement about biological aging? - biological aging depends on metabolic changes -biological aging refers to peoples perceptions of how old or young they feel -biological aging involves anabolism -biological aging involves catabolism

biological aging refers to peoples perceptions of how old or young they feel

aging involves growth and change in an organism over time and is categorized as

biological, social, and psychological

in havighursts model of human development, many of the earlier childhood tasks are

biologically determined

basic trust vs mistrust

birth 1-2 years; the caretakers responsibility is to create a trusting environment for, and positive relationship with, the infant

oral stage

birth to 1 year, primary source of pleasure is through the mouth -sucking or mouthing

infancy

birth to 2 years

freud believed that fixation results from

both overgratification and undergratification.

Tony and Danielle recently survived a flood within their community, which destroyed their personal property causing them to miss work as they tried to rebuild their lives. As a result, they developed substantial anxiety as their financial resources dwindled. a counselor may want to most engage in the following type of intervention to work with the couple: - crisis counseling training and assistance program - collective trauma work - psychological field - self- care strategies

collective trauma work

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010

commonly referred to as the affordable care act (ACA) provides health care to Americans and included consumer protections from private health insurance companies and limits long- term health care expenses

Jessica worked with survivors of a terroist attack. two weeks into her post-attack work, she had trouble sleeping and wondered to her friends, "Whats the point of all the work that I do? Its not solving anything. terrorists will keep on killing and theres nothing I can do to stop that" Jessica is experiencing

compassion fatigue

prenatal period

conception to birth

advocacy counseling

concerned with supporting and promoting the needs of clients and the counseling profession at all levels (i.e. teaching clients to self-advocate, being involved in policy changes, psychoeducation)

naturalistic observation

conducted in natural settings, usually through observation and interview

CRCC certifies the following type of counselor: a. Clinical mental health counselors b. School counselors c. College counselors d. Rehabilitation counselors

d. rehabilitation counselors

recognition

deals with being able to connect to the situation and engage in true listening

Rome and janissa announced that they planned to get divorced. janissaries spoke to her mother and said their problems had been occurring for a while, and she realized these problems were insurmountable. today, a couples divorce is mostly blamed on

incompatibility

in Goulds theory of adult development, adults must do each of the following EXCEPT - refute false assumptions -decrease parental dependency -increase spousal dependency -increase self-reliance

increase spousal dependency

individual racism

individual perspective that another race is less inteligent inferior, etc.

racism occurs at 3 levels including

individual, institutional, and cultural

integration model/biculturalism

individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the host culture

marginalization model

individuals reject the cultural values and customs of both cultures

which of the following does not typically characterize the coming out process ? - individuals tend too become involved with the sexual minority community prior to sexual acts - individuals tend to come out during adolescence - the coming out process is embedded within sexual identity development models - the coming out process involves both self-awareness and disclosure of a sexual minority status

individuals tend too become involved with the sexual minority community prior to sexual acts

heteroflexible

individuals who may primarily identify as heterosexual but engage in limited same sex sexual behavior but do not identify as bisexual

worldview

individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world

gender dysphoria

person who is born one gender, identify with another, and feel conflicted about it

Sigmund Freud

personality develops through interaction of personal needs and the environment, and past experiences play and essential part in present behaviors

transsexuals

persons who choose to alter their biology to be more in line with their identified gender

transgenderist

persons who live the life of the opposite sex without biological intervention

projection

placing personal feelings, thoughts, or motives on someone else

id

present at birth, contains the individuals basic instincts and operates on the pleasure principle

structural classism

promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes

Uri Bronfenbrenner's

proposed a systems perspective to explain the processes that occur between people and their environments

modern classism

proposes that those of the lower statuses may exhibit classism as well

disengagement theory

proposes that withdrawal from the social system is a natural process precipitated by the need for reflection, self-preoccupation, and lower need for emotional connectedness with others

a counselor who receives both a subpoena and a court order must

provide the court with appropriate information or be held in contempt of court

By license, all ___________________________ can prescribe medication to their clients.

psychiatrists

the mental health practitioners who most commonly administer psychological testing are

psychologists

repression

pushing undesirable thoughts and feelings from consciousness

social identity theory

puts forth the idea that people sort themselves into groups on the basis of similar characteristics, such as ethnicity and gender

institutional racism

racism perpetrated by institutions such as businesses and government

during the _____ stage of family development, it is most important for boundaries to become more flexible

raising adolescents

which of the following is least likely true about the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework? - the counseling relationship domain refers to the process of a counselor and client navigating their degree of power associated with cultural identity statuses to develop and effective working alliance - the client worldview domain includes standards that promote culturally affirmative attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills, and action - the counseling and advocacy interventions domain includes standards that promote culturally affirmative attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills and action - the counseling and advocacy interventions domain included interpersonal actions that support social justice

the counseling and advocacy interventions domain includes standards that promote culturally affirmative attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills and action

annulment

the formal voiding of a marriage

sociodramatic play

the imitation of adult play and facilitating more mature social interactions among children. Has 4 categories 1. nonsocial: toddlers play by themselves 2. Parallel play: children play near each other 3. associative play: engage in separate activities while talking with each other 4. cooperative play: play with each other to attain a common goal

Libel is all of the following EXCEPT a. the intentional spreading of falsehoods through spoken word b. the intentional spreading of falsehood through writing c. a type of defamation d. addressed by tort law

the intentional spreading of falsehoods through spoken word

kismari earned a masters degree in school counseling program and has three years of supervised work experience. in her work, she has helped students process bullying, handle family issues, and prepare for college applications. while this has been a common experience for her and her former classmates, the school counseling field a. was initially primarily dedicated to providing vocational guidance b. usually works more closely with juvenile justice c. approaches work with individuals from a systems theory perspective d. is committed to affecting public policy

was initially primarily dedicated to providing vocational gudiance

John Dollard and Neal Miller

were considered "drive" or incentive theorists and believed that anxiety and psychological disturbances were learned from experiences