confirmation

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The (un) Official United States History Cram Packet  This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ....... But it is a powerful tool for review. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas - divides world between Portugal and Spain  1497: John Cabot lands in North America.  1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain.  1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast.  1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley.  1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States.  1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida.  1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California.  1584 - 1587: Roanoke - the lost colony  1607: British establish Jamestown Colony - bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System - land for population - people spread out  1608: French establish colony at Quebec.  1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America.  1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. - by Rolfe  1619: First African slaves brought to British America.  Virginia begins representative assembly - House of Burgesses  1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed - agreed rule by majority  1624 - New York founded by Dutch  1629: Mass. Bay founded - "City Upon a Hill" - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools  1630: The Puritan Migration  1632: Maryland - for profit - proprietorship  1634 - Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony  1635: Connecticut founded  1636: Rhode Island is founded - by Roger Williams  Harvard College is founded  1638 - Delaware founded - 1 st church, 1 st school  1649 - Maryland Toleration Act - for Christains - latter repealed  1650-1696: The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament. - limited trade, put tax on items  1660 - Half Way Covenant - get people back into church - erosion of Puritanism  1670: Charles II grants charter for Carolina colonies - Restoration Colony  1672: Blue Laws: Connecticut - death codes for disagreeing with parents or bible  1676: Bacons Rebellion - Virginia - Bacon wants frontier protection from royal Gov. Berkeley - put down - first uprising against British  1682: Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. - Quaker - 1 st library - center of thought North Set up laws / codes Brought families Less land = closeness Social and economic mobility Puritan work ethic Better relations with Indians South Dependent on crop - kills land Less urbanized Poorer communication, transportation Indian problems Slower defense  1686: Dominion of New England - royal Gov. Andros - attempt to unify Northern colonies to curb independence - - Suspended liberties - town meetings - Failed - Andros left  1689-1713: King William's War (The War of the League of Augsburg).  1692: The Salem Witchcraft Trials.  1696: Parliamentary Act.  1699-1750: Restrictions on colonial manufacturing.  1700's - Enlightenment - reason, natural rights, diesm (god made universe but doesn't control it) - John Locke, Adam Smith, Rousseau Colony Characteristics Bi-cameral legislature White, male, landowners vote Town meetings No British Troops Mobocracy to oppose authority Legislature - governor is puppet Courts / law Small, Balanced, Elected No standing armies  1702-1713: Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession).  1720 - 1740: Great Awakening - George Whitefield, Edwards, Gibbens - threatning - salvation for all, extreme piety, Divine Spirit  1733: Georgia Colony is founded. - buffer state  Molasses Act - import tax on molasses, sugar, rum - to curb trade with French West Indies - not strictly enforced  1735: Zenger Trial - victory for freedom of the press - truth is not libel  1740-1748: King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession).  1754-1763: The French and Indian War - Over Ohio River Valley - trade / settlement - French build forts - Fort Duquesne - and are friendly with the Indians - English Gov. Dunwittie has stock in Ohio Land Company - sends George Washington to expel the French - British declare war  1754 - Albany Plan of Union - for defense - fails and shows disunity of colonies Colonies Reject Taxation by colony, crown, and colonial gov. Southern stated don't want to participate in Northern wars Representation based on hom much money each colony gives British should be responsible for protection President not elected Crown's Rejection Colonies make own laws Colonies have own protection Colonies have right to declare war  1761 - writs of assistance - search warrents to enforce Navigation acts - James Otis opposes  1763: Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War - French loose all territory  Paxton Boys Rebellion - dissatisfied about frontier protection in PA  Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians  Pontiac's Rebellion - tribes organize against British movement  SALUTORY NEGLECT ENDS  1764: The Sugar - to raise revenue - England in debt - cut Molasses Act in half - objection - 1 st direct tax - "No taxation without representation"  Currency Acts - prevents printing of colonial money  1765: The Stamp Act - tax on printed materials to "keep troops in colonies" - colonists don't want standing army - Sons of Liberty enforce non-importation  Stamp Act Congress - Protests Stamp Act - We buy only from England, and deserve equal privileges  1766: Quartering Act - colonies must support troops  1767: The Townshend Acts - tax lead, paint, paper, glass, tea Side Note: Admiralty Courts - royal courts that were paid for convictions. - Colonists oppose Historiography Bonomi - awakening was a contest between Enlightenment and Pietism Butler - Awakening didn't occur - not united, different congregations, no structure - colonies react by non-importation, Samuel Adams Circular letter - Governor of Mass suspends legislature  1770: The Boston Massacre.  Golden Hill Massacre in NY  1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence.  Gaspee Incident - British ship burned - attempted to collect taxes  1773: The Tea Act - reduces price to tea - gives England a monopoly  Boston Tea Party - dump tea into sea  1774: The Intolerable Acts - to punish Boston  Boston Port Act - closes ports  Massachusetts Government Act - no town meetings, no trial by jury, military rule, Quartering Act  Quebec Act - Quebec added to Ohio River Valley - Britain supports people in Quebec Catholic, don't have trial by jury, no election  The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia First Continental Congress Moderate - don't want to split from England Demand rights of Englishmen Joseph Galloway - Plan of Union - council with delegates from colonies, president by Crown - rejected Declaration of Rights and Resolves - reject Intolerable Acts, ultimatum - no trade Establish Continental Association to enforce .  1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord  The Second Continental Congress convenes. Second Continental Congress More radical Issued "Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms" Appoint George Washington as commander Olive Branch Petition - last attempt to reconcile- rejected  1776: R.H. Lee's Resolution - "should be independent states" For Independence Military advantages Loss of natural rights trial by jury, taxation without representation, quartering, charters, no assembly Limited currency Fighting for home rule British government impractical Best time to unite Against Independence No military Laws were broken - we are being punished Democracy hasn't worked before No certain foreign support Consequences of losing Not unified Taxation for protection  1776: American Declaration of Independence  Thomas Paine's Common Sense  Battles of Long Island and Trenton  1777: Battle of Saratoga - turning point in Revolution  Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation - Dickinson Articles of Confederation Independent, free, sovereign states Union for defense Have same duties and restrictions Delegates appointed annually Each state one vote Freedom of speech and debate Individual states can't enter into alliances Can't wage war without consent with foreign states Money in treasury depends on value of land Can't enter alliance or hold treaties without Can't control trade consent of congress  Vermont ends slavery.  1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France - sends navy and army  1779: Spain declares war on England.  1781: British surrender at Yorktown - Cornwallis looses  1783: Treaty of Peace is signed - violated - Articles of Confederation weak - Independence recognized - Granted fishing rights - Loyalist restitution of property - Britain withdraws from forts (Not really) - Free Navigation of Mississippi  1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. - government responsible over territory  Treaty of Hopewell - ends hostilities with Cherokee  1786: Shay's Rebellion - depression, no market, no hard currency, farmers poor - want Mass. Government to print more money - rebellion put down by donations - Articles of Confederation fails- no army  Annapolis Convention - agreement between states - fails  1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. - to revise Articles . Constitution I. House of Representatives - sole power to impeach, bill for revenue Senate - try impeachments Congress - tax, excese, duties, commerce regulation, declare war, raise army II. Executive - commander, make treaties with consent, appoint judges III. Supreme Court - original jurisdication IV. Protection against invasion, domestic and foreign V. 2/3 of both houses to amend constitution  Great Compromise - bi-cameral legislature (equality in Senate, popular in House)  3/5 Compromise  No importation of slaves after 1808  James Madison develops principles for the US Constitution  Northwest Ordinance - prohibits slavery in west, provides for states to be admitted on equal status  1789: George Washington is inaugurated first President.  Judiciary Act - establish courts beneath Supreme Court  French Revolution - don't help France  1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified Historiography Bancroft - quest for liberty Beer, Andrews, Gipson - constitutional issues Charles Beard - economic - conflict of classes Boorestine - preserve traditional rights Bailyn - Intillectual Revolution Nash - social revolution - break barriers W A S H I N G T O N 1789 1796 Bill of Rights I. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly II. Right to keep and bear arms III. No quartering without consent IV. Against search and seizure V. Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of life, liberty, or property VI. Right to speedy trial VII. Guaranteed trial by jury VIII. No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment IX. Rights not confined to what is written X. Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states  First Bank of the United States is established  Hamilton's Program - debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain Hamilton People checked by elite Strong central government National debt British government is model Executive in for life Weak state government Jefferson Government run by people Central government too oppressive and expensive British government corrupt Executive not perpetual Against standing army  1793: Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin.  1794: The Whiskey Rebellion - poor farmers don't want to pay excise tax - Wash. uses troops to put down  1795: Jay Treaty - with Britain - US will not trade with ports opened during war time that were closed . during peace time - Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia  Pinckney's Treaty - with Spain - free navigation of Mississippi River, right of deposit in New Orleans .  1796: Washington's Farewell Address - strong central government and foreign neutrality  1796: John Adams (Federalist) elected ; Jefferson (Rep) VP  XYZ Affair: France attacks Am. Ships and makes unreasonable demands - no money, no war  1798: Alien and Sedition Acts - illegal to publish anything against government or president  1798-1799: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - gave states right to nullify if unconstitutional - anti- Alien and Sedition Acts  1799: Fries Uprising - oppose federal tax on property - put down  Logan Act - citizen can't represent government - George Logan attempts to negotiate with France  1800: Convention of 1800 - Hamilton negotiate with France, we pay to Am. attacked by France  Thomas Jefferson elected - government changes to Democratic-Republican  1803: Louisiana Purchase - Federalists oppose - establish loose construction of the Constitution  Marbury vs. Madison - Supreme Court declares parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 - Supreme Court could declare law unconstitutional and powers of Court only given in Constitution  1804: New Jersey ends slavery.  12 th Amendment - separate ballots for President and Vice President  Essex Junto - Federalist organization in New England attempts to seceed  1804-1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition.  1805: Tipoli war ends - defeat of Barbary pirates  1807: Robert Fulton builds his first steamboat.  US ship Leopard sunk by Br. for refusal to be searched  Embargo Act - stop exports - no war, no impressment - Federalist object to cut off trade  1808: African Slave Trade ends.  1809: Nonintercourse Act - resumes trade with all but France and Britain  1810: Fletcher vs. Pack - action of state can be declared unconstitutional  1811: Charter for Bank of U.S. rejected  Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison defeats Indian Tecumseh who made alliance with Indians for defense A D A M S 1796 1800 J E F F E R S O N 1800 1808 M A D I S O N 1808 1816  1812-1814: The War of 1812 - to protest trade, stop impressment, protect mercantilism - War Hawks - want Canada to join - Federalist against war  1814: Treaty of Ghent - ends war with a status-quo  Era of Good Feelings begins  Hartford Convention - Federalists against War of 1812 and mercantile practices of Madison  1816: 2 nd Bank of U.S. created  1 st protective tariff  American Colonization Society founded - to relocate free blacks to Liberia  Election of Madison (Rep) vs. King (Fed)  Henry Clay's American System - federally founded domestic improvements and protective tariff  1817 - Veto of Bonus Bill by Madison - Bonus bill for domestic improvements  Rush- Bagot Disarmament - between US and Br. - to get fishing rights  1818: Convention of 1818 - enforcement of fishing rights - N. Louisiana boundary at 49 parallel  1819: Transcontinental Treaty - Get Florida from Spain - Jackson invades, remove Spanish threat  Panic of 1817 - land speculation, banks can't pay loans of Bank of US = bank runs  McCulloch vs. Maryland - Enforced constitutionality of 2 nd Bank of US and "the power to tax is the power to destroy"  Dartmouth College vs . Woodward- Broad interpretation of contract  1820: Missouri Compromise - Main admitted as free state and Missouri a slave state but no slavery north Missouri  Land Act - reduce price of land - encourage development  1822: Cumberland Road Bill - to build road - Monroe vetoes  1823: Monroe Doctrine declared - No future colonization of this hemisphere  Treaty with Russia - get everything under 54 parallel  1824: Election John Quincy Adams (Rep) defeats Andrew Jackson (Rep), Clay (Rep) - Jacksons "Corrupt Bargain"  Gibbons vs. Ogden - interstate trade controlled by fed. courts  1825: The Erie Canal is opened.  1826: Panama Conference (PAN American) - Congress doesn't send ambassador to avoid slavery issue  1828: Tariff of Abominations - protective - South opposes  South Carolina Exposition and Protest - by Calhoun - reaffirms right of state to nullify  Election of 1828: Jackson promises to limit executive power, internal improvements, lower debt  1828: Removes appointies - trusts friends - "kitchen cabinet"  1829: Maysville Road Bill Veto - only within Kentucky  Webster (nationalist) - Hayne (states rights) Debates - began over Tariff of Abominations  1830s: The Second Great Awakening.  1830: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins operation.  1831: The Liberator begins publication. - abolitionist become vocal  Nat Turner Rebellion  Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper.  1831-1838: The Trail of Tears--Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma.  1832 - Tariff of 1832 - raises tariffs again - Calhoun resigns  Force Bill - allows president to do what is necessary to enforce tariff  Ordinance of Nullification - South Carolina nullifies tariff - Clay negociates and reduces tariff  Veto of Bank of U.S. re-charter  Department of Indian affairs established  Seminole War with Indians begins  Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia - Federal government has control, not Georgia M O N R O E 1816 1824 A D A M S 1824 1828 Historiography Parton - Jackson wanted to dominate Turner - Jackson triumph of democracy and representation of people - universal manhood suffrage and two party system Hammond - Jackson contributes to panic 0f37 by dismanteling bank Temin - panic and depression inevitable - caused by bank J A C K S O N 1828 1836  Agreement with Britain to open West Indies ports  1833: Roger Taney removes federal funds from Bank of U.S. by order - thinks bank is unconstitutional  1835-1836: Texas War for Independence - "Lone Star Republic"  1836: The Gag Rule  Specie Circular - western land must be paid by hard currency  Election of 1836 - Harrison (Whig) defeated by Van Buren (Democrat)  1837: US recognizes the Republic of Texas.  Oberlin College enrolls its first women students.  Charles Bridge vs. Warren Bridge- only strict interpretation of contract  Panic of 1837 - in part due to Jackson's withdrawal of funds from Bank of U.S. - Van Buren does nothing  1938 - 1839: Aroostook "War" - bloodless - boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick  1840: Independent Treasury System - constructs vaults to hold federal money  Election of 1840 - Harrison (Whig) defeats Van Buren - Harrison catches pneumonia and dies, VP John Tyler becomes president Democrats Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren, Benton "Republicans" Against monopolies and privilege Decrease tariff For state rights Whigs Clay, Webster, John Quincy Adams, Harrison "Federalists" For national power; Bank of US Increase in tariffs Internal Improvements  1841: Independent Treasury Act Repealed  Tyler vetoes re-charter of Bank of U.S.  Preemption Bill - to distribute money from sale of western lands to states - bill defeated  1842: Tariff Bill - raised tariffs back to 1832 status  Dorr Rebellion: Rhode Island - rebellion against land qualifications for voting - Tyler puts down  1839: Webster - Ashburton Treaty - ends boundary dispute  1843: Oregon Trail - migration  1844: Election of 1844 -Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty - anti-slavery)  1845: Taxes annexation Bill - by Tyler - permits admission of Texas and Florida  Annexation of Texas  1846: Elias Howe invents the sewing machine.  1846-1848: Mexican-American War- Gen. Taylor provokes Mexicans by moving into disputed Rio-Grande / Neuces River - Three part plan to take over Mexico - decide against  Slidell Mission -Slidell sent to negotiate - rejected by Mexico  1846,1847: Wilmont Provisto - no slavery in new states formed from Mexican land - rejected  54" 40' or Fight - Get Oregon below 49 th parallel  Reestablish Independent Treasury System - vaults  Walker Tariff Bill - lowered tariff  1847 - Polk Doctrine - resurrection of Monroe Doctrine concerning admitting new states into union  Obtain Oregon below 49 parallel  1848: Trist Mission - Trists negotiates Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo - Get territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming  Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California.  