Music History 3: Unit 2

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What are characteristics of Piazzolla's tango nuevo style?

motivic repetition; fugue, canonic writing, imitation; polyrhythms, polytonality; percussion effects; jazz-derived harmonic progressions, often dissonant (from progressive and cool jazz of the 1950s; lush sense of texture and soundscape; detailed arrangements going well beyond the usual orquesta tipica of the tango; quasi-improvisatory freedom of tempo and expression from each player

Who was Ruth Crawford?

A vital participant in "ultra-modern" school of composition in NYC, which included Copland and Cowell; studied with and then married composer and musicologist Charles Seeger, helped him revise Tradition and Experiment in New Music and a Manual on Dissonant Counterpoint; wrote innovative and experimental NY compositions-- dissonant counterpoint and indigenous American serial techniques; one of the earliest composers to extend serial controls to parameters other than pitch

In what ways did Cage use chance methods as a way of imitating nature in its manner of operations?

1. Use chance methods to write a composition that is then conventionally notated 2. Using instruments that create non-musical, random sounds 3. Repress any musical events in the piece and let the music trickle in from everyday 4. Give the performer graphic notation that she/he will interpret entirely personally, conceptually, differently each time; this establishes a fluid relationship between composer and performer

Who was Astor Piazzolla?

Argentine composer, bandleader and bandoneon player; pioneer of the Tango Nuevo in second half of the 20th century

Who was Jimi Hendrix?

Arguably the most important musician of the second half of the 20th century; his sonic explorations changed the sound of popular music

What are characteristics of Coltrane's A Love Supreme?

A suite of blues, modal jazz, and non-vocal religious recitation

What is transcendentalism?

Belief in an ideal spiritual state that transcends the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuitive awareness

Who was Sun Ra?

Born and died in Birmingham, AL; his afrofuturist vision and avant-garde approach would inspire many musicians

Who said "all the art of the past must be destroyed"?

Boulez

Who said "I always think the relationship between a teacher and a student should be short and maybe violent. You don't need to spend years together. All you need is an explosion: you are the material to explode, the teacher I the detonator."

Boulez on Messiaen

What work did Stravinsky call "the only truly significant work of this new age"?

Boulez's Le Marteau sans Maitre

Who said "You cannot set art off in a corner and hope for it to have vitality, reality, and substance."?

Charles Ives on art having to be real

Who said "Every great inspiration is but an experiment."?

Charles Ives on nothing happening without experimentation

Who were three early American avant-garde composers?

Charles Ives, Henry Cowell, and Ruth Crawford

Who organized the "Jazz Workshop" series?

Charles Mingus

Who wrote Fables of Faubus?

Charles Mingus

Who wrote Anthropology?

Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie

Who were some great bop artists?

Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk

What are characteristics of bop?

Chromatically altered chord progressions, chromatic chord substitutions, ultra-fast tempos; but style still often melody-oriented

Who was Charles Mingus?

Composer, bandleader, bass player; fascinated by idea of creating large, extended, or otherwise unusual forms in jazz

Who was Tania Leon?

Composer, conductor, educator; founding member of the Dance Theatre of Harlem, worked there as a pianist, conductor and composer, starting in 1969; professor at Brooklyn College since 1985 and at the Graduate Center of CUNY; associate conductor of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra since 1992; new music advisor to the NY Philharmonic; as a composer, combines elements of gospel, jazz, African, and Cuban styles

What was Entartete Musik?

Degenerate music; Nazi propaganda attempt to label modern, jazz-influenced, and Jewish composers as queer

Who was Marcel Duchamp?

Described as a surrealist or dadaist, the original anti-art movement

What are musical concepts of afrofuturism?

Dissonant harmony, dense textures and layers harmonically and instrumentally/sparse textures and layers, odd meters, free meter, atonal/polytonal chords and harmony, otherworldly instrumental effects, African percussion suggesting African diaspora

What was John Cage influenced by?

East and South Asian philosophies, especially Zen Buddhism from Japan

Wh wrote the orchestral piece Ameriques: Americas, New Worlds?

Edgar Varese

What are two famous tangos?

La Cumparsita and Jalousie

What were characteristics of Ives's mature style?

Layers of conflicting music, often in a spatial concept; quotation of American traditional music: hymns, marches, songs, national tunes, several tempos at same time, tone clusters, etc.

Who was Pierre Boulez?

Messiaen student, composer, conductor, feared and lionized propagandist for modernism

What is afrofuturism in music?

