Coms 100 final

What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?

The speaker should present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.

What is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audience's perception of a speaker's credibility?

Credibility is the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning? How might you use each to convey your message most effectively?

Denotative meaning is the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase, connotative meaning is the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. Denotative meaning is best used in an informational speech and connotative meaning is best used when trying to get an emotional response out of the audience.

What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?

The specific purpose is a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech, the central idea of a speech is a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. The four guidelines for an effective central idea are that it should be expressed in a full sentence, should not be in the form of a question, should avoid figurative language, and should not be vague or overly general.

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?

We often speak best about subjects with which we are familiar.

Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?

A good informative speech is not an oral encyclopedia article. Like any other kind of speech, it requires a healthy dose of creativity.

Explain the difference between passive argument and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy.

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy is a goal for a passive argument. A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy is the goal in immediate action.

What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?

A preliminary bibliography is a list compiled early in the research process of works that looks as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic. It is helpful to you in researching a speech because it will allow you to easily revisit your research sites.

What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?

A preparation outline is a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. The eight guidelines for writing a preparation outline are to state the specific purpose of your speech, identify the central idea, label the introduction, body, and conclusion, use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation, state main points and subpoints in full sentences, label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews, attach a bibliography, and give your speech a title, if one is desired.

What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?

A preview statement is a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. It should always be included so the audience has a better idea of what you're going to be talking about

What are questions of policy? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

A question of policy is a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Ex: To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards on amusement-park rides.

What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?

A speaking outline is a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation during the presentation of a speech. Four guidelines for a speaking outline are to follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline, make sure the outline is legible, keep the outline as brief as possible, and to give yourself cues for delivering the speech.

What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?

An advantage of using visual aids in a speech is that people find a speaker's message more interesting, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer when it is presented visually as well as verbally.

Why is it important to outline your speeches?

An outline is like the directions for the speech. They allow organization to be within the speech and they can act as a guide for when the speech is being given.

What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

Analogical reasoning is reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. The speaker may be able to claim that their policy will work because it has worked in like circumstances.

Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure you ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?

Because then the audience will lose sight on what the speaker is speaking about because they do not understand it. One way to avoid this is to simplify and explain everything that wouldn't be considered common knowledge.

Why is it normal, even desirable, to be nervous at the start of a speech?

Being nervous before a speech is normal because you are putting forth your ideas and skill up for judgement in a room of your peers. This nervousness can be good because the extra adrenaline can be used as positive nervousness and the speaker becomes vitalized instead of victimized.

What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches?

By adding "feeling" and the "force of imagination" to your logical arguments, you can become a more compelling persuasive speaker. Three methods that can be used to generate emotional appeal in your speeches are to develop vivid examples, use emotional language, and to speak with sincerity and conviction.

How can you get information about an audience?

By taking a survey ahead of time to find out what the audience knows and their opinions on a topic, or to talk to someone ahead of time and find that out.

What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Causal reasoning is reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. The fact that one event happens after another does not always mean that the two events are related. This can create some complications with causal reasoning.

What does it mean to say that people are egocentric? What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?

Egocentrism is the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being. Listeners will hear and judge what is said on the basis of what they already know and believe. The speaker must relate the message to the listeners.

What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Public speakers are responsible for sending forth an honest message and giving the listeners a well prepared speech while avoiding abusive language all while having a goal that is ethically sound.

What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. Speakers need to avoid this while addressing diverse audiences because they do not want to appear biased and this will interfere with the validity of the message. In addition listeners could be offended easily by the message.

What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

Evidence is supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. Audiences want persuasive speakers to justify their claims.

What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?

Five steps that should be followed when practicing speech delivery are going through the preparation outline aloud, preparing a speaking outline, practicing the speech aloud several times, polishing and refining the delivery, and giving the speech a dress rehearsal under the proper conditions.

What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?

Five steps that should be followed when practicing speech delivery are going through the preparation outline aloud, preparing a speaking outline, practicing the speech aloud several times, polishing and refining the delivery, and giving the speech a dress rehearsal under the proper conditions.

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

Five tips for using examples in your speeches is to use examples to clarify your ideas, use examples to reinforce your ideas, use examples to personalize your ideas, make your examples vivid and richly textured, and to practice delivery to enhance your extended examples.

What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?

Four criteria for using language effectively in a speech is to use language clearly, vividly, appropriately, and inclusively.

What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

Four things you should do to take research notes efficiently is to take plenty of notes, record notes in a consistent format, make a separate entry for each note, and to distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas.

What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?

Four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech are to use specific evidence, use novel evidence, use evidence from credible sources, and to make clear the point of your evidence.