Women's Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY - headed by Mott and Stanton  Election of 1848 - Taylor (Whig) defeats Cass (Dem. - father of pop. sovereignty) and Van Buren(Free-Soil - abolitionists) - Taylor dies (1850) - Milard Fillmore VP  1850: Clay's Compromise of 1850 - passes as separate acts during Fillmore - but violated - California free state - Other areas - popular sovereignty V A N B U R E N 1836 1840 T Y L E R 1840 1844 P O L K 1844 1848 T F A I Y L L L O M R O R E 1848 1852 - US takes Texas debts - Slave trade banned in Washington - Fugitive Slave Law strengthened  Clayton - Bulwer Treaty - U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality of a canal in Central America  1852: Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to US trade.  Election of 1852: Pierce (Dem) defeats Scott (Whig)  1853: Gadsden Purchase - buy land from Mexico to build RR  Uncle Tom's Cabin - Stowe  1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed to create two states for a RR to go to west - slavery in states determined by popular sovereignty - North fears overturn of Missouri Compromise  New England Emigrant Aid Society - into Kensas / Nebraska territory  1854-1859 - Bleeding Kansas - Topeka (Free Soilers) government vs. LeCompton (slavery) gov.  Ostend Manifesto - by Buchanan to take Cuba - rejected  Walker expedition - Walker raises army, takes Nicaragua, Pierce recognizes new government  1856: Lawrence Mob Violency: abolitionist materials burned  Pottawatomie Massacre: John Brown kills four pro-slavery people  Election of 1856: Buchanan (Dem) defeats Fremont (Rep -Free Soil) and Fillmore (Know Nothings)  1857: The Dred Scott decision. - slaves are property to be taken anywhere - allows for slavery in North - Missouri Compromise unconstitutional  LeCompton Constitution rejected  Panic of 1857 - depression - Buchanan does nothing  1858 - Lincoln - Douglas Debates - on extension of slavery into new territories  Free Port Doctrine - Dred Scott decision has to be enforced - if not popular sovereignty rules  "A House Divided" against itself can't stand - Lincoln's speech  1859 - John Brown's Raid - Harpers Ferry to free slaves  1860: Crittenden Compromise - last attempt at amendment against barring slavery below 36' 30 line - fails  1860: Election of 1850 - Lincoln (Rep) defeats Douglas (Dem) - Lincoln not abolitionst For Seccession North violates rights - doesn't enforce fugitive laws History - right to abolish a destructive government Money from treasury goes for Northern interests Government for the north Gov. taking away property No majority - rights taken away Against Seccession Not truly free and independent state Agreed to follow majority Gave up rights to join union "form a more perfect union" Contract among people not states  1860-1865: The Civil War  1860: South Carolina secedes.  Beginning of Industrial Revolution - "Guilded Age"  1861: The Civil War begins at Fort Sumter - Beauregard (S) fires first shot  "Necessity Knows no Law" - Lincoln increases army, navy, 1 st income tax, green backs, no freedom of press or speech, Villandigham (Copperhead - Peace Dem) jailed  Confederacy established - Davis - President; Stephens - VP Confederate Constitution No protective tariffs No federal funded improvements States could impeach federal officers States supreme Slavery protected 2/3 of house to appropriate money (Problem)  1861 - Kansas admitted as a free state  Ex Parte Marryman - Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and P I E R C E 1852 1856 B U C H A N A N 1856 1860 Historiography Woodward - South unique, different, agric. Goven - sectional differences exaggerated Beringer - Confederacy defeated because of loss of will - poor leadership, defeat L I N C O L N 1860 1865 Historiography Sibly - slavery overemphasized as cause for Civil War - more sectional differences Holt - slavery cause political struggle passes martial law in Maryland - Taney says only Congress can Suspend habeas corpus  Bull Run - South wins - Civil War becomes long  1862: Pacific RR Act - partially fed. funded - gave land for RR  Homestead Act - 1862 - gov. land grants for agricultural college  1863: Battle at Antietam  Banking Acts (1863, 1864) - establish federally charted banks  Draft Riot - NY  The Emancipation Proclamation.  Battle of Gettysburg - turning point  Lincoln announces "10 Percent Plan." - lenient plan - must plan allegiance to US  1864: Election of 1864 - Lincoln (Rep) defeats McClellan (Dem)  Wade - Davis Bill: South divided into military units until majority pledges allegiance and bans slavery  Wade - Davis Manifesto: Congress controls Reconstruction  Pullman Car and Refrigerated Car invented  Sand Creek Massacre - Chivington attacks defenseless Indian village  1865: Civil War Ends - Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, VA  1865: Freedman's Bureau is established - education and food  Lincoln is assassinated - Andrew Johnson becomes president  Johnson's amnesty plan - pardons almost all Confederates  Thirteenth Amendment - abolishes slavery  1866: Ex Parte Milligan - Military courts can't try civilians when civil courts are open  Civil Rights Act is passed over Johnson's veto - gave blacks equal rights  National Labor Union formed - short lived - attempted political involvement (womens rights, temperance, 8hr day, cooperatives)  Fetterman Massacre - troops killed  1867: Alaska Purchased.  Grange - organization formed by Kelly for social and educational reform for the farmer - Farmers face deflation, debt, drought, depression  Reconstruction Acts - divide South into 5 military units, protect black voting, est. new constitutions  1868: Tenure of Office Act - Pres. Can't remove any appointed official without Senate consent - declared unconstitutional - Congress can't take away powers of Pres.  14 th Amendment - All persons born/ naturalized within US are citizens - equal protection  Ku Klux Klan begins.  Washita River - Custer destroys Cheyenne village  Carnegie Steel Company is formed.  Election of 1868: Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem)  1869: Transcontinental RR completed from Union Pacific and Central Pacific  Knights of Labor formed - secret  1870: Fifteenth Ammendment is ratified - right to vote can't be determined by race, color, etc.  Force Acts - to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14 th and 15 th Amendments  Standard Oil Company is formed.  1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal - stock holders of RR construction company overcharge gov. for job  Election 1872: Grant re-elected  1873: Slaughterhouse Cases - 14 th Am doesn't place fed gov't under obligation to protect basic rights concerning monopolies  1874: Red River Wars - last attempt to resist reservationis  Farmers Alliances - anti-RR pools, rebates, pass Granger laws  1875: Civil Rights Act - gave blacks equal rights  Pearl Harbor acquired. J O H N S O N 1865 1868 G R A N T 1868 1876 Historiography Stamp - Reconstruction successful - economic consolidation, democracy, Amendments ratified Foner - failed to secure rights for blacks, corruption and fractionalism Historiography Tipple - Robber Barons - threatened traditional beliefs, destruction of competition Chandler - entrepreneurs were hard working and innovative Arnold - anti-trust acts preserved competition McGraw - regulation inefficient  1876: Battle of Little Bighorn. - Custer killed  U.S. vs. Reese - allows voting qualifications - literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause  Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.  Election 1876: Hayes (Rep) defeats Tilden (Dem)  1877: Munn vs. Illinois - If in interest of public good, than states can regulate prices reasonably  Compromise of 1877 - Hays becomes president, troops withdraw from South  1878: Hall vs. DeCuir - allowed segregation  Bland - Allison Act - coined a limited number of silver  Treaty of 1878 - get rights to Pago- Pago, Samoa  1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric light.  Knights of Labor go public - Pres. Powderly - no strike stand - both skilled and unskilled -too diverse  1880's Dust Bowl begins  1880: Election of 1880: Garfield (Rep) defeats Hancock (Dem); Garfield dies - V.P. Chester Arthur  1881: Tuskeegee Institute is founded.  Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor  1882: Chinese Exclusion Act  European Restriction Act  1883: Brooklyn Bridge is completed.  Civil Rights Cases: allowed individual discrimination  More Jim Crow laws passed  1884: Election of 1884: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Blaine (Rep)  1886: The American Federation of Labor is founded by Gompers - for skilled only (no women/ blacks) - dealt only with labor - used strikes  Interstate Commerce Act - regulate RR and private businesses  Haymarket Incident - 1886 - peaceful turned violent - people think unions are radical  1887: Interstate Commerce Commission - forbid long haul / short haul practices  American Protective Association - Anti-Catholic  Dawes Severalty Act - government break up land individually - break up farms - failed  1888: Election of 1888- Harrison (Rep) defeats Cleveland (Dem)  1889: Jane Addams founds Hull House  Berlin Conference - US, Britain and Germany agree to joint protection of Samoa - doesn't work  1 st Pan American Conference - trade agreement  Bering Sea Controversy - over seals  1890: North American Women's Suffrage Association is founded.  The Sherman Antitrust Act. - "Trusts in restraint of trade are illegal"  1890-1900: Blacks are deprived of the vote in the South.  Wounded Knee - Indians revolt to outlawing the sacred ghost dance - Last Indian war  Sherman Silver Purchase Act - gov't buys silver but doesn't coin - curb inflation  McKinley Tariff Act - raises tariffs  1892: The Homestead Strike -at Carnegie Steel - Pinkerton guards and troops put down strike  Miners strike - Idaho  General Electric Company formed.  Populist Omaha Platform - 8hr work day, nationalization of RR, inflation, coinage of silver, anti-rich capitalist, decrease tariff  Election of 1892: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Harrison (Rep) and Weaver (Populist)  1893: Depression  Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed - devalued gold  1894: The Pullman strike - Pullman Co. controls prices but Historiography Goodwyn - populist are democratic Activists - reactionary Hicks - populists are rational people reacting to harsh laissez-faire Hofstadter - anti-intillectuals fighting for lost cause - class vs. class - radical Turner - West has been a major impact on American policies since beginning H A Y E S 1876 1880 A R T H U R 1881 1884 H A R R I S O N 1888 1892 C L E V L A N D Historiography Laurie - labor radical - want gov't regulation, public ownership Degler - labor reactionary - preserving against capitalism, had anti-socialistic ideals C L E V E L A N D 1884 1888 fires workers - Am Railway Union strikes  Coxey's Army marches on Wash. for unemployment relief  1895: U.S. vs. E. C. Kight Company. - difference between manufacturing and commerce - manufacturing doesn't fall under anti - Trust Act  Pollack vs. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. - income tax is unconstitutional  In reDebs - strikes are a restraint of trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act  Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech - both races must accept and help each other - blacks have to earn rights  1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson - "Separate but Equal"  Election of 1896: McKinley (Rep) defeats Bryan (Dem)  Cross of Gold Speech by Bryan  1897: Dingley Tariff - raises tax on duties  1898: Spanish American War - because of election year and yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst)  Maine explodes - "Remember the Maine"  DeLome Letter - criticizes McKinley  Williams vs. Miss. Upheld literacy test  Get Hawaii  Peace of Paris: Gives Cuba Independence and US gets Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam  1899: Samoa divided between US and Germany  Teller Amendment - gave Cuba freedom  Open Door Notes - Hay - agree to territorial integrity of China  1900: National Negro Business League founded by Booker T. Washington  Gold Standard Act - gold standard unit of value  Progressive Era - cure corruption, anti-monopolies, temperance, help immigrants and labor, building codes, public utilities  Boxer Rebellion - Chinese nationalist rebel - foreign nations unite to put down rebellion  1901: US Steel Corporation formed.  Platt Amendment - gave US a base in Cuba and permission for troops to intervene and consent to treaties  Insular Cases - Constitution does not follow the flag  1902 - Coal Strike  1903: Department of Commerce and Labor created  Hay-Herran Treaty - for Panama canal - rejected by Columbia  Hay - Buena Varilla Treaty - gives US land in Panama  Elkins Act - dealt with RR rebates - part of "Square Deal"  1904: Panama Canal Zone acquired.  The National Child Labor Committee is formed.  Roosevelt Corollary: addition to Monroe Doctrine - made US a police force - Take over Dominican customs duty - Arbitrates in Venezuela dispute with Germany  1905: Industrial Workers of the World is formed.  1906: Upton Sinclair writes The Jungle - meat packing reform - resulted in Meat Inspection Act  Gentleman's Agreement - Japanese can return to school - if Japan limits immigration  T. Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth of Russo-Japanese War - receives Nobel Peace Prize  Hepburn Act - strengthened the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission  Pure Food and Drug Act - Established Food and Drug Administration  1907: Drago Doctrine - Invest in Latin America at own risk  Bank Panic  1908: Muller vs. Oregon - limited number of hours for women  Root-Takahira Agreement - Japan will honor Open Door Notes  1909: NAACP is founded. M C K I N L E Y 1896 1900 R O O S E V E L T 1900 1908 T A F T 1908 1912 Historiography Beards - Imperialism due to economic reason - trade threatened Bemis - US land hungry Pratt - white man's burden  Taft begins implementation of Dollar Diplomacy (Haiti, Nicaragua)  Payne-Aldrich Tariff - lowered tariffs  Ballinger - Pinchot Controversy - Ballinger, Sec. of Interior, dismissed - charged with not following nation;s conservation policy  1911: Standard Oil Co. vs. US - court determines what's a reasonable trust - Standard Oil Co. broken up  1913: The Sixteenth Amendment - authorized income taxes  The Seventeenth Amendment - direct popular election of Senate  Underwood Tariff - lowered duties  Federal Reserve Act - created federal reserve system  1914: The Federal Trade Commission is established.  The Clayton Antitrust Act - amendment to Sherman Anti-Trust Act - strengthed anti-monopolistic reform  Federal Trade Bill.  United States invades Veracruz in Mexico - US soldiers arrested  1915: The USS Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine  troops sent to Haiti  1916: Adamson Act - allowed government to take over RR - administered by McAdoo  troops sent to Dominican Republic  War Industries Board - coordinate production and mobilize - headed by Beruch  Food Administration - headed by Hoover - Leiver Act - set prices for agricultural products  Fuel Administration - headed by Garfield - control fuel prices  1917: US enters WWI  Great Migration - blacks move from South to North - causes race riots - Harlem Renaissance - Garvey back to Africa movement  Creel Committee: Public Info. - spread propaganda - formed Liberty Leagues For War Submarine warfare Destroying trade Violating rights Espionage and sabotage Zimmerman Note Keep balance of power Make world safe for democracy Against War "He Kept Us Out of War" Only benefit the wealthy British violated our rights too Germany tried to avoid Lousitania Propaganda  1918: National War Labor Board - Under Taft - prevented strikes  Armistice Day  Treaty of Versailles - Germany accepts full blame, demilitarize Rhineland, Ger. Looses all colonies  1918: Wilson's Fourteen Points. Important Points Open covenants Freedom of seas and trade Disarmament Rebuilding of Belgium Form Poland *League of Nations  Espionage and Sedition Act.- suppress criticism, can't interfere with draft  1919: The Palmer Raids.  Shenck vs. US - "clear and present danger" - open opposition to war will undermine war effort  Abrahms vs . US - upheld Sedition Act  American Protective League - pro-war activists, prosecuted and censored  Senate rejects Versailles Treaty and League of Nations - Ireconcilables - Borah - disagree with Article X = involvement in foreign affairs W I L S O N 1912 1920 W I L S O N 1912 1920 Historiography Kennan - Wilson an impractical idealist Trask - Wilson had realistic war goals that coordinated with larger diplomatic aims - Reservationist - Lodge - accept treaty if Article X is clarified - only Congress can commit troops  Eighteenth Amendment is ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages.  Race riots - Chicago  Volstead Act - enforced 18 th Amendment  1920: Nineteenth Amendment grants Womens Sufferage.  Women vote 1 st time  KDKA - 1 st radio station  Sinclair Lewis writes Main Street  First Commercial radio broadcast.  1921: Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League.  Revenue Act - decreases taxes  Washington Disarmament Conference - limit naval arms  Post War Depression  Immigration Act - restricts immigration  1922: Sinclair Lewis writes Babbit  Fordney McCumber Tariff - high increase in duties  1923: Teapot Dome Scandal - Sec. of Interior Fall sells oil reserves to private industry  Harding dies  1924: McNary - Haugen Bill - vetoed - help farmers by buying surplus  Dawes Plan - helped Germany with reparation - provided loan  Peak of KKK  1925: The Scopes "Monkey" Trial.  Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald  The New Negro by Locke  1926: Weary Blues by Hughes  1927: Charles Lindbergh flies from New York to Paris solo.  Immigration Law  Sacoo and Vanzitte executed  "The Jazz Singer" - 1 st talkie  1929: Kellog - Briand Pact: Peace alliance  The Great Stock Market crash Causes of Crash Durable goods Profits increase; wages stay same Easy credit Federal Reserve does nothing Overproduction Speculation and margin buying Debt  Agricultural Market Act - establish Federal Farm Board - assistance to farmers  Tax Cut  Young Plan - reduced reparation payments, no longer involved in German economy  1930: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff - high protective tariff  London Naval Treaty - decrease number of ships  1931: Japan invades Manchuria  1932: Stimpson Doctrine  Federal Home Loan Bank Act - assist with morgages  Public Works Project  The Reconstruction Finance Corporation - part of trickle down economics - lent money to banks  Bonus Army - marches on DC to receive veterans bonus - Hoover sends in troops  Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President.  1933: New Deal begins  WPA - Works Progress Administration - employed artists, writers, photographers H A R D I N G 1920 1923 C O O L I D G E 1923 1928 H O O V E R 1928 1932 Historiography Barnham - prohibition works - aimed at saloons, gambling, corruption, and prostition.  CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps  NIRA- National Industrial Recovery Act - sets up NRA - business men make codes for min wages, hr.  Glass Stegall Banking Act - kept us on gold standard - and created FDIC - against bank runs  SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission - watched market prices  AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Association - paid farmers not to overproduce  TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority - bring electricity - competes with private industry  CWA - Civil Works Administration  NYA - National Youth Administration  HOLC - Home Owners Loan Corp.  "Good Neighbor" Policy - Repudiated Roosevelt Corollary  Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations  20 th Amendment -Presidential term starts on Jan. 20  1934: NYE Investigation: determines cause of WWI  Indian Reorganization Act - restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.  