Utilizes many different musical, technological, lyrical, and visual concepts to create new worlds, to creatively alter past worlds, and to manipulate contemporary worlds to offer a different vision of the African experience throughout the disapora

Who said to Ben Weber in the 1950s "I hear you are homosexual and a 12-tone composer. You can't be both. Which is it?"

Virgil Thomson

What are two examples of identity politics in play in the 20th century?

Wagner's Tristan und Isolde and Debussy's Golliwog's Cakewalk

What are characteristics of Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time for violin, cello, clarinet and piano?

Written in winter at German POW camp in Silesia; birdsong: blackbird and nightingale; rhythmic techniques include "rhythmic pedal" in piano; additive rhythms; non-retrogradable rhythms

Who was George Clinton?

70s funk and much of hip hop came directly from his afrofuturistic concepts with the band Parliament, most notably the albums Mothership Connection and The Clones of Dr. Funkenstein, as well as the band Funkadelic

What is afrofuturism?

A multi-disciplinary aesthetic that explores the following themes: science fiction, technology, liberation and freedom, the past and the future, imagination, Afrodiasporic experiences and Pan-Africanism

Who earned their living by writing scores for horror films from Hammer and Amicus Studios?

Elisabeth Lutyens

Who wrote for Dr. Terror's House of Horrors?

Elisabeth Lutyens

What is characteristic of Latin American modernists?

Embraced the modernist example of Stravinsky-- tended to emphasize rhythm in a Stravinsky fashion, but in Latin patterns rather than in east European ones

What are characteristics of early Cage?

Explored new, often unhitched, and otherwise "irrational" sounds of percussion and novelty pianos- brake drums, prayer stones, tin cans, etc.

What were concepts in afrofuturism lyrics?

Extraterrestrial themes, imaginative metaphors, extraterrestrial alter egos, diaspora ideas/concepts

What are characteristics of Alma for flute and piano written by Leon?

Filters Cuban dance rhythms and hints of jazz through a French-Debussy lens

What are characteristics of Boulez's Le marteau san maitre?

For mezzo-soprano with flute, xylophone, vibraphone, percussion, guitar, viola; transparently scored: very French sounds, but also "exotic"

What is bebop?

Form of jazz modernism starting in mid- to late 1940s, revolt against commercialism of 1930s swing bands

Who found categories of 20th century musical style similar to sexual identity types?

Fred Maus

Who said "non-tonal compositions are queers in the concert hall" and "knowing that a piece is twelve-tone gives you the starting point for interpreting all its details"?

Fred Maus

What are characteristics of non intentional (indeterminate) music?

Hearing the piece is the listener's own action; really impossible to distinguish music and noise; calling some sounds music is a value judgment; against musical systems

What are technological concepts of afrofuturism?

Heavy synthesizers and different gadgets/effects to alter sound, new instruments like the theremin, electric violins, electric devices on wind and brass instruments, recording studio techniques used to create new, otherworldly sounds

Who considered tonality as "a basic law of Nature"?

Heinrich Schenker

Who composed The Banshee for piano strings?

Henry Cowell

Who developed the tone-cluster and ways of playing inside the piano?

Henry Cowell

Who when paroled from prison suddenly shifted from experimentalism to tonal "normality" in 1940?

Henry Cowell

Who was Elisabeth Lutyens?

Innovative English serial composer who was born into a distinguished family, wrote modernist music at a time when musical conservatism dominated the British scene, wrote in a highly developed abstract language long before the continental Darmstadt modernist composers, sidelined by the British musical establishment until the later 1950s

What are characteristics of Revueltas's Homenaje a Federico Garcia Lorca?

Instrumentation: piccolo, E-flat clarinet, 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba, piano, percussion, 2 violins, and bass; rondo-like form (ABACABAC coda)

Who wrote Piano Sonata "Concord, Mass."?

Ives

Who wrote Three Places in New England?

Ives

Who wrote Music of Changes for piano?

John Cage

Who said "I have nothing to say, and I am saying it"?

John Cage on aiming to destroy the compositional ego

Who was Silvestre Revueltas?

Mexican composer with an eclectic style, including highly original symphonic works, film scores, and chamber music; studied in the US, but his experiences in Mexico and Spain were more influential; his music based on folk melody, ingenious orchestrated, and driven by strong motor rhythms; most famous pieces include Sensemaya and La Noche de los Mayas

What are examples of Piazzolla's tango nuevo?

Milonga del Angel, La Muerte del Angel, La Resurrección del Angel

Who developed different manners of serialism in America and Europe?

Milton Babbitt, Boulez and Stockhausen

What were identity politics in 20th century music composition?