What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

Four tips for using testimony in your speeches is to quote or paraphrase accurately, use testimony from qualified sources, use testimony from unbiased sources, and to identify the people you quote or paraphrase.

What are four tips for your conclusion?

Four tips for your conclusion are to keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech, conclude with a bang, don't be long winded, and don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance.

What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

Global plagiarism is stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own, patchwork plagiarism is stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own. The best way to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism is to be fully prepared for the speech and researching multiple sources.

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses on the brain whereas listening is paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

If the audience does not believe that you are credible in the beginning of your speech then they won't listen to what you have to say.

What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?

If the subject matter is too specialized for the audience the audience may become bored and not pay attention to the speech. Know what can be explained easily and what cannot. Also be sure that the language used is not too technical as well.

What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech? Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?

In an informative speech, the goal of the speaker is to inform the audience of a specific thing. In a persuasive speech the goal of the speaker is to persuade the audience to act or think a different way.

Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What four usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?

Inclusive language is language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. If the audience is offended by what is said then they will not listen to your message. Four usages of inclusive language that cannot be ignored is to avoid the generic "he", avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender, and use names that groups use to identify themselves.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

Incremental plagiarism is failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. It can be avoided by having a variety of sources and citing them when used in a speech.

What are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?

Initial credibility is the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak. Derived credibility is the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech. Terminal credibility is the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

How does language help create our sense of reality?

Language helps create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events .

What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?

Methods to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech are assessing how audience is likely to respond to what is said in speech and adjusting what is said to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible. Adapting during the speech includes keeping an eye out during the speech for audience feedback and adjusting what is said to that feedback.

How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?

Most speeches will contain from two to five main points. It is important to limit the number of main points in your speeches so that the audience doesn't get distracted from the main points.

How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?

Nervousness can be controlled by acquiring speaking experience, preparation, positive thinking, and using the power of visualization. Visualization is mental imaging in which a speaker vividly captures him/herself giving a successful presentation.

What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?

Nonverbal communication is communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. Research shows that the impact of a speaker's words is powerfully influenced by his or her nonverbal communication.

Why is it so easy to lie with statistics?

Numbers can be easily manipulated and distorted.

Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

People who hear a well organized speech believe that the speaker is much more competent and trustworthy than did those who hear scrambled speeches.

What steps should you take when rehearsing your first speech?

Practicing in front of others and out loud are steps that should be taken while practicing the first speech. As well as having the speech run longer than the time limit because, more than likely, the speech will be shorter when presenting.

In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

Public speaking and communication skills are the most essential skill to any employer and it is a way to stand out in today's job market. Public speaking is also a channel to making a difference in something of great significance.

What are questions of fact? How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact.

Questions of fact is a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Unlike an informative speech, the answer is often unsure and requires more information. Ex: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.

What are questions of value? Give an example of a specific purpose statement of a persuasive speech on a question of value.

Questions of value is a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Ex: To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation.

What is reasoning from principle? How is it different from reasoning from specific instances?

Reasoning from principle is reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. Unlike reasoning from specific instances, reasoning from principle does not use facts, just general knowledge.

What is reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

Reasoning from specific instances is reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. The facts that you present will lead to a general conclusion that will help the audience understand your point in your argument.

Why is it important to start your speech research early?

Research always takes longer than you would expect. The longer you wait, the more problems you will encounter.

What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

Seven methods that can be used in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience are to relate the topic to the audience, state the importance of your topic, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, question the audience, begin with a quotation, and to tell a story

What is situational audience analysis? What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

Situational audience analysis is analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

What are six tips for your introduction?

Six tips for the introduction are to keep the intro relatively brief, be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research, be creative in devising the intro, don't worry about the exact wording, work out your introduction in detail, and when presenting the speech, don't start too soon.

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

Six tips for using statistics in your speeches is to use statistics to quantify your ideas, use statistics sparingly, identify the sources of your statistics, explain your statistics, roundoff complicated statistics, and to use visual aids to clarify statistical trends.

What are the four types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? Give an example of a good specific purpose statement for each type.

Speeches about objects- To inform my audience about three major kinds of service dogs. Speeches about processes- To inform my audience how U.S. currency is made. Speeches about events- To inform my audience about the events at Peru's Festival of the Sun ceremony. Speeches about concepts- To inform my audience about the basic principles of confucianism.

What five elements of speech delivery are discussed in this chapter with regard to presenting your first speech?

Starting your speech, gestures, eye contact, voice, and dealing with nerves are discussed in regard to presenting the first speech.