Share the Wealth society founded by Huey Long - called for distribution of wealth  1935: Schechter Poultry Corporation vs. US - NRA unconstitutional - put legislative power under executive administration  Wagner Act: set up National Labor Relations Board  Fair Labor Standard Act - set min. wage and hours  CIO - Congress of Industrial Organization - labor union for skilled and semi-skilled  Social Security Acts - provided benefits to old and unemployed  Revenue Act - 1935 - tax the wealthy  1 st Neutrality Act - stop selling munitions to belligerents - Am. can't travel on belligerent ships  1936: Butler vs. US - AAA unconstitutional - put taxes on processing  2 nd London Conference on disarmament  2 nd Neutrality Act - no lending money to belligerent nations  1937: 3 rd Neutrality Act: Cash n' Carry (pay for it and transport it yourself) - doesn't apply to Latin America and China  Quarantine Speech - isolate belligerent nations  Panay Incident- Japanese bomb Am. ship - U.S demands only apologies and reparations  Japan moves into East China - US does nothing  1938: End of New Deal Reforms. For New Deal Regulation of federal institutions Benefits to labor Help unemployed Restored confidance Anti - New Deal Socialistic program Unconstitutional Deficit spending Gov't competes with Private industry Monopolistic Worthless - creates dependency  John Steinback's Grapes of Wrath  1940: Selective Service - peace time draft  Destroyers for Bases Deal  Smith Act - finger printing of aliens  1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor  Lend Lease - lend materials for war  US enters WWII.  Relocation Camps for Japanese  1942: Congress of Racial Equality - prevent segregation and discrimination  Revenue Act of 1942 - effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII  1943: Office of Price Administration - seals prices, rations food R O O S E V E L T 1932 1945  Detroit race riots - government does nothing  Casablanca Conference - FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies  Cairo Conference - conference of the Allied leaders to seek Japan's unconditional surrender.  Tehran Conference - FDR, Stalin, Churchill to discuss strategy against Germany  1944: GI Bill - benefits for veterans - money for education, mortgage - creates middle class  D-Day - July 6, 1944  1945: Yalta Conference - Allies meet to decide on final war plans  Battle of Bulge - Last German offensive  Okinawa - deadly military campaign on Pacific island  US joins the United Nations  Nationwide strikes due to inflation - OPA disbanded  A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki  Germany and Japan surrender ending World War II  Roosevelt dies - Truman VP  Potsdam Conference - Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Germany to set up zones  1946: Kennan containment - prevent spread of communism  Employment Act - goal to have full employment  Atomic Energy Act - establish Atomic Energy Commission - develop better bombs  President's commission on Civil Rights - advocate rights  Philippines get independence  Churchill's "Iron Curton" speech in response to Russian aggression.  1947: The Marshall Plan - economic aid to Europe after WWII  Taft -Hartley Act - 80 cooling period not to strike - labor leaders must sign Non-Communist oath  Truman Doctrine - financial commitment to nations fighting Communism  Federal Employee Loyalty Program - anti-communistic oaths  National Security Act - created CIA  Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier  1948: Election of 1848- Truman defeats Dewey and Thurman(DixiCrat)  Truman desegregates armed forces  Berlin Blockade - Berlin Airlift  OAS - Alliance of North America and South America  Alger Hiss Case - convicted of purgery  Nuremberg trials  1949:NATO formed  Communistic Victory in China  Russia's 1 st A-Bomb  Department of Defense created  West and East Germany created  Fair Deal: most don't pass; Housing Act (construction increases); minimum wage increases  Orwell, Ninteen Eighty-Four  1950: Korean War begins - enter because of containment  McCarren Internal Security Act - illegal to contribute to Communism  McCarthyism - fear of communism wide spread  National Security Council Memo 68 - beginning of massive defense spending  1951: 22 nd Amendment - President can only serve 2 terms or 10 years  Denis vs. United States - upheld Smith Act under "clear and present danger clause"  Catcher in the Rye - Salinger  US - Japanese Treaty - bases in Japan  ANZUS - Australia, New Zealand, and US ally  MacArthur fired by Truman - invades China  1952: Election of 1952: Eisenhower (Will end war) vs. Stevenson  1953: Rosenbergs executed T R U M A N 1945 1952 E Historiography Kelly - conflict between USSR and US inevitable - different values, structure Paterson - US more powerful - attempt to dominate makes conflict inevitable  terminate reservations for N.A.  Armistice in Korea - 38 th parallel  Shah of Iran returns to power in coup - to keep Iran from going Communistic  Krushchev in control of Russia  1954: Army - McCarthy hearings - brought down Joseph McCarthy  Brown vs. Board of Education - overturns Plessy vs. Furguson decision  SEATO - alliance Turkey, US, Iraq, and Iran  Fall of Dien Bien Phu - French loose in Vietnam  Geneva Conference - reduction of nuclear weapons, divide Vietnam along 17 th parallel - elections in a year  Mao bombs Taiwan - Eisenhower threatens to send troops in and the A-bomb - brinkmanship  China bombs Taiwan - Eisenhower sends in troops - China backs off  1955: Montgomery bus boycott begins - Rosa Parks  AFL and the CIO merge  Warsaw Pact: USSR and Eastern European allies unite to counter NATO  1956: Election of 1956: Eisenhower re-elected: ended Korean "War" and balanced budget  Suez Crisis - Egyptian President nationalizes canal  Howl - by Allen Ginsberg - bohemianism - Beat Generation  Interstate Highway Act - building federal roads; movement into rural area; creation of suburbs  Hungarian Revolution - rebel against Communism - US doesn't support  US puts Diem in power in South Vietnam  Election 1956: Eisenhower defeats Stevenson again  1957: Eisenhower Doctrine - extends to Truman Doctrine to Middle East - help fight Commies  Domino Theory - if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another that one would fall, producing a domino effect.  Baby Boom peaks  Civil Rights Act- create permanent civil rights commission - supervise voting  Little Rock school desegregation  Russians launch Sputnik - space race  1 st nuclear power plant  On the Road - Jack Kerouac  1958: National Defense Education Act- funding to math, science, and language programs  NASA formed  1959: Cuban Revolution -Castro invades  Labor Reform Act - protect employees  Alaska and Hawaii admitted as states  1960: U-2 incident - US spy plane goes down in USSR - convert operation discovered  Greensboro sit -in  Civil Rights Act - federal government registers black voters  Election 1960: Kennedy (Dem) defeats Nixon (Rep) - 1 st TV debate  National Lieration Front - Viet Cong formed  1961: Bay of Pigs: attempt to overthrow Castro - fails  Trade Embargo on Cuba  Alliance for Progress - to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs.  Berlin wall built to stop crossing  Peace Corps - encouraged US citizens to help third world countries  Coup regime in Vietnam - Diem assassinated  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - an Arab majority - oil trade - joined together to protect themselves.  1962:Cuban Missle Crisis - USSR sends missiles to Cuba - US removes missiles from Turkey and USSR from Cuba. K E N N E D Y 1960 1963  Baker vs. Carr - end of gerrymandering - manipulating voting districts  Engel v. Vitale - prayer in public schools were banned on violation the First Amendment.  Silent Spring Rachel Carson - on pollution  Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty  1963: Kennedy assassinated by Oswald - Johnson becomes President  Test Ban Treaty - no testing in atmosphere or ocean - US, USSR, Br  March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. I have a Dream Speech  The Feminine Mystique , Betty Ferdan  1964: 24 th Amendment - outlaws poll tax  US enters Vietnam War - Tonkin Gulf - 1 bullet fired at US ship causes war:  Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Johnson can police Vietnam  War Powers Act - restrained president's ability to commit troops overseas  Economic Opportunity Act: Job Core for youth training; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA); Office of Economic Opportunity - establish Equal Opportunity Laws  Civil Rights Act: public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.  Tax reduction  Great Society- Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress.  1965: Medicare and Medicaid - aid to elderly  Higher Education Act - Federal Scholarships  Ralph Nadar's Unsafe at any Speed -criticized poor construction and design of automobiles  Watts, Detroit race riots - army sent in  Voting Rights Act - it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.  1966: Department of Housing and Urban Development established  Department of Transportation created  National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act - promote car safety requirements  Miranda vs. Arizona -the accused must be read his/her rights  National Organization for Women (NOW) - advocate equal rights  1967:25 th Amendment - Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP  1968: Election of 1968 - RFK shot; Nixon elected  Nixon's "New Federalism" - returning power to the states  Vietnamization begins - war extends  TET - Viet Cong attacks during Vietnamese holiday  War extended to Laos and Cambodia  Civil Rights Act - attempted to provide Blacks with equal-opportunity housing.  1969: Vietnamization begins - slow withdrawal of troops from Vietnam  Nixon Doctrine - reducing number of troops abroad by helping nations economically and militarily  Armstrong walks on the moon  Warren E. Burger appointed - a conservative to fill Earl Warren's liberal spot.]  U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral  1970: Kent State - Protest war - troops sent in - 4 die  1971: Reed vs. Reed - outlawed sexual discrimination  Desegregation - kids bused into black/white schools  New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation  1972: Election of 1972: Nixon re-elected defeating McGovern in largest landslide victory  Nixon visits Red China and Russia: eases tensions  SALT1: Nuclear arms limitation agreement J O H N S O N 1963 1968 N I X O N 1968 1974  Watergate Scandal begins: burglarizing and wiretapping the national headquarters of the Democratic Party - investigation headed by Baker  Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes  1973: VP Agnue resigns: Ford replaces him  Treaty of Paris: Ends Vietnam - troops withdrawn - Vietnam temp. divided again  Gideon vs. Wainwright - court decided that state and local courts must provide counsel for defendants in felony cases  Roe vs. Wade - restricting abortion is unconstitutional.  1974: Nixon resigns  Ford pardons Nixon  Vietnam becomes Communistic  Kaher roge - ruthless regime established in Cambodia  1975: US ship Mayaquez attacked by Cambodia - crew rescued  South Vietnam becomes Communist  1976: Election of 1975: Carter defeats Ford  1977:US gives up rights to Panama Canal in 1999  1978: China and US agree to establish diplomatic relations  1979: Create Department of Energy and Department of Education  Fuel shortage  Camp David Accords: Peace between Israel and Egypt  Shah expelled from Iran: American embassy taken hostage: Carter's rescue mission fails  SALT II - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with Russia - removed after Russia attacked Afghanistan  Three Mile Island - power plant failure emits radiation in Pennsylvania  1980: Election of 1980: Reagan wins with his "Reaganomics" program of reducing taxes and spending - "supply-side" and "trickle-down" economics  Iran hostages released  Olympic Boycott - The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan  1981: Air Traffic Controllers Stike  Assassination attempt on Reagan  Economic Recovery Tax Bill:  Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman Supreme Court justice  1983: Military invasion of Grenada (Caribbean island) to stop Communism  American peacekeeping force in Lebanon attacked by terrorists - 241 dead  1984: Taxes increase  1986: US bombs terrorist targets in Libya  1988: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) limiting intermediate-range nuclear missiles with Russia F O R D 1974 1976 C A R T E R 1976 1980 R E A G A N 1980 1988

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AP US History Timeline 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas - divides world between Portugal and Spain 1497: John Cabot lands in North America. 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain. 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast. 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley. 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States. 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida. 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California. 1584-1587: Roanoke - the lost colony 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony - bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System - lad for population - people spread out 1608: French establish colony at Quebec. 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America. 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. - by Rolfe 1619: First African slaves brought to British America. - Virginia begins representative assembly - House of Burgesses 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed - agreed rule by majority 1624: New York founded by Dutch 1629: Mass. Bay founded - "City Upon a Hill" - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools 1630: The Puritan Migration 1632: Maryland - for profit - proprietorship 1634: Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony 1635: Connecticut founded 1636: Rhode Island is founded - by Roger Williams -Harvard College is founded 1638: Delaware founded - 1st church, 1st school 1649: Maryland Toleration Act - for Christains - latter repealed 1650-1696: The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament. - limited trade, put tax on items 1660: Half Way Covenant - get people back into church - erosion of Puritanism 1670: Charles II grants charter for Carolina colonies - Restoration Colony 1672: Blue Laws: Connecticut - death codes for disagreeing with parents or bible 1676: Bacons Rebellion - Virginia - Bacon wants frontier protection from royal Gov. Berkeley - put down - first uprising against British 1682: Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. - Quaker - 1st library - center of thought 1686: Dominion of New England - royal Gov. Andros - attempt to unify Northern colonies to curb independence - Suspended liberties - town meetings - Failed - Andros left 1689-1713: King William's War (The War of the League of Augsburg). 1692: The Salem Witchcraft Trials. 1696: Parliamentary Act. 1699-1750: Restrictions on colonial manufacturing. 1700's Enlightenment - reason, natural rights, deism (god made universe but doesn't control it) - John Locke, Adam Smith, Rousseau 1702-1713: Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession). 1720-1740: Great Awakening - George Whitefield, Edwards, Gibbens - threatening - salvation for all, extreme piety, Divine Spirit 1733: Georgia Colony is founded. - buffer state -Molasses Act - import tax on molasses, sugar, rum -to curb trade with French West Indies - not strictly enforced 1735: Zenger Trial - victory for freedom of the press - truth is not libel 1740-1748: King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession). 1754-1763: The French and Indian War - Over Ohio River Valley - trade / settlement - French build forts - Fort Duquesne - and are friendly with the Indians - English Gov. Dunwittie has stock in Ohio Land Company - sends George Washington to expel the French - British declare war 1754: Albany Plan of Union - for defense - fails and shows disunity of colonies 1761: writs of assistance - search warrents to enforce Navigation acts - James Otis opposes 1763: Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War - French loose all territory -Paxton Boys Rebellion - dissatisfied about frontier protection in PA -Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians -Pontiac's Rebellion - tribes organize against British movement -SALUTORY NEGLECT ENDS 1764: The Sugar - to raise revenue - England in debt -cut Molasses Act in half -objection - 1st direct tax - "No taxation without representation" -Currency Acts - prevents printing of colonial money 1765: The Stamp Act - tax on printed materials to "keep troops in colonies" -colonists don't want standing army -Sons of Liberty enforce non-importation -Stamp Act Congress - Protests Stamp Act -We buy only from England, and deserve equal privileges 1766: Quartering Act - colonies must support troops 1767: The Townshend Acts - tax lead, paint, paper, glass, tea - colonies react by non-importation, Samuel Adams Circular letter - Governor of Mass suspends legislature 1770: The Boston Massacre. -Golden Hill Massacre in NY 1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence. -Gaspee Incident - British ship burned - attempted to collect taxes 1773: The Tea Act - reduces price to tea - gives England a monopoly -Boston Tea Party - dump tea into sea 1774: The Intolerable Acts - to punish Boston -Boston Port Act - closes ports -Massachusetts Government Act - no town meetings, no trial by jury, military rule, Quartering Act -Quebec Act - Quebec added to Ohio River Valley - Britain supports people in Quebec Catholic, don't have trial by jury, no election -The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord -The Second Continental Congress convenes. 1776: R.H. Lee's Resolution - "should be independent states" 1776: American Declaration of Independence -Thomas Paine's Common Sense -Battles of Long Island and Trenton 1777: Battle of Saratoga - turning point in Revolution -Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation - Dickinson -Vermont ends slavery. 1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France - sends navy and army 1779: Spain declares war on England. 