Modernism, neoclassicism, minimalism, "American music", totalism

What was the climax to musical rationalism?

Modernists of the so-called Darmstadt School who gathered in Germany, hailing Webern as their model

What is tango?

Most popular Argentine urban dance of the 20th century; expressive and nationalistic symbol of the Argentine character; sexual, nostalgic, melancholy, defiant, exhibitionist

Who was Charles Ives?

Musical experimentalist, brought up in post-Civil War New England; wrote four Symphonies, including Symphony No. 4; influenced by Transcendentalist thinking of American writer-philosophers, e.g., Thoreau and Emerson

What is the definition of queer?

Odd, non-normative; a critique of identity; an identity label for separatist, non-assimilating politics

Who was John Cage?

Opposed the ego-driven mindset of Western rationalism; did this by experimenting with chance (aleatoric) techniques via new methods of composing music and new systems of writing out music, both of which had the effect of making music function more like an oral tradition

What is rationalism in music?

Over the four centuries between the Renaissance and the mid-20th century, composers were trying to control and order more and more aspects of music

Who was Henry Cowell?

Pianist, composer, editor, new music activist, multiculturalist; according to John Cage, Cowell said the "open sesame" that ushered in American modernism; his influence is incalculable

Who said "the bandoneon has a velvet sound, a religious sound. It was made to play sad music."?

Piazzolla

Who were main Darmstadt modernist figures?

Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen

What are identity politics?

Political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of members of certain social groups

Who said "Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail."?

Ralph Waldo Emerson on courage and fear

Who said "The only person you are destined to become, is the person you decide to be."?

Ralph Waldo Emerson on self-reliance

What was happening with American music in the 1950s?

Rock 'n' roll, post-bop jazz, improv, and "chance" musics emerge as forms of rebellion against the rigidity of the old rationalist order; moving away from notation

Whose tonal, post-romantic Hermit Songs was booed at a performance in Rome in 1952?

Samuel Barber

Who said "I do not, as apparently all theorists before me have done, consider tonality an eternal law, a natural law of music."?

Schoenberg

Who said "I had to fight for every new work... I had lost friends and I had completely lost any belief in the judgment of friends. And I stood alone against a world of enemies."

Schoenberg on his musical style became a political matter

What were significant precursors to afrofuturism in music?

Science fiction films of the 1950s, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, The Black Arts Movement and Black History Curricula, Robert Moog and the development of the synthesizer, science fiction television

What are characteristics of Ives's General William Booth Enters into Heaven"?

Setting for male voice and piano of poem by Vachel Lindsay on the evangelist and founder of the Salvation Army; almost a dramatic-cinematic scene, with musical quotations helping paint the scene of Booth's ascendance; vocal melody paraphrases hymn "There is a fountain filled with blood"

What are characteristics of Crawford's String Quartet mvmt. 4?

Shows Crawford was aware of a profound analogy of rhythm and pitch, and of the possibility of projecting the same musical motives in both dimensions; 4th mvmt contains a systematic palindrome, whose second half is an exact retrograde of the 1st up a half step

What were visual concepts of afrofuturism?

Stage clothing suggesting science fiction/extraterrestrial sensibilities, often while suggesting Afrocentic themes, album covers and promotional materials

What is Cage's prepared piano?

String and hammer manipulations turned piano into a one-man percussion ensemble

What are the Three Pillars of Afrofuturist Music?

Sun Ra, Jimi Hendrix, and George Clinton

Who was Olivier Messiaen?

Taught at Paris Conservatoire, where his students included Boulez and Stockhausen; one of very few outside Vienna who knew music of Schoenberg, Webern, Berg and would teach it to younger composers; wrote in very personal styles using transcribed birdsongs, ancient Hindu rhythmic formulas and Greek rhythms, Japanese traditional music, tonal selections that are meditative or ecstatic, an eclectic example from Turangalila Symphonie

Who was John Coltrane?

Tenor and soprano saxophonist, bandleader and composer; affected jazz writing by developing and extending the whole notion of creatively reharmonizing standards

What kind of music did a lot of gay composers write in the 1940s and 1950s?

Tonal

What were different dualities that became politicized in art music in the 20th century?

Tonal vs. atonal, dissonant vs. consonant, progressive vs. conservative, abstract vs. for-the-people, academic vs. popular

What did Boulez and other Darmstadt modernists advocate for?

Total musical organization; developed serialism, extending Schoenberg/Webern's principles of strict order to duration, dynamics, texture, attacks, rests; compositional attempts to organize every element according to serial principles


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