What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

Take steps to relate your topic the the audience. Tie your topic in with their interests and concerns.

What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

Testimony is quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. Expert testimony is testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields, peer testimony is testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech? What implications does this mental give-and-take hold for effective persuasive speaking?

The audience will agree/disagree with the speaker and take part in a mental give-and-take with what the speaker has to say. This means that it is not just the speaker talking to the audience, they are talking with them and the audience is more involved in the speech.

How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?

The differences between public speaking and everyday conversation are the difference in the structure of the communication, demand of formal language in public speaking, and the difference in delivery.

What kinds of visual aids might you use in a speech?

The different kinds of visual aids that might be used in a speech are objects and models, photographs and drawings, graphs, charts, video, the speaker, and powerpoint.

What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?

The eight aspects of voice usage that should be concentrated on are volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation and dialect.

What are the elements of good speech delivery?

The elements of a good speech delivery are effectively using the methods of delivery, paying attention to voice, body language and practicing delivery.

What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

The ending of a speech can be signaled with a crescendo ending and a dissolve ending.

What method of delivery does this chapter recommend for your introductory speech?

The extemporaneous speech; carefully preparing and rehearsing a speech that is then presented from a brief set of notes.

What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

The five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech are organizing them in chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, and topical order. The best patterns for organizing an informative speech are chronological, spatial, problem-solution, and topical order. The best patterrns for persuasive speeches are casual and problem-solution order. Chronological order are used most often.

What are the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed in this chapter?

The five guidelines for ethical speechmaking are making sure goals are ethically sound, being fully prepared for each speech, being honest in what is said, avoiding name-calling or other forms of abusive language, and putting ethical principles into practice.

What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?

The five questions to ask about your specific purpose are does my purpose meet the assignment?, can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?, is the purpose too trivial for my audience?, is the purpose relevant to my audience?, and is the purpose too technical for my audience?

What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

The five resources for finding what you need in a library are librarians, the catalogue, reference works, newspaper and periodical databases, and academic databases.

What are the five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence? Why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?

The five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. The Monroe's motivated sequence follows the psychology of persuasion and is more likely to attract immediate action towards a topic.

What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?

The five tips for formulating a specific purpose are to write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not a fragment, express your purpose as a statement, not as a question, avoid figurative language in your purpose statement, limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, and to make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.

What are four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?

The four aspects of bodily action that should be concentrated on are personal appearance, movement, gestures, and eye contact.

What are the four kinds of speech connectives? What role does each play in a speech?

The four kinds of speech connectives are transition, internal preview, internal summaries, and a sign post. The main role of these is to connect the main points together and indicate the relationship between them within a speech.

What are the four main causes of poor listening?

The four main causes of poor listening are not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearance.

What are four methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

The four methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy are problem-solution order, problem-cause-solution order, comparative advantages order, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

What are the four methods of speech delivery?

The four methods of speech delivery are reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, and speaking extemporaneously.

What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

The four objectives of a speech introduction are to get the attention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish your credibility and goodwill, and to preview the body of the speech.

What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

The four pieces of information that need to be provided when making an oral source citations in a speech are the book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing, the author or sponsoring organization of the document, the author's qualifications with regard to the topic, and the date on which the document what published, posted, or updated.

What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding the speech?

The four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding the speech are to summarize your speech, end with a question, make a dramatic statement, and refer to the introduction.

What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?

The fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech is to pay tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea. A commemorative speech needs to be creative and subtle because cliches and trite sentiments do not display the proper emotion for the occasion.

What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?

The guidelines in this chapter for preparing visual aids are to prepare visual aids well in advance, keep visual aids simple, make sure visual aids are large enough, use a limited amount of text, use fonts effectively, use color effectively, and to use images strategically.

What is the main theme of a speech of presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what two other themes might you include in such a speech?

The main theme of a speech of presentation is to present someone with a gift, award, or some other form of public recognition.

What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech? By adding "feeling" and the "force of imagination" to your logical arguments, you can become a more compelling persuasive speaker.

The most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech is to balance out the examples, statistics, and testimony equally.

What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?

The seven elements of the speech communication process are the speaker, the message, the channel, the listener, feedback, interference, and the situation. Interference can disrupt the communication process by providing distractions to the listener and speaker and this can disrupt the message being sent. In different channels interference can cause the entirety of the message to be received by the listener.

What are seven ways to become a better listener?

The seven ways to become a better listener are to take listening seriously, be an active listener, resist distractions, not be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgement, focus your listening, and to develop note-taking skills.

How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?