1781: British surrender at Yorktown - Cornwallis looses 1783: Treaty of Peace is signed - violated - Articles of Confederation weak -Independence recognized -Granted fishing rights -Loyalist restitution of property -Britain withdraws from forts (Not really) -Free Navigation of Mississippi 1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. - government responsibleover territory -Treaty of Hopewell - ends hostilities with Cherokee 1786: Shay's Rebellion - depression, no market, no hardcurrency, farmers poor -want Mass. Government to print more money -rebellion put down by donations - Articles of Confederation fails- no army -Annapolis Convention - agreement between states - fails 1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. - to revise Articles -Great Compromise - bi-cameral legislature (equality in Senate, popular in House) -3/5 Compromise -No importation of slaves after 1808 -James Madison develops principles for the US Constitution -Northwest Ordinance - prohibits slavery in west, provides for states to be admitted on equal status 1789: George Washington is inaugurated first President. -Judiciary Act - establish courts beneath Supreme Court -French Revolution - don't help France 1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified -First Bank of the United States is established -Hamilton's Program - debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain 1793: Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin. 1794: The Whiskey Rebellion - poor farmers don't want to pay excise tax - Wash. uses troops to put down 1795: Jay Treaty - with Britain - US will not trade with ports opened during war time that were closed .during peace time - Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia - Pinckney's Treaty - with Spain - free navigation of Mississippi River, right of deposit in New Orleans 1796: Washington's Farewell Address - strong central government and foreign neutrality 1796: John Adams (Federalist) elected ; Jefferson (Rep) VP - XYZ Affair: France attacks Am. Ships and makes unreasonable demands - no money, no war 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts - illegal to publish anything against government or president 1798-1799: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - gave states right to nullify if unconstitutional - anti- Alien and Sedition Acts 1799: Fries Uprising - oppose federal tax on property - put down - Logan Act - citizen can't represent government - George Logan attempts to negotiate with France 1800: Convention of 1800 - Hamilton negotiate with France, we pay to Am. attacked by France -Thomas Jefferson elected - government changes to Democratic-Republican 1803: Louisiana Purchase - Federalists oppose - establish loose construction of the Constitution -Marbury vs. Madison - Supreme Court declares parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 - Supreme Court could declare law unconstitutional and powers of Court only given in Constitution 1804: New Jersey ends slavery. -12th Amendment - separate ballots for President and Vice President - Essex Junto - Federalist organization in New England attempts to secede 1804-1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition 1805: Tipoli war ends - defeat of Barbary pirates 1807: Robert Fulton builds his first steamboat. - US ship Leopard sunk by Br. for refusal to be searched - Embargo Act - stop exports - no war, no impressment - Federalist object to cut off trade 1808: African Slave Trade ends. 1809: Nonintercourse Act - resumes trade with all but France and Britain 1810: Fletcher vs. Pack - action of state can be declared unconstitutional 1811: Charter for Bank of U.S. rejected - Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison defeats Indian Tecumseh who made alliance with Indians for defense 1812-1814: The War of 1812 - to protest trade, stop impressment, protect mercantilism - War Hawks - want Canada to join - Federalist against war 1814: Treaty of Ghent - ends war with a status-quo - Era of Good Feelings begins - Hartford Convention - Federalists against War of 1812 and mercantile practices of Madison 1816: 2nd Bank of U.S. created - 1st protective tariff - American Colonization Society founded - to relocate free blacks to Liberia - Election of Madison (Rep) vs. King (Fed) - Henry Clay's American System - federally founded domestic improvements and protective tariff 1817: Veto of Bonus Bill by Madison - Bonus bill for domestic improvements -Rush- Bagot Disarmament - between US and Br. - to get fishing rights 1818: Convention of 1818 - enforcement of fishing rights - N. Louisiana boundary at 49 parallel 1819: Transcontinental Treaty - Get Florida from Spain - Jackson invades, remove Spanish threat - Panic of 1817 - land speculation, banks can't pay loans of Bank of US = bank runs - McCulloch vs. Maryland - Enforced constitutionality of 2nd Bank of US and "the power to tax is the power to destroy" - Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- Broad interpretation of contract 1820: Missouri Compromise - Main admitted as free state and Missouri a slave state but no slavery north Missouri - Land Act - reduce price of land - encourage development 1822: Cumberland Road Bill - to build road - Monroe vetoes 1823: Monroe Doctrine declared - No future colonization of this hemisphere -Treaty with Russia - get everything under 54 parallel 1824: Election John Quincy Adams (Rep) defeats Andrew Jackson (Rep), Clay (Rep) -Jacksons "Corrupt Bargain" -Gibbons vs. Ogden - interstate trade controlled by fed. courts 1825: The Erie Canal is opened. 1826: Panama Conference (PAN American) - Congress doesn't send ambassador to avoid slavery issue 1828: Tariff of Abominations - protective - South opposes - South Carolina Exposition and Protest - by Calhoun -reaffirms right of state to nullify - Election of 1828: Jackson promises to limit executivepower, internal improvements, lower debt 1828: Removes appointees - trusts friends - "kitchen cabinet" 1829: Maysville Road Bill Veto - only within Kentucky -Webster (nationalist) - Hayne (states rights) Debates - began over Tariff of Abominations 1830s: The Second Great Awakening 1830: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins operation. 1831: The Liberator begins publication. - abolitionist become vocal -Nat Turner Rebellion -Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper 1831-1838: The Trail of Tears--Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma 1832: Tariff of 1832 - raises tariffs again - Calhoun resigns - Force Bill - allows president to do what is necessary to enforce tariff - Ordinance of Nullification - South Carolina nullifies tariff -Clay negociates and reduces tariff - Veto of Bank of U.S. re-charter - Department of Indian affairs established - Seminole War with Indians begins - Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia - Federal government has control, not Georgia - Agreement with Britain to open West Indies ports 1833: Roger Taney removes federal funds from Bank of U.S. by order - thinks bank is unconstitutional 1835-1836: Texas War for Independence - "Lone Star Republic" 1836: The Gag Rule - Specie Circular - western land must be paid by hard currency - Election of 1836 - Harrison (Whig) defeated by Van Buren (Democrat) 1837: US recognizes the Republic of Texas. -Oberlin College enrolls its first women students. - Charles Bridge vs. Warren Bridge- only strict interpretation of contract - Panic of 1837 - in part due to Jackson's withdrawal of funds from Bank of U.S. - Van Buren does nothing 1938 - 1839: Aroostook "War" - bloodless - boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick 1840: Independent Treasury System - constructs vaults to hold federal money -Election of 1840 - Harrison (Whig) defeats Van Buren - Harrison catches pneumonia and dies, VP John Tyler becomes president 1841: Independent Treasury Act Repealed -Tyler vetoes re-charter of Bank of U.S. -Preemption Bill - to distribute money from sale of western lands to states - bill defeated 1842: Tariff Bill - raised tariffs back to 1832 status -Dorr Rebellion: Rhode Island - rebellion against land qualifications for voting - Tyler puts down -1839: Webster - Ashburton Treaty - ends boundary dispute 1843: Oregon Trail - migration 1844: Election of 1844 -Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty - anti-slavery) 1845: Taxes annexation Bill - by Tyler - permits admission of Texas and Florida -Annexation of Texas 1846: Elias Howe invents the sewing machine. 1846-1848: Mexican-American War- Gen. Taylor provokes Mexicans by moving into disputedRio- Grande / Neuces River -Three part plan to take over Mexico - decide against -Slidell Mission -Slidell sent to negotiate - rejected by Mexico -1846,1847: Wilmont Provisto - no slavery in new states formed from Mexican land - rejected -54" 40' or Fight - Get Oregon below 49th parallel -Reestablish Independent Treasury System - vaults -Walker Tariff Bill - lowered tariff 1847: Polk Doctrine - resurrection of Monroe Doctrine concerning admitting new states into union -Obtain Oregon below 49 parallel 1848: Trist Mission - Trists negotiates Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo -Get territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming -Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California. -Women's Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY - headed by Mott and Stanton -Election of 1848 - Taylor (Whig) defeats Cass (Dem. - father of pop. sovereignty) andVan Buren(Free-Soil - abolitionists) - Taylor dies (1850) - Milard Fillmore VP 1850: Clay's Compromise of 1850 - passes as separate acts during Fillmore - but violated -California free state -Other areas - popular sovereignty -US takes Texas debts -Slave trade banned in Washington -Fugitive Slave Law strengthened -Clayton - Bulwer Treaty - U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality of a canal in Central America 1852: Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to US trade. -Election of 1852: Pierce (Dem) defeats Scott (Whig) 1853: Gadsden Purchase - buy land from Mexico to build RR -Uncle Tom's Cabin - Stowe 1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed to create two states for a RR to go to west - slavery in statesdetermined by popular sovereignty - North fears overturn of Missouri Compromise -New England Emigrant Aid Society - into Kensas / Nebraska territory -1854-1859 - Bleeding Kansas - Topeka (Free Soilers) government vs. LeCompton (slavery) gov. -Ostend Manifesto - by Buchanan to take Cuba - rejected -Walker expedition - Walker raises army, takes Nicaragua, Pierce recognizes new government 1856: Lawrence Mob Violency: abolitionist materials burned -Pottawatomie Massacre: John Brown kills four pro-slavery people -Election of 1856: Buchanan (Dem) defeats Fremont (Rep -Free Soil) and Fillmore (Know Nothings) 1857: The Dred Scott decision. -slaves are property to be taken anywhere - allows for slavery in North -Missouri Compromise unconstitutional -LeCompton Constitution rejected -Panic of 1857 - depression - Buchanan does nothing 1858: Lincoln - Douglas Debates - on extension of slavery into new territories -Free Port Doctrine - Dred Scott decision has to be enforced - if not popular sovereignty rules -"A House Divided" against itself can't stand - Lincoln's speech 1859: John Brown's Raid - Harpers Ferry to free slaves 1860: Crittenden Compromise - last attempt at amendment against barring slavery below 36' 30 line - fails 1860: Election of 1850 - Lincoln (Rep) defeats Douglas (Dem) - Lincoln not abolitionist 1860-1865: The Civil War -1860: South Carolina secedes. -Beginning of Industrial Revolution - "Guilded Age" 1861: The Civil War begins at Fort Sumter - Beauregard (S)fires first shot -"Necessity Knows no Law" - Lincoln increases army,navy, 1st income tax, green backs, no freedomof press or speech, Villandigham (Copperhead - Peace Dem) jailed -Confederacy established - Davis - President; Stephens - VP 1861: Kansas admitted as a free state -Ex Parte Marryman - Lincoln suspends habeas corpus andpasses martial law in Maryland - Taney says only Congress canSuspend habeas corpus -Bull Run - South wins - Civil War becomes long 1862: Pacific RR Act - partially fed. funded - gave land for RR -Homestead Act - 1862 - gov. land grants for agricultural college 1863: Battle at Antietam -Banking Acts (1863, 1864) - establish federally charted banks -Draft Riot - NY -The Emancipation Proclamation. -Battle of Gettysburg - turning point -Lincoln announces "10 Percent Plan." - lenient plan -must plan allegiance to US 1864: Election of 1864 - Lincoln (Rep) defeats McClellan (Dem) -Wade - Davis Bill: South divided into military units until majority pledges allegiance and bans slavery -Wade - Davis Manifesto: Congress controls Reconstruction -Pullman Car and Refrigerated Car invented -Sand Creek Massacre - Chivington attacks defenseless Indian village 1865: Civil War Ends - Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, VA -1865: Freedman's Bureau is established - education and food -Lincoln is assassinated - Andrew Johnson becomes president -Johnson's amnesty plan - pardons almost all Confederates -Thirteenth Amendment - abolishes slavery 1866: Ex Parte Milligan - Military courts can't try civilians when civil courts are open -Civil Rights Act is passed over Johnson's veto - gave blacks equal rights -National Labor Union formed - short lived - attempted political involvement (womens rights, temperance, 8hr day, cooperatives) -Fetterman Massacre - troops killed 1867: Alaska Purchased. -Grange - organization formed by Kelly for social and educational reform for the farmer - Farmers face deflation, debt, drought, depression -Reconstruction Acts - divide South into 5 military units, protect black voting, est. new constitutions 1868: Tenure of Office Act - Pres. Can't remove any appointed official without Senate consent -declared unconstitutional - Congress can't take away powers of Pres. -14th Amendment - All persons born/ naturalized within US are citizens - equal protection -Ku Klux Klan begins. -Washita River - Custer destroys Cheyenne village -Carnegie Steel Company is formed. -Election of 1868: Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem) 1869: Transcontinental RR completed from Union Pacific and Central Pacific -Knights of Labor formed - secret 1870: Fifteenth Amendment is ratified - right to vote can't be determined by race, color, etc. -Force Acts - to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments -Standard Oil Company is formed. 1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal - stock holders of RR constructioncompany overcharge gov. for job -Election 1872: Grant re-elected 1873: Slaughterhouse Cases - 14th Am doesn't place fed gov't underobligation to protect basic rights concerning monopolies 1874: Red River Wars - last attempt to resist reservations -Farmers Alliances - anti-RR pools, rebates, pass Granger laws 1875: Civil Rights Act - gave blacks equal rights -Pearl Harbor acquired. 1876: Battle of Little Bighorn. - Custer killed -U.S. vs. Reese- allows voting qualifications - literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause -Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. -Election 1876: Hayes (Rep) defeats Tilden (Dem) 1877: Munn vs. Illinois - If in interest of public good, than states can regulate prices reasonably -Compromise of 1877 - Hays becomes president, troops withdraw from South 1878: Hall vs. DeCuir - allowed segregation -Bland - Allison Act - coined a limited number of silver -Treaty of 1878 - get rights to Pago- Pago, Samoa 1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric light. -Knights of Labor go public - Pres. Powderly - no strike stand - both skilled and unskilled -too diverse 1880's: Dust Bowl begins 1880: Election of 1880: Garfield (Rep) defeats Hancock (Dem); Garfield dies - V.P. Chester Arthur 1881: Tuskeegee Institute is founded. -Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act -European Restriction Act 1883: Brooklyn Bridge is completed. -Civil Rights Cases: allowed individual discrimination -More Jim Crow laws passed 1884: Election of 1884: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Blaine (Rep) 1886: The American Federation of Labor is founded by Gompers - for skilled only (no women/ blacks) - dealt only with labor - used strikes -Interstate Commerce Act - regulate RR and private businesses -Haymarket Incident - 1886 - peaceful turned violent - people think unions are radical 1887: Interstate Commerce Commission - forbid long haul / shorthaul practices -American Protective Association - Anti-Catholic -Dawes Severalty Act - government break up land individually -break up farms - failed 1888: Election of 1888- Harrison (Rep) defeats Cleveland (Dem) 1889: Jane Addams founds Hull House -Berlin Conference - US, Britain and Germany agree to joint protection of Samoa - doesn't work -1st Pan American Conference - trade agreement -Bering Sea Controversy - over seals 1890: North American Women's Suffrage Association is founded. -The Sherman Antitrust Act. - "Trusts in restraint of trade are illegal" -1890-1900: Blacks are deprived of the vote in the South. -Wounded Knee - Indians revolt to outlawing the sacred ghost dance - Last Indian war -Sherman Silver Purchase Act - gov't buys silver but doesn't coin - curb inflation -McKinley Tariff Act - raises tariffs 1892: The Homestead Strike -at Carnegie Steel - Pinkerton guards and troops put down strike -Miners strike - Idaho -General Electric Company formed. -Populist Omaha Platform - 8hr work day, nationalization of RR,inflation, coinage of silver, anti- rich capitalist, decrease tariff -Election of 1892: Cleveland (Rep) defeats Harrison (Dem) andWeaver (Populist) 1893: Depression -Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed - devalued gold 1894: The Pullman strike - Pullman Co. controls prices butfires workers - Am Railway Union strikes -Coxey's Army marches on Wash. for unemployment relief 1895: U.S. vs. E. C. Kight Company. - difference betweenmanufacturing and commerce - manufacturing doesn't fall under anti - Trust Act -Pollack vs. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. - income tax is unconstitutional -In reDebs - strikes are a restraint of trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act -Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech - both races must accept and help each other - blacks have to earn rights 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson - "Separate but Equal" -Election of 1896: McKinley (Rep) defeats Bryan (Dem) -Cross of Gold Speech by Bryan 1897: Dingley Tariff - raises tax on duties 1898: Spanish American War - because of election year and yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst) -Maine explodes - "Remember the Maine" -DeLome Letter - criticizes McKinley -Williams vs. Miss. Upheld literacy test -Get Hawaii -Peace of Paris: Gives Cuba Independence and US gets Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam 1899: Samoa divided between US and Germany -Teller Amendment - gave Cuba freedom -Open Door Notes - Hay - agree to territorial integrity of China 1900: National Negro Business League founded by Booker T. Washington -Gold Standard Act - gold standard unit of value -Progressive Era - cure corruption, anti-monopolies, temperance, help immigrants and labor, building codes, public utilities -Boxer Rebellion - Chinese nationalist rebel - foreign nations unite to put down rebellion 1901: US Steel Corporation formed. -Platt Amendment - gave US a base in Cuba and permission for troops to intervene and consent to treaties -Insular Cases - Constitution does not follow the flag 1902: Coal Strike 1903: Department of Commerce and Labor created -Hay-Herran Treaty - for Panama canal - rejected by Columbia -Hay - Buena Varilla Treaty - gives US land in Panama -Elkins Act - dealt with RR rebates - part of "Square Deal" 1904: Panama Canal Zone acquired. -The National Child Labor Committee is formed. -Roosevelt Corollary: addition to Monroe Doctrine - made US a police force -Take over Dominican customs duty -Arbitrates in Venezuela dispute with Germany 1905: Industrial Workers of the World is formed. 1906: Upton Sinclair writes The Jungle - meat packing reform - resulted in Meat Inspection Act -Gentleman's Agreement - Japanese can return to school - if Japan limits immigration -T. Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth of Russo-Japanese War - receives Nobel Peace Prize -Hepburn Act - strengthened the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission -Pure Food and Drug Act - Established Food and Drug Administration 1907: Drago Doctrine - Invest in Latin America at own risk -Bank Panic 1908: Muller vs. Oregon - limited number of hours for women -Root-Takahira Agreement - Japan will honor Open Door Notes 1909: NAACP is founded. -Taft begins implementation of Dollar Diplomacy (Haiti, Nicaragua) -Payne-Aldrich Tariff - lowered tariffs -Ballinger - Pinchot Controversy - Ballinger, Sec. of Interior, dismissed - charged with not following nation;s conservation policy 1911: Standard Oil Co. vs. US - court determines what's a reasonable trust - Standard Oil Co. broken up 1913: The Sixteenth Amendment - authorized income taxes -The Seventeenth Amendment - direct popular election of Senate -Underwood Tariff - lowered duties -Federal Reserve Act - created federal reserve system 1914: The Federal Trade Commission is established. -The Clayton Antitrust Act - amendment to Sherman Anti-Trust Act - strengthed anti- monopolistic reform -Federal Trade Bill. -United States invades Veracruz in Mexico - US soldiers arrested 1915: The USS Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine -troops sent to Haiti 1916: Adamson Act - allowed government to take over RR - administered by McAdoo -troops sent to Dominican Republic -War Industries Board - coordinate production and mobilize - headed by Beruch -Food Administration - headed by Hoover -Leiver Act - set prices for agricultural products -Fuel Administration - headed by Garfield - control fuel prices 1917: US enters WWI -Great Migration - blacks move from South to North - causes race riots - Harlem Renaissance - Garvey back to Africa movement -Creel Committee: Public Info. - spread propaganda - formed Liberty Leagues 1918: National War Labor Board - Under Taft - prevented strikes -Armistice Day -Treaty of Versailles - Germany accepts full blame, demilitarize Rhineland, Ger. Looses all colonies 1918: Wilson's Fourteen Points -Espionage and Sedition Act.