The similar tactics used in both public speaking and everyday conversation are organizing thoughts logically, tailoring a message to an audience, telling the story for maximum impact, and adapting to listener feedback.

What are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

The six demographic traits are age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, and group membership. Each is important to the audience because each demographic defines a persons beliefs, ideas, and opinions.

What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?

The target audience for a persuasive speech is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

What are the ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

The ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter are hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, and appeal to novelty.

What are three basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy? What will determine the amount of attention you give to each of these issues in any particular speech?

The three basic issues you will deal with when discussing a question of policy are need, plan, and practicality. The significance of the topic will determine the amount of attention to each issue.

What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?

The three brainstorming methods that can be used if someone is having trouble choosing a topic for a speech are personal inventory, clustering, and internet search.

What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?

The three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter are examples, statistics, and testimony. Examples set the stage with details of the time, place, color, and action. Examples get the listener involved. Statistics, when used properly, are an effective way to clarify and support ideas. Testimony allows the audience to be swayed by the professionalism that people with special knowledge of the subject for which the speaker is speaking about.

What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?

The three major traits of a good acceptance speech are to give thanks for a gift or award, thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it.

What are the three purposes of a speech of introduction? What guidelines should you follow in preparing such a speech?

The three purposes of a speech introduction are to build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker, build enthusiasm for the speaking topic, and to establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility. The guidelines that should be followed are to be brief, make sure your remarks are completely accurate, adapt your remarks to the occasion, main speaker, and audience, and to try to create a sense of anticipation and drama.

When organizing your introductory speech, you should divide it into what three sections?

The three sections are the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.

What are three stages of research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

The three stages of research interview are before, during, and after the interview. Before the interview you should define the purpose of the interview, decide whom to interview, arrange the interview, decide whether to record the interview, and to prepare your questions. During the interview you should dress appropriately and be on time, repeat the purpose of the interview, set up the recorder, if you are using one, keep the interview on track, listen carefully, and don't overstay your welcome. After the interview you should review your notes as soon as possible.

What are the three kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

The three types of questions are fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended questions. Each get a specific type of information from the audience.

What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

The two general purposes of most classroom speeches are to inform and to persuade. When the general purpose is to inform, the speaker acts as a teacher or lecturer. When the general purpose is to persuade, the speaker acts as an advocate or a partisan.

What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

The two major functions of the speech conclusion is to let the audience know you are ending the speech and to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

What two major steps are discussed in this chapter for developing your introductory speech?

The two major steps for developing an introductory speech are focusing the topic and developing the topic.

Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

The use of supporting materials can make the difference between a good and a poor speech. The speakers point of view becomes stronger with the use of supporting materials.

What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speeches?

There are different types of situations when you will be giving a speech, it is important to know the occasion, audience, topic and speaker . These will all affect the appropriateness of a speech.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

This will tell the audience what precisely you hope to accomplish in your speech. When the audience slips out of the specific purpose, it may slip out the speakers consciousness.

What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the internet?

Three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the internet are using search engines effectively, specialized research resources, and evaluating internet documents.

What are the three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

Three guidelines for ethical listening are being courteous and attentive, avoiding prejudging the speaker, and maintaining the free and open expression of ideas.

What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?

Three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech are description, comparison, and contrast.

What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?

Three things that should be done to use language clearly is to use familiar words, choose concrete words, and to eliminate clutter within a speech.

Three tips for preparing the main points are to keep the main points separate, try to use the same pattern of wording for the main points, and to balance the amount of time devoted to the main points.

Three tips for preparing the main points are to keep the main points separate, try to use the same pattern of wording for the main points, and to balance the amount of time devoted to the main points.

What are three tips for preparing your main points?

Three tips for preparing the main points are to keep the main points separate, try to use the same pattern of wording for the main points, and to balance the amount of time devoted to the main points.

What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

Three ways that you can enhance your credibility during your speeches is to explain your competence, establish common ground with your audience, and to deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

How is listening connected with critical thinking?

Training in listening is also training in how to think. Critical listening is listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, closely linked to critical thinking.

What are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language?

Two ways to bring speeches to life with vivid, animated language is with imagery and rhythm.

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

When the speaker keeps the audience in mind when giving their speech then they can shape what they say to fit the beliefs and attitudes of the audience. People listen to what relates to them and a content audience is one that will listen.

What factors should you consider when planning to use PowerPoint in a speech?

You should decide where you can use PowerPoint to greatest advantage and how you can use PowerPoint to enhance your ideas.

Why is it important to develop strong listening skills?

You spend more time listening than in any other communicative activity, you are always going to have to listen and understand. Strong listening skills lead to strong speaking and thinking skills.