- suppress criticism, can't interfere with draft 1919: The Palmer Raids. -Shenck vs. US - "clear and present danger" - open opposition to war will undermine war effort -Abrahms vs.US - upheld Sedition Act -American Protective League - pro-war activists, prosecuted and censored -Senate rejects Versailles Treaty and League of Nations -Ireconcilables - Borah - disagree with Article X = involvement in foreign affair -Reservationist - Lodge - accept treaty if Article X is clarified - only Congress can commit troops -Eighteenth Amendment is ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages. -Race riots - Chicago -Volstead Act - enforced 18th Amendment 1920: Nineteenth Amendment grants Womens Suffrage. -Women vote 1st time -KDKA - 1st radio station -Sinclair Lewis writes Main Street -First Commercial radio broadcast. 1921: Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League. -Revenue Act - decreases taxes -Washington Disarmament Conference - limit naval arms -Post War Depression -Immigration Act - restricts immigration 1922: Sinclair Lewis writes Babbit -Fordney McCumber Tariff - high increase in duties 1923: Teapot Dome Scandal - Sec. of Interior Fall sells oil reserves to private industry -Harding dies 1924: McNary - Haugen Bill - vetoed - help farmers by buying surplus -Dawes Plan - helped Germany with reparation - provided loan -Peak of KKK 1925: The Scopes "Monkey" Trial -Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald 1926: Weary Blues by Hughes 1927: Charles Lindbergh flies from New York to Paris solo. -Immigration Law -Sacoo and Vanzitte executed -"The Jazz Singer" - 1st talkie 1929: Kellog - Briand Pact: Peace alliance -The Great Stock Market crash -Agricultural Market Act - establish Federal Farm Board - assistance to farmers -Tax Cut -Young Plan - reduced reparation payments, no longer involved in German economy 1930: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff - high protective tariff -London Naval Treaty - decrease number of ships 1931: Japan invades Manchuria 1932: Stimpson Doctrine -Federal Home Loan Bank Act - assist with morgages -Public Works Project -The Reconstruction Finance Corporation - part of trickle down economics - lent money to banks -Bonus Army - marches on DC to receive veterans bonus - Hoover sends in troops -Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President. 1933: New Deal begins -WPA - Works Progress Administration - employed artists, writers, photographers -CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps -NIRA- National Industrial Recovery Act - sets up NRA - business men make codes for min wages, hr. -Glass Stegall Banking Act - kept us on gold standard - and created FDIC - against bank runs -SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission - watched market prices -AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Association - paid farmers not to overproduce -TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority - bring electricity - competes with private industry -CWA - Civil Works Administration -NYA - National Youth Administration -HOLC - Home Owners Loan Corp. -"Good Neighbor" Policy - Repudiated Roosevelt Corollary -Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations -20th Amendment -Presidential term starts on Jan. 20 1934: NYE Investigation: determines cause of WWI -Indian Reorganization Act - restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. -Share the Wealth society founded by Huey Long - called for distribution of wealth 1935: Schechter Poultry Corporation vs. US - NRA unconstitutional - put legislative power under executive administration -Wagner Act: set up National Labor Relations Board -Fair Labor Standard Act - set min. wage and hours -CIO - Congress of Industrial Organization - labor union for skilled and semi-skilled -Social Security Acts - provided benefits to old and unemployed -Revenue Act - 1935 - tax the wealthy -1st Neutrality Act - stop selling munitions to belligerents - Am. can't travel on belligerent ships 1936: Butler vs. US - AAA unconstitutional - put taxes on processing -2nd London Conference on disarmament -2nd Neutrality Act - no lending money to belligerent nations 1937: 3rd Neutrality Act: Cash n' Carry (pay for it and transport it yourself) - doesn't apply to Latin America and China -Quarantine Speech - isolate belligerent nations -Panay Incident- Japanese bomb Am. ship - U.S demands only apologies and reparations -Japan moves into East China - US does nothing 1938: End of New Deal Reforms. -John Steinback's Grapes of Wrath 1940: Selective Service - peace time draft -Destroyers for Bases Deal -Smith Act - finger printing of aliens 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor -Lend Lease - lend materials for war -US enters WWII. -Relocation Camps for Japanese 1942: Congress of Racial Equality - prevent segregation and discrimination -Revenue Act of 1942 - effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII 1943: Office of Price Administration - seals prices, rations food -Detroit race riots - government does nothing -Casablanca Conference - FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies -Cairo Conference - conference of the Allied leaders to seek Japan's unconditional surrender. -Tehran Conference - FDR, Stalin, Churchill to discuss strategy against Germany 1944: GI Bill - benefits for veterans - money for education, mortgage - creates middle class -D-Day - July 6, 1944 1945: Yalta Conference - Allies meet to decide on final war plans -Battle of Bulge - Last German offensive -Okinawa - deadly military campaign on Pacific island -US joins the United Nations -Nationwide strikes due to inflation - OPA disbanded -A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki -Germany and Japan surrender ending World War II -Roosevelt dies - Truman VP -Potsdam Conference - Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Germany to set up zones 1946: Kennan containment - prevent spread of communism -Employment Act - goal to have full employment -Atomic Energy Act - establish Atomic Energy Commission - develop better bombs -President's commission on Civil Rights - advocate rights -Philippines get independence -Churchill's "Iron Curton" speech in response to Russian aggression 1947: The Marshall Plan - economic aid to Europe after WWII -Taft -Hartley Act - 80 cooling period not to strike - labor leaders must sign Non-Communist oath -Truman Doctrine - financial commitment to nations fighting Communism -Federal Employee Loyalty Program - anti-communistic oaths -National Security Act - created CIA -Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier 1948: Election of 1848- Truman defeats Dewey and Thurman(DixiCrat) -Truman desegregates armed forces -Berlin Blockade - Berlin Airlift -OAS - Alliance of North America and South America -Alger Hiss Case - convicted of purgery -Nuremberg trials 1949: NATO formed -Communistic Victory in China -Russia's 1st A-Bomb -Department of Defense created -West and East Germany created -Fair Deal: most don't pass; Housing Act (construction increases); minimum wage increases -Orwell, Ninteen Eighty-Four 1950: Korean War begins - enter because of containment -McCarren Internal Security Act - illegal to contribute to Communism -McCarthyism - fear of communism wide spread -National Security Council Memo 68 - beginning of massive defense spending 1951: 22nd Amendment - President can only serve 2 terms or 10 years -Denis vs. United States- upheld Smith Act under "clear and present danger clause" -Catcher in the Rye - Salinger -US - Japanese Treaty - bases in Japan -ANZUS - Australia, New Zealand, and US ally -MacArthur fired by Truman - invades China 1952: Election of 1952: Eisenhower (Will end war) vs. Stevenson 1953: Rosenbergs executed -terminate reservations for N.A. -Armistice in Korea - 38th parallel -Shah of Iran returns to power in coup - to keep Iran from going Communistic -Krushchev in control of Russia 1954: Army - McCarthy hearings - brought down Joseph McCarthy -Brown vs. Board of Education - overturns Plessy vs. Furguson decision -SEATO - alliance Turkey, US, Iraq, and Iran -Fall of Dien Bien Phu - French loose in Vietnam -Geneva Conference - reduction of nuclear weapons, divide Vietnam along 17th parallel - elections in a year -Mao bombs Taiwan - Eisenhower threatens to send troops in and the A-bomb - brinkmanship -China bombs Taiwan - Eisenhower sends in troops - China backs off 1955: Montgomery bus boycott begins - Rosa Parks -AFL and the CIO merge -Warsaw Pact: USSR and Eastern European allies unite to counter NATO 1956: Election of 1956: Eisenhower re-elected: ended Korean "War" and balanced budget -Suez Crisis - Egyptian President nationalizes canal -Howl - by Allen Ginsberg - bohemianism - Beat Generation -Interstate Highway Act - building federal roads; movement into rural area; creation of suburbs -Hungarian Revolution - rebel against Communism - US doesn't support -US puts Diem in power in South Vietnam -Election 1956: Eisenhower defeats Stevenson again 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine - extends to Truman Doctrine to Middle East - help fight Commies -Domino Theory - if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another that one would fall, producing a domino effect. -Baby Boom peaks -Civil Rights Act- create permanent civil rights commission - supervise voting -Little Rock school desegregation -Russians launch Sputnik - space race -1st nuclear power plant -On the Road - Jack Kerouac 1958: National Defense Education Act- funding to math, science, and language programs -NASA formed 1959: Cuban Revolution -Castro invades -Labor Reform Act - protect employees -Alaska and Hawaii admitted as states 1960: U-2 incident - US spy plane goes down in USSR - convert operation discovered -Greensboro sit -in -Civil Rights Act - federal government registers black voters -Election 1960: Kennedy (Dem) defeats Nixon (Rep) - 1st TV debate -National Lieration Front - Viet Cong formed 1961: Bay of Pigs: attempt to overthrow Castro - fails -Trade Embargo on Cuba -Alliance for Progress - to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs. -Berlin wall built to stop crossing -Peace Corps - encouraged US citizens to help third world countries -Coup regime in Vietnam - Diem assassinated -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - an Arab majority - oil trade - joined together to protect themselves. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR sends missiles to Cuba - US removes missiles from Turkey and USSR from Cuba -Baker vs. Carr - end of gerrymandering - manipulating voting districts -Engel v. Vitale - prayer in public schools were banned on violation the First Amendment. -Silent Spring Rachel Carson - on pollution -Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty 1963: Kennedy assassinated by Oswald - Johnson becomes President -Test Ban Treaty - no testing in atmosphere or ocean - US, USSR, Br -March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. I have a Dream Speech -The Feminine Mystique , Betty Ferdan 1964: 24th Amendment - outlaws poll tax -US enters Vietnam War - Tonkin Gulf - 1 bullet fired at US ship causes war: -Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Johnson can police Vietnam -War Powers Act - restrained president's ability to commit troops overseas -Economic Opportunity Act: Job Core for youth training; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA); Office of Economic Opportunity - establish Equal Opportunity Laws -Civil Rights Act: public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race. -Tax reduction -Great Society- Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti- Poverty, Prudence and Progress. 1965: Medicare and Medicaid - aid to elderly -Higher Education Act - Federal Scholarships -Ralph Nadar's Unsafe at any Speed -criticized poor construction and design of automobiles -Watts, Detroit race riots - army sent in -Voting Rights Act - it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had notbeen allowed to vote before. 1966: Department of Housing and Urban Development established -Department of Transportation created -National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act - promote car safety requirements -Miranda vs. Arizona -the accused must be read his/her rights -National Organization for Women (NOW) - advocate equal rights 1967: 25th Amendment - Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP 1968: Election of 1968 - JFK shot; Nixon elected -Nixon's "New Federalism" - returning power to the states -Vietnamization begins - war extends -TET - Viet Cong attacks during Vietnamese holiday -War extended to Laos and Cambodia -Civil Rights Act - attempted to provide Blacks with equal-opportunity housing. 1969: Vietnamization begins - slow withdrawal of troops from Vietnam -Nixon Doctrine - reducing number of troops abroad by helping nations economically and militarily -Armstrong walks on the moon -Warren E. Burger appointed - a conservative to fill Earl Warren's liberal spot. -U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral 1970: Kent State - Protest war - troops sent in - 4 die 1971: Reed vs. Reed - outlawed sexual discrimination -Desegregation - kids bused into black/white schools -New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation 1972: Election of 1972: Nixon re-elected defeating McGovern in largest landslide victory -Nixon visits Red China and Russia: eases tensions -SALT1: Nuclear arms limitation agreement -Watergate Scandal begins: burglarizing and wiretapping the national headquarters of the Democratic Party - investigation headed by Baker -Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes 1973: VP Agnue resigns: Ford replaces him -Treaty of Paris: Ends Vietnam - troops withdrawn - Vietnam temp. divided again -Gideon vs. Wainwright - court decided that state and local courts must provide counsel for defendants in felony cases -Roe vs. Wade - restricting abortion is unconstitutional. 1974: Nixon resigns -Ford pardons Nixon -Vietnam becomes Communistic -Kaher roge - ruthless regime established in Cambodia 1975: US ship Mayaquez attacked by Cambodia - crew rescued -South Vietnam becomes Communist 1976: Election of 1975: Carter defeats Ford 1977: US gives up rights to Panama Canal in 1999 1978: China and US agree to establish diplomatic relations 1979: Create Department of Energy and Department of Education -Fuel shortage -Camp David Accords: Peace between Israel and Egypt -Shah expelled from Iran: American embassy taken hostage: Carter's rescue mission fails -SALT II - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with Russia - removed after Russia attacked Afghanistan -Three Mile Island - power plant failure emits radiation in Pennsylvania 1980: : Election of 1980: Reagan wins with his "Reaganomics" program of reducing taxes and spending -"supply-side" and "trickle-down" economics -Iran hostages released -Olympic Boycott - The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1981: Air Traffic Controllers Strike -Assassination attempt on Reagan -Economic Recovery Tax Bill -Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman Supreme Court justice 1983: Military invasion of Grenada (Caribbean island) to stop Communism -American peacekeeping force in Lebanon attacked by terrorists - 241 dead 1984: Taxes increase 1986: US bombs terrorist targets in Libya 1988:............ Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) limiting intermediate-range nuclear missiles with Russia

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AP United States history/Identifications for AP Review—Compzkd by Adam Crocker, Elizabeth Dooley, and Emma Vaughn CIIAPTER2 1. Puritan Separatists/Plymoulh Plantalion/Pilgrims/Mayflower Compact: Puritan Separatists were a group of English Puritans who left England lo seek religious freedom. They first went Lo (lie Netherlands. and in 1620 to America. They were sponsored by Thomas Weston and other merchants who had received a patent for a settlement from the Virginia Company of London Eighteen famiIie cent across the Atlantic ¡n the Mayflower with the agreement thai they would send back goods to Pngland to pay for their new land, In November cl 1620, the Mayflower landed al Plymouth, outside the bounds of Virginia. Since they had no legal right to be there. leaders and forced adult males in the group to sign the Mayflower Compact that created a civil government for all of them. ako called a 'civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James L This group of Puritans known as I'iIgrim% created the colony ofl'Iymoulh Plantation. The colony wa aided by the knowledge oulocal Indians. 2. Sir Walter Raleigh came to North America as part uf Elizabethan expansion in 1558. because of a lust for action and a readiness lo lead overseas adventures. In 1587, Raleigh sponsored a colony on Roanoke Island oft of what is now North Carolina. Raleigh founded this colony based on the dream of a place where the English, Spanish, and Blacks could live together in a productive colony sponsored by England. The leader uf thc colony, John White, went back to England tu get supplies however, when he returned he found nothing. Roanokc came to be known as the "Lt CoIon". The failure of Roanoke delayed the establishment of more English colonies for seventeen years. 3. Richard I lakluyt. an assodate of Sir Walter Raleigh and a geographer, was a member of the company of adventures promoting the colonization of Virginia. l-le published collections of explorers' accounts The Principle Navigations, Voyages and Dicaveries of thí' English Nation. He argued that England needed colonies to protect itself against Spain. His books circulated widely, popularizing the idea of settlement and enticing interest in it throughout England. 4. Virginia Company of Plymouth was chartered by King James lin 164)6 for merchants and others who wanted to set up trading colonies in America, from Maine to the Potomac. A colony was founded on the Maine coast, hut failed after une harsh winter The charter of the failed Virginia Company of Plymouth was bought by a group of Puntan Separatists, who were seeking to escape religious intolerance. Puritans established l'lymouth Colony in 1620 near the place where the previous colony failed. 5. Virginia Company of London was chartered by King james liii 1606 to settle lands extending from Cape Fear north to the Hudson River (made possible after Spain renounced its claims to Virginia). This grant overlapped with the one issued to Virginia Company of Plymouth. and it was understood that the land in question would go to first successful colonizer. 105 settlers dispatched to settlement on the James River near Chesapeake Bay (called Jamestown) in 1607. First colonists (mostly single men of English gentry) searched for gold and failed to plant crops. By th time relief ships arrived in January 1608, only 38 survivors remained, Company gave control of Jamestown in September 1608 to Captain John Smith (28, experienced in wars against Spanish and Turks). Smith instituted harsh discipline, organized settlers and required them to build houses and plant food. When Smith returned England after serious injuries, of the 500 residents in Sept. 1609, only 100 lived to MaylôlO. By 1623. the Virginia Co. of London declared bankruptcy after years of wars against Indians and Virginia became a royal colony. 6. jamestown was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London. near the Chesapeake Bay. The first colonists hunted for gold instead of farming and the colony was run by anarchy until the arrival of John Smith in 1608, a soldier who instituted harsh discipline. The colony was also plagued by many problems with the Indians, except when Smith was in charge. Smith had to leave in 1609 and the colony crumbled Shortly after John Rolle took over and introduced the growing of tobacco, which helped them prosper. In 1619 the colony started the I louse of Burgesses, the beginning of representative government in North America. 7. Captain John Smith left fur America with the London Company in 1606. Upon arrival he was appointed to the governing council of Jamestown. ¡ le helped to establish trade routes and lead colonists and settlers through the winter of starving time' as a resourceful leader only losing 12 men. l-le was also successful in creating good ties with the Powhatan Confederacy. 8. John Rolfe was an Englishman who married Pocahontas and figured out how tu grow tobacco in Virginia. Virginia had previously been relatively small due to a lack of profitable exports and war with the Powhatan Indians. By1619, Virginia was making enormous profits by exporting the tobacco. The Virginia Company then financed the colony and brought over many more settlers (mostly families and women to encourage permanence). 9. The House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in British North America. It was established in Virginia in 1619 and was comprised of 22 burghesses (2 chosen by the planters of each town or plantation) and the governor. By mid-17'5 century. the government of Virginia split into a bicameral legislature—the elected House of Burghesses became its lower house and the Governor's Council or upper house was appointed by the cTown. fhi.s form of legislation became the prototYpe (or US congress. 10. Mayflower Compact (See $1) CHAPTER3 11. Puritan Non-Separatists/Massachusetts Bay Companyl"City Upon a Hill":The Massachusetts Bay Company, made up of several Non-Puritan merchants, obtained a charter to settle north of the Separatist colony at Plymouth The colony's seat of government was located in New England, set up as self-governing colony under Gos' John Winthrop. In 1630 Winthrop led 11 ships and 700 passengers to New England. On the way, he delivered "A City Upon a Hill" sermon, which set out the new Puritan colony to be the ideal colony, an example to England, revive piety, and make England a nation of saints 12. Governor John Winthrop was th leader of the Non.Separatist Puritans who sailed to Ncw England in 163O On the way. h delivered th' lamous sermon A Modt'l oíChritian Charity'. ako known as 11w "city upon a hill" sermon. Jn this specch. %rjflthrop prøclaimcd his hope that Puritans would etabIish a godly community'. (in contrast to EngI.indL that would be an exampli? to aU. Winthrop espcia1ly dinounced the economic cumpetitivn that hindered the cria6vn oía pious community and proposcd k) rc?medy it by combined forces of religion and governmcnL 13. Roger Williams was a miniswr who preached compkte separation oF church and state and chalknged the legal basis of ængÆgationalism He argued that church should remain dktinct from and uninvolved with political or legal matteni as he believed thcie would corrupt the šaints and conaminaL their purity. He also believed that Indians houId be paid for lands taken by new settlers. Prosecuted and expelled, he moved south where 1w establi,hed a city he named Providence. on land he purchased from Indians. By 1M7. as more dissenters moved there. Providence became haed on complete freedom of religion. 14. Harvard College was tounded by the Puritans in1636 to train clergy for their congregations and to administer the community ol saints. This made Massachusetts the only American colony with an educated elite class in the L7 c. 15. Reverend John Cotton was the chiel architect ot the Non Separatists' idea of congregationalism (see chapter outline). He gave the idea that the control of the colony should be placed in the hands of male saints, He laid the foundations for the Puritan tlwocracr. This eventually proved to be controversial and led to much dissent (Roger Wdliams. Anne Hutchinson). 16 Anne Huichinson presented a challenge to the traditional New England ways. Many ol her ideas came froni the ol lohn Cotton who stressed that saints be free of religious or political control by anyone who had not undergone conversion. She attacked the clergy, and ultimately claimed that there were only two saints in the colony, John Cotton and her brother in law. I-1er followers were known as Antinorninans, meaning they opposed the rule of law. She was brought to trial before the Massachusetts Bay Legislature. She was "condemned by her own words" (since she claimed she had directly communicated with holy Spirit). She was tried twice--once for sedition and then for heresy, and was banished. Thereafter, new restrictions were placed on women. She settled in New Netherlands where she died in Dutch wars against Indians. 17. Pequot Indians controlled lands between the I ludson and Connecticut over valleys. As more settlers moved into New England, pressure for land led to confrontations. The English waged a ruthless campaign against them, using surprise attacks on their villages and killing under torture all they captured By late 1630s, Pequot resistance was crushed. Another New England conflict involving Indians is the King Philip's War in the 1670s. The conflict began in Plymouth Plantation as Separatist Puritans, eager to expand their lands, demanded that Wampanoag Indians convert to Oirislianitv, congregate in 'praying towns' and relinquish their lands. Melacom, a Native American leader known as King Philip, gathered two-thirds of the Native Americans of New England. Their army was as well armed as the Puritans. Metaconi's forces started out strong,. devastating the countryside and wiping out twelve of New England's 90 towns. Things changed the next year in 1676 when the Puritan militia destroyed the opposition's food supplies and sold many of the enemies into slavery. The war reduced the Indian population in New England by almost 40% and reduced open Indian resistance to white expansion. It also ended missionary work among the Indians. 18. Salem Witch Trials plagued New England Puritan communities in the late I7' century (1692) Several girls in Salem Village began behaving strangely and denouncing saints and were therefore thought to be victims of witchcraft and were immediately imprisoned. Most often the women accused were middle-aged wives and widows. The accused mostly resided in the eastern section of Salem, the richer side, and the accusers resided mostly in the west, the poorer side. Those condemned were executcd The "witch hunt' was greatly a result of worry about the new social changes (see class ilotes) Accusations of witchcraft were simply scapegoating to avoid growing tensions between farmers that were community-minded and merchants that were individually concerned. These tensions heightened realization that "city upon a hilr was no longer relevant to new generations 19. Lord Baltimore received his grant or proprietorship from the crown as reward in 1632. This was the beginning of land grants being awarded to proprietors as opposed to joint stock companies. He named the large tract east of Chesapeake Bay Maryland in honor Englands Queen Henrietta Maria. He exercised broad powers despite the existence of an elected assembly, which liad to approve all laws, and despite the fact that matters of trade and war remained under the jurisdiction ot the Crown. He intended the new colony as a haven for English Catholics, though it was mostly settled by Protestants. Catholics held important offices in government and dominated the economy as large planters. lie enacted Act Religious Toleration in 1649. 20. Act of Religious Toleration was passed in 1649, the first such law in colonial North America. It was to tame the religious tension that had gradually developed in Maryland as Catholics and Protestants argued over distribution of power (Catholics were large planters and controlled the appointive upper house, while Protestants were mostly tenant farmers and sought office in the elective lower house). The Protestant majority eventually repealed the act 21. Bacon's Rebellion began in 1676, when Nathaniel Bacon, a member of Virginia's Royal Council, was elected by many settlers to lead them against nearby Indians, Bacon wanted authority to wage war against aU Indians. Pressured by former indentured servants seeking cheap land on the frontier, Virginia passed a law that stipulated that all Indians who left their viLlages were to be considered enemies and tiwir lands could be confiscated. This unleashed a campaign of violence against them. The Governor recalled Bacon and his troops Bacon then turned against Virginia, offering freedom to slaves and servants, to undermine the economic backbone of the landed elite. Bacon's death of dysentery brought the rebellion to an end Bacon's Rebellion revealed a soc eLy "under deep internal stress"--thc inability of the governor and legislative body to control the land-hungry ex-indentured servants as ivell as the fragile hold of the governor on individuals living within the colony; it also reflected the scramble for Indian lands as more people settled in the region and as freed indentured servants moved to the frontier seeking cheap land. n. Peter Stuyvesant was the strict and religiously intolerant leader of the New Netherlands colony. The involvement of his colony in the fur trade often led to clashes with the Iroquois and the Algonquians. He expanded New Netherlands by conquering New Sweden (present day New Jersey and Delaware and SOLItIICaSteVn Pennsylvania) in 1655, which led to armed conflict with the Algonquiaim His lands were settled by Dutch, Swedes, English Quakers. Anglicans, Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, and Dutch Calvinists. Economic L)ppûrtunitW5 helped maintain religious harmony until he was forced to peacelully surrender his land to England's Charles II in 1664.. 23. Society of Friends/Quakers were a religious body originating in England in the middle of the 1 7" c. led by George Fox. Claiming that no theologically trained priest is needed to establish communion between the soul and Cod, Fox taught that everyone could receive understanding and guidance in divine truth from their own inner light. The Friends regarded sacraments as nonessential to Christian life. They refused to attend worship in the ectablished church and to pay tithes. They also resisted the requirement to take oaths and opposed war. Believing in the equality of all men and women, Friends would not remove their hats before their alleged superiors. Consequently, they were subject to persecution in England. They settled in Rhode Island and in Pennsylvania, wherein 1682 William Penn established his colony. Alter the Revolution, Friends took part in major reform movements. abolitionism, prison reform, improvement of insane asylums, mitigation of penal code, and betterment of education. 24. William Penn was appointed as proprietor olthe last unallocated tract of English territory--Pennsylvania. A Quaker, he founded the colony as "holy experiement" and offered Quakers the opportunity to make laws according to their ideals. Pennsylvania seemed the ideal community: religious toleration and economic opportunity allowed Indians, Quakers, Presbyterians, Baptists, Anglicans, and Catholics to live in harmony. He founded Philadelphia with a grid design, allowing for parks, and his frame of government created a strong executive under his leadership. Under Penn. Indian lands were bought to accommodate increasing numbers of settlers. Named 'The City of Brotherly Lave.' Philadelphia became the capital of PA and a major port. 25. Frame of Government (constitution), established by William Penn, featured a strong executive brandi (a governor and governors council) and a lower chamber (the assembly) with limited power. Penn hated intolerance and arbitrary governance, so he offered Quakers the opportunity to make laws according to their ideals. The frame established a strong executive (governor and his council) and a lower chamber or assembly with limited legislative powers. Quakers dominated the lower chamber and Penn often named them to government positions. Penn's "peaceable kingdom" turned into a mess after he returned to England for about 15 years, as large planters refused to pay taxes and tariffs. By the 1 t c, the legislature was reduced to one chamber and was allowed to initiate legislation. Nonetheless, PA remained one of the more stable colonies in British No America. CIIAI'TER4 26. Navigation Acts of 1651,1660,1663 were laws that limited imperial trade to British-owned ships whose crews were 3/4 British in an attempt to improve British merchant fleet They mandated that the colonial export of "enumerated goods" pass through England. These regulations lowered profits of rice and tobacco prod ucers only by 3%; colonial trade remained lucrative. 27. Sir Edmund Andres was governor of New York (1674—SD where he was bitterly criticized for his high-handed methods in disputes over boundaries and duties. When James Il consolidated all New England colonies into the Dominion of New England, he named Andros governor, in 168K, New York and the Jerseys were also put under his control. The suppression of charters and colonial assemblies and Andres' overbearing ways caused intense friction. After the Glorious Revolution, the colonials in Boston rebelled (1689), seized Andros and other officials, and sent them to England as prisoners, thus directly challenging the Crown's centralization attempts. The Dominion of New England was dismantled and colonists reclaimed their original charters. 28. Leisler's Rebellion is the 1689 New York rebellion led by Jacob l.eisler, who was one of New York's most prominent Dutch merchants and land developers. In the wake of the Glorious Revolution, he assumed the role of King William Ill's (himself a Dutchman) governor of New York- Leisler's administration of New York split the province into two distinct camps, along ethnic lines (Dutch and English). i.eisler's rebellion controlled New York for two years, but eventually ended in 1691. Reluctant to relinquish power to the newly appointed royal governor, Leisler himself was charged and hanged for treason, The province was ultimately returned to English control, and reprisals against Dutch rebels took place. The new governor introduced Anglicanism, against the wishes of the dissenting majority. Leisler implemented a program based on direct popular representation that had wide impact from the Chesapeake to New England. The following year he called for and hosted English America's first inter- colonial congress and organized the first inter-colonial military action against French and Indians. While Dutch-English tension did not disappear with the end of Leisler's rebellion, the Dutch were never again a real threat to English control of the province. 29. King William's War began between a European coalition induding England against France and led British colonists of the northeast to invade New France. The Iroquois fought on the British side, lost nearly 1/4 of their warriors and dended to remain neutral in future wars. i'his allowed them to play the British and French against one another, maintaining balance of power. 30. Stono Rebellion of 1739 is a slave uprising in South Carolina. The slaves stole guns and ammunition from a store on the Stono River Bridge near Charleston and began marching South toward St. Augustine. in Spanish Florida. They recruited more slaves along the way. The Spanish, looking to cause unrest within the English colonies, had issued a proclamation stating that any slave who deserted to St Augustine would be given land and freedom. Some plantations were burned and some planters were killed. Mounted militiamen captured the slaves and killed them, placing their spiked heads along mileposts to Charleston. The rebellion 'proved' southern planters' fears of imminent slave uprisings and led to the adoption of a slave code that mandated strict supervision of slaves and threatened masters with fines for not disciplining their slaves. The code also required that manumission (the freeing of slaves by an individual planter) be subject to legislative approval. The code prohibited slaves from owning food, learning to read, and assembling in groups. The harsh punishment against the runaways also postponed the occurrence of large scale slave rebellions in the South. 31. The Walking Purchase was a requIt of Pennsylvanias thrwt against the Delawares land. Having already takrn o'r most of their Iand in the early 18e' c, P'nn5ylvania Ieadcr produced a fraudulcnt document, dat'd 1686, in which DeIawar promised to sell their land as far west as a main could walk in a day nd half. Pennsylvania leaders hired three men to walk west as íat as they could and demanded that the land bc ceded to PA. This episode indicates how depopulation and dislocation of Indians allowed for colonial expansion in the piedmont. The Delawares were forced to move, and the proprietors made a huge profits. 32. Covenant Chain was a seriei of agnements the Iroquois entered to relvcate Indians. whose lands colonists desired. Tribes were moved to areas near NV and PA, to serve as buffers against English expaiviion. By agreeing to the covenant. the Iroquois created a center of Indian power that cooperated with the British. who then issued the Proclamation Line of 1763 to protect them. 33. Georgia/James Oglethorpe: C.eorgia was chartered by Parliament as a royal colony to be a refuge for debtors, whose settlements would butter South Carolina from Spanish attacks. James ()glethorpe was an English general and a member of the English i-louse of Commons. He and 19 .isociates were granted a royal charter for Georgia and becanìe trustees of the colony. Ha founded Savannah, established friendly relations with neighboring Creeks, and set about perfecting the colony's defense against the Spanish. building forts. He banned rum and slavery in the colony. which aroused opposition. This led to his recall to England. Since few debtors and immigrants sought refuge in Georgia and since the monarclys inve%tments in the silk and wine business did not yield major profits, the trustees of Georgia removed the ban on rum and slavery in order to encourage settlement and the cultivation of rice as a cash crop. The founding of Georgia completes Bntish settlement on the Atlantic coast. 34. Benjamin FranklinjPoor Richard's AlmanacfAmerican Philosophical Society: Franklin was a printer, philosopher, and scientist. Upon moving to Philadelphia, he gathered a small group of young men with a zest for learning and began publishing Poor Richard's Almaniw. which was a collection of proverbs. Franklin believed that science and commumty service were intertwined. He organized the American Philosophical Society to encourage a11 philosophical experiments that let light into the nature of things. tend to increase the power of man over matter and multiply the conveniences and pleasures of liíe. His publications, his clear and precise style, and wit helped disseminate the ideas nf the Enlightenment in British North America. 35. Jonathan Edwards was a Congregationalist minister during First Great Awakening. He emphasized the corruption of human nature, the fury of divine wrath, and the need for immediate repentance. Edwards preached the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God during a revival in Northampton, Mass., in which he warned the wicked of the terrible punishments awaiting them in the afterlife. Though he upheld such Calvinistic doctrines as predestination, he insisted that man had freedom to choose alternative courses when Forces outside him inclined" his will to choose (influence of Enlightenment). ¡ Je created much controversy because he refused to give communion to unconverted church members. After serving as a missionary to Indians in Stockbridge. MA, he became president of College of New England (now Princeton) in l75, but died that same year. 36. George Whitefield was an English cleric whose overpowering presence and booming voice awed many crowds. He pulled together the 'diverse threads of revival but also attracted many extremists, which led to divisions within the revival movement. Whitefield was the leader of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. ChAPTERS 37. King Georges War, known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succession, pitted England against France 1740-174W During this war, the New Englanders' assault of the French fortress of Louishourg in Nova Scotia, at the mouth of the St. t.awrence River, resulted in the victory of the American colonists. However, in a treaty signed with the French in 1748, the British traded Louisbourg back in exchange for privileges in South Asia. This led to colonist resentment because it showed that the American colonies did not present a focus of Great Britain's imperial policy. 38. l.ouisbourg was a French Fortress in Nova Scotia, at the entrance to the St. Lawrence River. Colonial recruits from New England attacked it during King George's War, and after 7 weeks of lighting,, emerged victorious. In a 17411 treaty with the French, the British traded Louishourg for a trade ciutxst in India, Colonists were upset at how their victory was put aside as unimportant. This also shos'ed that the attention of British foreign policy was not focused on North America at this time. 39. Albany Plan of Union was a proposal by Ben Franklin of Pennsylvania and Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts. Seven northern colonies sent delegates to Albany. NY. to plan their mutual defense against French retaliation, Indian raids, and British inaction. Delegates endorsed a plan for a colonial confederation—Albany Plan of Union, which collapsed because no colonial legislature would surrender control over its powers ol taxation. However, it provided a precedent for colonial cooperation. 40. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the British at end of Seven Years War It asserted royal control uf land transactions, settlements, and trade of non-Indians west of the Appalachians. It also recognized existing Indian land titles west of the proclamation line, which ran down the crest of the Appalachians. This angered colonists because it subordinated western land claims to imperial authority. The establishment al the proclamation line showed that the British were planning fur future expansion in America and undermined the agreement they had signed with Spain ceding them land west of the proclamation line. 41. James Otis was the Former prosecuting attorney for Boston's vice"admiraltv court. He resigned to protest the use of the writs of assistance. Ile argued that "an act against the Constitution is void". Ele declared that Parliament had no authority to violate the traditional rights of Englishmen" and that there were limits to the validity of certain laws passed. 42. The Sugar Act was passed to offset part of Britain's North American military expenses. it began with a 3-pence.per gallon tax, and triggered tension between Britain and the colonies. The act brought a lot of colonial commerce under imperial control, as valuable raw commodities would have to pass through Britain instead of going directly to foreign ports. It also complicated the nquirments for shipping. in that a captatn had to have all dumnt with him to demonsftah his trade legal This was put in place to counteract smuggling. The Sugar Act also discarded EngIih protections for a lair trial. Vicc-adrniralty courts now delivered the 'erdicL The enforoed tax on mo1asse, caused the almost immediate decline in the rum industry in the colonies. The combined elfcct of the new dutiei was to sharply reduce the colonists trade with the French West Indies. an important destination for lumber, flour, cheese, and assorted farm products. The situation disrupted the colonial economy by rcdudng the markets to 4rI1jCI1 the «Ionie5 could š.e1I, and the currency available to them for the purchase of British n1nLi1actured goods. 43. The Stamp Act was passed to force colonists to pay their share of the expen.ei in maántaining royal troops in North America alter the Seven Year War. British Prime Minister George Grenville thought that íairnes demanded a larger colonial contribution and enacted the Stamp Act. Americans were to use spedally marked /stamped paper tor newspapers. documents, wills, contracb, etc. It was an internal tax levied directly on property, goods, and services in the North American colonies. The Act raised the issue of representation and taxation: colonial opponents argued that there could be "no ta'ation without representarion" while Greiwille argued that the colonists had virtual representation, that members of Parliament represented all constituentS of the empire. He also believed that colonial ass embliis had no powers except those granted to them by Parliament. These decisions gave rise to widespread protests in America that eventually boiled over into the War for Independence. 11we 2 issues o representation and taxation (esp. external taxation) were sources o on-going friction for colonies 44. Patrick Henry. a Virginia lawyer and a member of its House of Burghcsse. strongly opposed to the Stamp Act. He helped e.tablixh committees os correspondence. lie convinced the Burgesses to adopt resokitions denying Parliament's power to tax the colonies, 45. loyal Nine was created by middle.dass artisans and businessmen to fight the Stamp Act. They used mob tactics and threats to drive out stamp distributors, who held the exclusive right to sell stamps the use of which the law required. They realized that if public pressure could he put on stamp distributors to resign before the tax went into effect, the Act would not work. The Loyal Nine enlisted the help of Boston street lighters to help oust stamp distributors, pushing the city to the forefront of resistance. 46. Sons of Liberty evolved from the Loyal Nine, as a secret group of merchants and workers, who organized demonstrations against the Stamp Act. Their objective was to force Stamp distributors, who had the exclusive right to sell the required stamps, to resign. The group applied pressure to any merchants who did not share their opposition. They also resisted the tax on tea by instituting a boycott as well as the Boston Tea Party. They publicly showed the resentment against F.ngland's taxation policy and represented the political organization of the colonists. Their most effective work was performed in newsprint as a great many of the Sons were printers and publishers themselves (It was they who would pay the most in duties). Nearly every colonial newspaper carried daily reports of their activities; accounts of their dramatic escapades spread throughout the colonies, en'iboldening both citizens and colonial legislatures. 47. Stamp Act Congress/Repeal of the Stamp Acte The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in New York called by the Massachusetts legislature at the suggestion of James Otis It brought together representatives from nine colonies (New York, New Jersey. Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, South Carolina, Maryland, and Connecticut) to discuss what should be done about taxes (specifically the Stamp Act), The Congress unified the colonies, which adopted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances. Delegates agreed that Britain had no right to tax the colonists without their consent or deny any person a fair trial by jury. The public outcry against the Stamp Act became so strong that many stamp distributors fled and many citficials refused to carry out the law This triggered panic in England's economy and Parliament finally repealed the Stamp Act in 1766. 48. Declaratory Act was passed by Parliament at the same time that it revoked the Stamp Act. It attirmed Parliament's power to legislate for colonies in all circumstances. Colonists saw this as a lace saving measure and ignored It. Parliament envisioned the act to mean that colonists were not exempt from its jurisdiction. 49. The Quartering Act.. which was passed by Parliameni in 1765, ordered the colonial legislatures to provide barracks, transportation, and supplies to British troops stationed in North America because they were protecting the colonists against the French. The law aroused much resentment. (especially in New york where mans' troops were stationed) because it was seen as an indirect tas It also showed the clashing perceptions between the British and the colonists: the British believed they were protecting colonists against Indians and French; while colonists believed that the British were merely protecting their empire. 50. Revenue Act of 1767.. also known as the Townshend Duties, were taxes on imports of glass, paint, oil, lead, paper, and tea to the colonies. The act was made by exploiting a loophole in the colonial arguments against the Stamp Act (the colonists had objccted to internal taxes but had said nothing about external taxes). I lowever. it soon became evident that the purpose was not to phase out foreign products by raising their prices, but to raise revenue for the Crown to pay for governors' salaries (to make them independent from pressures oS the colonial legislatures). The colonists protested the placement of taxes for the sole purpose of raising revenue, without consent. This led to publications by John Dickinson and Samuel Adams. Adams crafted a circular letter, denouncing the Townshend Duties arid calling (or boycotts and non-importation. Though most colonial legislatures refused to abide by the Duties, they continued to accept Parliament as "the supreme legislative Power" over them. 51. Samuel Adams, a 1-larvard-educated Massachusetts assemblyman and Boston tax collector, was opposed to the Sugar and Stamp Acts. He led the fight against the Townshend Acts, headed demonstrations that led to the Boston Massacre, and directed the Boston Tea Party. He galvanized the resources of New England against the British. 52. John Dickinson/LeS'tersfroni a Fanner in Pe,,nsylvania: Dickinson was a Delaware planter and a Philadelphia lawyer. lie participated in the Stamp Act Congress where he drafted its Resolutions. Fie wrote an important series of essays. Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, regarding the non.importation and non-exportation agreements against England. These essays were pubhšhfd in LOfldøfl in 17f,8 by Benjamin Franklin. In 1774. he aftt'ndd th first ContnentaI Congw%s and advocattd taking up arms against the British, though he opposed independena and abstained from voting oi and signing the Declaration. 53. The Daughters of liberty, a imi1ar group, was comprised of upper-das women who organized ptnning bees that a1Iovd Americans to buy dothes from thC coIonie as opposed to those shipped from England. They succcíully proved that women5 involvement in poIiIic could be beneficial. Their boycott ofimported products mide America less dependent on British te'tiles. 54. John I lancock was the head of a Boston mercantile firm and a smugglcr He opposed the Stamp Act and other British trade retriction. In 1768 his ship Liberty was seized as a %mugler and confiscated by the Crown. Hailed as a martrr. he was elected to the Massichusett legislature. chere he joined Samuel Adams in advocating reistane to England. He later presided over the Continental Congress and became governor of Maachusett% after the Revolution. 55. Boston Massacre(1770) wasa conflictbetween British troop%and dvilian% in Boston, Five civilians were killed by redcoats, During their trial, the British captain and his men were defended by John Adams. Most wure acquitted; two others were found guilty of manslaughter and discharged from the army. It showed the rising tenion in Boston that were partly a result of Samuel Adams and the Sons ot LiIwrtys propaganda actions. Adams used this incident to further indic Bostonians against the redcoats. I-le raised the people's emotions by calling tht event a massaae. in addjtion, he made the whole fiasco an even larger spectacle by holding a martyrs funeral for the victims. ¡t was one of the confrontations that led to the Revolutionary War. 56 The Tea Act of 1773 eliminated import duties on tea, it gave the British East mida Company the exclusive right to sell tea in North America and allowed the Company to sell tea directly to the consumers instead of through wholesalers, thus effectively lowering the price of tea. Significance: The act angered some colonists who thought the British were trying to make them accept parliamentary taxation for the simple sake of tea. Colonists also recognized that revenue from the tea would eventually end up in the hands of the royal go'ernors, thus freeing the governors from their dependence on colonial assemblies for their salaries. This anger eventually led to the Boston Tea Party as the committees of correspondence decided to boycott the sale of tea. 57. The Boston Tea Party (1773) occurred as the colonists tried to prevent the port authorities in New York and Philadelphia from accepting taxed tea and were successful. At Charleston the tea was landed but was held in government warehouses. At Boston, three tea ships arrived and remained unloaded but Goy. Thomas Hutchinsori refused to let the ships leave without first paying duties. A group of indignant colonists, led by Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and others, disguised themselves as Native Americans. boarded the ships on the night of Dec. 16, 1773. and threw the tea into the harbor. In reply Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill (sec Intolerable Acts). This was an act of open defiance of the British and tantamount to a dedaration of war. The Intolerable Acts that followed exacerbated tensions further, paving the way for the Continental Congress and independence. 58. The Intolerable or Coercive Acts were ¡aw imposed by the British on the colonists, which limited their political and geographical freedom. Foui of these laws were punishment for the Boston Tea Party rebellion and involving the closure of Boston harbor, a request for payment for the damaged tea, and a demand to quarter troops. One of the laws was the Quebec Act, which gave French Canadians complete religious freedom, recognized Catholicism as the established religion of Quebec, and restored French law in the province. Furthermore, it extended Quebecs territorial claims to the Ohio River and west of the Mississippi, an area much desired by the colonists The Quebec Act ensured Canada's loyalty to the Crown during the Revolution The outcome was the First Continental Congress. 59. The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from all of the colonies except for Georgia, It convened in Philadelphia in the wake of the Intolerable Acts and served to deal with colonial complaints and unrest. The Second Congress convened in Philadelphia and Baltimore after the battles of Concord and Lexington and reflected the radicalization of the opposition to the British. It led to the creation of a Continental Army with George Washington as its commander. American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts. And on July 4. 1776, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. The First and Second Continental Congresses acted as a legislature for the unified colonies and later the US. The First Congress most important act was the creation of the Continental Association, which forbade importation and use of British goods and proposed prohibition of colonial exports. The Second Congress most important achievement was to bridge the gap between supporters of the monarchy and supporters of independence, while ensuring a transitional leadership for the colonies. 60. Suffolk Resolves, endorsed by the First Continental Congress, proclaimed that the colonies owed no obedience to the Coercive Acts; the Resolves also advocated for a provisional government until the Massachusetts Charter was restored, and warned that the colonies would defend themselves if royal troops attacked. The Resolves conceded that Parliament can tax colonial commerce, hut refused to accept the imposition of taxes, the enforcement of laws through admiralty courts, and the revocation of colonial charters. By sending these statements to King George Ill instead of Parliament, the Continental Congress was demanding that he end the crisis by dismissing the ministers responsible for the Coercive Acts. The King saw this as rebellion, for any reply would mean he was recognizing Continental Congress as a power over his own Parliament. 61. The Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III by the Second Continental Congress, demanding a oease.uire in Boston, the repeal of the Coercive Acts, and the beginning of negotiations to establish guarantees of American rights. The Petition happened to reach London along with the news of the battle of Breeds Hill and Bunker Hill (both of which took place outside of Boston.) Significance: It was an attempt to accommedate the concerns of the Loyalists and to present a unified front to the British. Its rejection by the king (due to news of clashes in Bunker Hill) opened the way for the Revolutionary War. 62. Thomas Paine/Common Sense: Thomas Paine wrote Comrnoii Senss', a book that sold more than 100,000 copies (1/4 of the adult male population). ¡t argued that colonists did not need a connection to Britain, and that at the root of the conspiracy against American Iábertcš lay in the insLitutionš of monarchy and Impire The book t'nded any sentimental attachment CnIcrnL4L may havc had to the King. popularized idea of ind'pndence, and Iwlp'd provide a clear and understandable rationale for ccion. [?iÏAPTERÔ 63. Whigs/ Tories: Whigs were iupporters of the Revolution. Thos€ oppoied to the Revolution called themselves ¡..oyaIits while the ''hig dubbed thQm Tories. Both opposed parliamentary taxation of the colonies But LoyalisI believed that separation from England wa. illegal and wa not necessary to preserve the colonisLs' constitutional rights. Loyalism thrived among ethnic and religious minorities Some French. German, and Dutch colonists as well as Indians and slaves felt they would be at an even greater disadvantage if a Revolution were to occur. Each šide saw its cause a iacred and viewed opposition to it by a lellow American as a betrayal. On the eve ofihe Revolution, one fifth of th colonial population conkIesl of Loyalists (in NY, GA, and the piedmont. the percentage was 25 to 40 percent of the white population). 64. Continental Army/George Washington: The state miliiias lacked the training necessary to fight pitdied battles during the Revolution Thus, the Continental Army, created by the Second Continental Congress. had to rely on precision mo"ements and mass formations of troOps. The Continental Army had no expcnenced officers in 1775. George Washington. a Virginia surveyor, an early opponent of parliamentary taxation, a former member of the VA I loti.c of Burgescs, and a former mcmbcr of the Continental Congress, was seen as a perfect candidate 10 head the Continental Army. With his political and military experience, Washington learned that Americans fought best when lid by example and treated with respect. The Continental Army did not have to destroy the British army; its aim was to prolong the rebellion long enough until Britains taxpayers would no langer support the war effort. Entrusting the leadership to Washington was to ensure VAs participation in the drive toward independence. 65. The Articles of Confederation began as a proposal drafted by John Dickinson for national government. It was sent by the Second Continental Congress to the states for ratification (1781). They reserved each state its sovereignty. freedom and independence." The Articles proposed a unicameral Congress, elected by the state legislatures, and in which cadi state delegation had one vote. The Artides allowed Congress to request funds from states but could not tax without state approval. The Articles did not allow Congress regulation of interstate or overseas commerce. All 13 states had to approve the Articles. The Articles did not provide for executive or judicial branches. They became law in March 1781 when Maryland finally relented. The new government represented an important step in the process of defining the role of national sovereignty and in creating a formal government. It reflected the founders' apprehensions about mobocracy, as well as a centralized government with a strong executive. the Confederation Congress was responsible for the land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. 66. Battle of Yoddown was the culminating battle of the American Revolution. ¡t took place in Virginia, by the Chesapeake Bay. British commander I .ord Charles cornwallis hoped to fan out into Virginia and Pennsylvania and to sever communications between colonists in the south and the north. In August 1781, a French fleet, in support of the colonists, dropped anchor oft the Coast and landed troops near Yorktown Conwallis' troops became trapped and were forced to surrender, ending the war 67. The Peace of Paris (1783) was the result of peace talks between the American delegation (John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay) and the British government in the wake of the Revolutionary War, It marked the end of the War and recognized American independence. IL called for the immediate removal of royal hoops from US soil and awarded the United States the territory east of the Mississippi where many colonists had settled. Although the settlement favored the US, there were many issues it did not address, including boundaries between the new nation and Spanish territories. The American government also promised to urge states Lo compensate Loyalists for lost property. Many states refused and the issue remained controversial. The Peace of Paris also failed to address the issue of Indian lands, leaving it open for negotiation with the new nation. 68. Abigail Adams was the wile of President John Adams and mother of President John Quin Adams. A lively, intelligent woman, she began her social activism as a Daughter of Liberty. She was one of the most influential of the first ladies in US history. I-Ter detailed letters arc a vivid source on her struggle to ensLire womans suffrage in the wake of the Revolution. 69. Jeferson's Statute for Religious Freedom was introduced in 1786 to the Virginia legislature to ensure both religious freedom and eliminate established religion. It was one of many bills Jefferson wrote to create a feeling of equality among the citizens of his state, in the wake of the Revolution. It ended state-run Anglican church, and brought about a new era of religious acceptance. 70. The Federalist (also known as the Federalist Papers) was a series of eighty-five newspaper articles written by Alexander Hamilton, laines Madison and John Jay in an effort to sway the popular vote of New York, during the debates on the ratification of the Constitution, to the Federalists (The vote did not end up being swayed significantly). The writers tried to show that the main purposes of the Constitution were twofold: To protect the majority from a radical minority while at the same time protecting minority rights. lhe Federalist offers an insight into the original intent of the creators of the Constitution, since its authors were part of the Philadelphia Convention. Since no records were kept at the convention (save Madison's secret journal), the Federalist is the only source uf such information and thus is one of the must important founding documents. It aLso reflected how the Founders used the media to ensure the ratification of the Constitution. 71. Newburgh Conspiracy occurred in 1783 during the tenure of the Confederation Congress. It was instigated by then NY Congressman Alexander 1 lamilton and the Confederations Superintendent for finance, Robert Morris. a Philadelphia merchant who had proposd a 5. tariff to finance the congressional budget. When the bill did not pass., both Hamilton and Morris convinced military officers who were stationed in NY to threaten a coup d'etat, unless the treasury received the power to tax. which would then help raise the money to cover the cost of their pay. It revealed the economic problems plaguing the military and the country in general in the wake of the Revolutionary War. The situation was saved becau.se of the personal intervention of President Washington, who appealed to the soldiers' honor and patriotism to prevent an escalation of the conflict. 72. Shays Rebellion (17S&-7) wa an armed insurrection by farmers in rural Wettrn Massathusetts against the state government. Debt-riddcn larmers. struck by the economic depression that oIIowed the American Revolution, petitioned the state senate to is ue p.iper money and to halt íoric1oure o mortgages on their prtperty and their own imprisonment for debt as a result of high land taxes. Resentment was particularly high against the commercial interests who controlled the state senate in B()tOn, and the lawycr who hastened the farmer& bankrupkv by their exorbitant 1ec br litigation. In 1786, when the state senate (ailed to Undertake reform, armed insurgents, under the leadership oí Daniel Shavs, a tormer Revolutionary Army captain. began forcibly to prevent the county courb from sithng to make udgmenb for debt. The govcrnur countered by sending the militia, which intlamed the rebels further. The rebek were eventually captured. Shays escaped to Vermont and other leaders were entenœd to death for treason iii 1787, though they were later pardoned. Shay was finally pardoned in 17N8. The rebellion influenced Massachusetts's ratification of the Constitution as it proved the Fear of "mobocracy," 73. Constitutional Convention t1787): The government created by the Artide o Confederation and adopted by the Thirteen Colonies soon showed serious íults. The threat of economic instability alarnwd the wealthy conservative dass, who were anxious to have a stronger federal government to guarantee order and property righ. The men who had money invested in re%terfl territories also favored a stronger federal government. Therefore. agitation for the adoption of a stronger union grew steadily in torce (james Madison and George Washington in Virginia. Alexander Hamilton in New York, and James Wilson and Benjamin Franklin in Pennsylvania). IL was chiefly through their effurts that delegates from VA, PA, NY NJ, and DE met at Annapolis in 1786 and called for a general convention to revise the Artic1e ofCorifederation. to meet at Philadelphia in 1787 While it met to reise t)w Articles, the Philadelphia Convention eventually found itselt analy7ing the VA and NJ plans, which basically redrew the structure ofgovernn'ient by writing the US Constitution. All the states except Rhode Island sent reprscntatives. The delegates mainly came from die wealthier and more conservative ranks of society, thus showing their dominance in policy-making in the early Republic. George Washington was elected to preside, foreshadowing his emergence as one of the few people all states respected. The convention decided the fundamental question of apportionment of power in the new government; achieved the Great Compromise, the 315 Compromise, and the Commerce Compromise. 74. The New Jersey Plan was a proposal that strengthened national government through a unicameral legislature in which each state delegation was treated equally and had one vote. It also proposed that the country have one single high court to be responsible for the Interpretation of the Con.stitutiori. The NJ Plan allowed the? smallest states (25% of the US population) to have their equitable representation in Congress. When the NJ Plan was combined with the VA Plan, the "Great Compromise" was formed, which incorporated the ideas of a bicameral legislature, proportional representation, and a strong national gov't. 75. The Virginia Plan, introduced by James Madison during the Philadelphia Convention, it proposed a national government where sovereignty resided in the states. It gave Congress virtually unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation, power to veto state laws, and authority to Lise military force against states. The Virginia Plan proposed a bicameral legislature with proportional representation based on population in both houses, the lower of which was elected and the upper was appointed by the lower house. The VA Plan reflected the interests of the southern planters: strong states dominating national government. and national government dominated by the large states by basing representation on population. 76. Ordinance of 1785 (also known as Land Ordinance of 1785), issued by the Confederation Congress, established uniform procedures for surveying the region north of the Ohio River. The law made the basic unit of settlement a township that was six miles square. Each township was divided Into 36 sections of 640 acres, with one section reserved as a source of income for puhlïc schools. Each of the 36 sections would support four families on a 164)-acre plot each. Along with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, it was a major contribution to American expansion. Setting prindples for surveying the frontier, it allowed territorial self- government at an early stage of settlement and provided reasonable standards for statehood, 77. Northwest Ordinance of 1787, issued by the Confederation Congress, defined the land north of the Ohio River as the Northwest Territory and provided for its future division into states. It also forbade slavery in this territory. The Ordinance outlined the 3 steps for admitting states to the union: I )Congress appoints a territorial governor and judges. 2) As soon as 5,000 adult males living in territory, the people would write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature and govern itself as a Territory. 3) When the population exceeded 60,000 people, a state constitution would be crafted; upon approval by the US Congress, the territory would be admitted into the Union. The prohibition of north uf the Ohio River, became an important precedent of government-legislated limitation on the expansion of slavery. It also allowed for territorial self-government, which encouraged settlement, which, in turn, expedited the process of territories applying for statehood (westward expansion). CHAPTER? 78. Judiciary Act of 1789 was an act of Congress that created the federal court system and established a federal district court in each state to be operated according to local procedures. The Supreme Court continued lo retain final jurisdiction on constitutional interpretation. The power to create this is given to Congress in the Constitution. This Act represented a compromise which respected state traditions while still offering the people wide access to federal justice. It ensured the Federalists that the strong national government will be represented in the way justice was administered across the nation, while reassuring Democratic Republicans (the Anti-Federalists) by stipulating that federal district courts in each slate would operate according to local procedures. This reflected the ongoing tug of war between Federalists and Anti-Federalists on the issues uf states' rights. 79. Bill of Rights of 1791 consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution. James Madison played a leading role in the drafting of the Bill of Rights. Madison, at the time a member of the House of Representatives, wanted to preserve a strong national government while simultaneously guaranteeing personal liberties. The first 8 amendments guarantee personal liberties (freedom of expression etc.), the ninth gives the people rights not enumerated in the Constitution. The tenth gives to the states or the people powers not delegated to the federal government. The Bill of Rights was an effort to protect people from the tyranny that they feared would develop from too strong a federal governmenL Also, it was the compromise worked out to achieve the ratification of the Constitution by those states (such as Virginia) that had conœrns over the Constitution and Federal powers. so. Chishoim p Georgia/Iliflton z' US/Ware t' US/Eleventh Amendment (179K): ¡n Chishoim p Ceosgia (1793), the Supreme Court ruled that a non-resident could sue a state in federal coud. In flylton y US (17%), the ¡ustices ruled that the Supreme Court had the right to assess and determine the constilutionality of laws issued by the federal government. That same year, the Court established its right to rule on the constitutionality of acts passed by the state governments (Ware y US). In order to circumvent this trend toward the reinforoement of federal powers over the states, Congress passed the 11th Amendment in 179$. The 11's' Amendment limits federal court jurisdiction by providing that the citizens ofone state cannot bring suit iii federal court against the government of another state except by its consent nor can the subfrcts of any foreign country. This limitation was extended later bi' the Supreme Court to include suits against a state by its own citizens or by a foreign state. The amendment, however, does not restrict the rights of individuals to appeal a dedsion from the highest court of any state to the U.S. Supreme Court in cases involving federal laws or constitutional issues. Since these court cases had revealed the vulnerability of states to federal review and action, the proponents of states rights pressured Congress to pass the Eleventh Amendment, which prevents private individuals from undermining states powers by using the federal courts. This showed the ongoing tensions over the issue of states' rights in the early Republic and showed that constitutional amendments by Congress could be used to check what was perceived to be an encroachment on their legislation or states' rights. 81. Repofl on the Public Credit was Hamilton's policy to help USgovernment repay its debt to Americans and foreigners. Ile recommended that the government raise securities [stocks and bonds] to honor the Revolutionary debt of S 54 million. This way the debt would be funded; that is, the federal government would convert its debts into interest bearing bonds, which would mature after an assigned period of time. Those who purchased the secunties had several choices. As mandated by the constitution, the Foreign debt and interest would be paid in full according to the ternis initially agreed to. The principal of the domestic debt would be paid at par to current bearers. State debts would be assumed by the federal government with interest payments deferred until 1792. Federal sto&s would circulate as money, thus making capital readily available and encouraging commerce, as well as agriculture and manufactures. Hamilton's plan for revenue was based upon an import tariff and an excise tax. The federal assumption of state debts was a chance for the national government to win the gratitude and loyalty of state creditors. There was some resentment with this Report for the policy rewarded rich profiteers and ignored ordinary dtizens (Hamilton wanted to lure the financial interests of New York and have them invest in the government). By enacting the report, Congress created an opportunity for the new republic to get out of debt. 82. Report on a National Bank presented to Congress by Secretary of Treasury Hamilton was intended to direct money towards prowc'ts. which would diversify the national economy through a federally chartered hank, The proposed bank would raise $ 10 million through a public stock offering. Hamilton explained that a national bank would provide a safe depository for govt funds, regulate banking practices around the country, provide a uniform currency, provide capital for investments and industry, and loan the government money in times of emergency. This tederal hank would he able to tund the economic expansion of the new nation. The bank would also help to pay off much of the national debt while creating a stable investment for shareholders. Southerners raised the familiar point that the bank was another policy, which would only benefit northern merchants and speculators, not the southern planters. Madison and Jefferson challenged the bank proposal by daiming that it was unconstitutional: he stated that since the constitution did not explicit iv sanction a bank, the US government had no power to create one. 83. Report on Manufactures was a report presented to Congress by Secretary of Treasury Hamilton He hoped to create protective tariffs on imports and assist the merchant marine against the British trade restrictions, This report was meant to create an influx of manufacturing In the US thus drawing immigrants and creating a national wealth. Jefferson and Madison strongly opposed protective tariffs because, they argued, these tariffs made foreign products highly expensive to consumers and reduced the motivation to produce low-cost goods. They also feared that the tariffs would merely benefit the national government and those who had invested in the national hank. Finally. the excise taxes on whiskey led to the Whiskey Rebellion. 84. The Whiskey Rebellion was a reaction against an excise tax on domestically produced whiskey. The tax was suggested by Secretary of Treasury Hamilton in order to distribute the expense of financing the national debt evenly hut would also improve the country's morale by lowering liquor consumption. If distillers were caught evading the tax they would be summoned to attend court in far off Pennsylvania. The rebellion began with peaceful protest, then in 1794 men attacked a US. Marshal serving delinquent taxpayers with summonses to appear in court. Roving bands torched buildings, assaulted tax collectors, and raised a flag symbolizing an independent country they wished to form from six western countries. This was the first incident to severely test the new federal authority, was a milestone in determining the limits of public opposition to federal policies. President Washington sent armed forces to quell the rebellion, demanding that protestors use the courts, rather than the streets, to express their dissatisfaction. This created an important precedent on how the new govt would address challenges to national authority. 83. "Mad" Anthony Wayne/Treaty of Greenville: Anthony Wayne was sent by President Washington to negotiate trade agreement with the Indians of the Ohio Valley. The Indians "scoffed" Wayne until "Mad Anthony" led troops into their homeland, ravaging villages. Wayne's troops routed 2000 Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. He built Fort Defiance to challenge British authority in the Northwest. Wayne compelled 12 northeastern tribes to sign the treaty of Greenville.This was part of President Washington's initiative to avoid war with Great Britain (Jay's Treaty) and Spain (Pinckney's Treaty) and to pacify the Indians, who could he manipulated by them (Treaty of Greenville). Treaty of Greenville opened up most of Ohio River Valley to white settlement and temporarily ended Indian hostilities. Also allowed Chief Justice John Jay to gain a promise from the British (Jay's Treaty) that they would withdraw troops form American soil. 86. Jay Treaty. an agrcement signed in 1794 betwcn tiw British and the Americazvš. required the removal nf British honps from Am'rican soil. The treaty also allowed American access to West Indian markcis. It seems as though mosi Americans would not welcome the treiitv because it gave Britain the ability to contro' U.S. tridc with French ports during the war. ¡n addition the treaty did not give American merchant% tlw right to load cargoes of sugar. moIasse. and coffec from the Caribbean. The treaty did not end imprcssmcnt and failed to gain compensation Ito tho mastcrsj for slaves taken and freed by the Briti%h during the Revolution. Despite these Iimitation, American trade actually benefited from the treaty a British governors in the West Indies opened their hathon to U.S. ships. Its mast important achievement iva to end the state of war between Britain and the LIS. 87. Treaty of San Lorenzo (also known as Pinckney's Treaty) was brokered between the United States and Spain by Thomas Pinckney in 1796. This treaty established the southern boundary of the US. removed Spanish forts iii the US, and ensured Spanish cooperation in discouraging Indian attacks against western settlers. The treaty gave settlers on the