Connect 2 Genetics

Consider a diploid cell that is 2n = 4. This diagram shows the cell in which phase of cell division?

Prophase of mitosis

Nucleoli are visible under the microscope as ______.

one or two darker areas of chromatin

This does NOT occur during Telophase

pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other

What type of cell undergoes mitosis by forming a cell plate near the cell's equator that rapidly grows outward?

plant

During ______, pairs of sister chromatids become attached to kinetochore microtubules which emanate from opposite poles of the cell.

prometaphase

The centromere is a ______.

region of the chromosome where the sister chromatids join

What does a haploid cell contain?

single set of chromosomes

After replication, each chromosome consists of two copies called _______, that are attached by a centromere.

sister chromatids

In this picture the circled chromosome is composed of two ____.

sister chromatids

The two copies of a replicated chromosome are called ______.

sister chromatids

A _______ cell is any cell of the body that is not a gamete or precursor to a gamete

somatic

The mitotic ______ contains three types of microtubules: axial, polar and kinetochore microtubules.

spindle

During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recognize and begin to align with each other via a process called ______

synapsis

An animal cell with two or more nuclei is called a(n)

syncytia

Most human somatic cells contain a total of ______ chromosomes

46

In humans, a diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, for a total of_________ chromosomes. In contrast, a gamete (sperm or egg cell) contains only a single set, consisting of ________ chromosomes

46 ; 23

Arrange the stages of prophase I of meiosis in order?

(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene (3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene (5) Diakinesis

Cytokinesis in animals involves a _____ ring, while cytokinesis in plants typically requires the formation of a cell _____.

- contractile - plate

This micrograph shows a plant cell undergoing the process of ______ which occurs via the formation of a _____ _____ between the two daughter cells.

- cytokinesis - cell plate

Which of the following represents the sequence of phases during mitosis?

-Prophase (1) -prometaphase(2) -metaphase (3) -anaphase (4) -telophase (5)

These are all the events that occur during pro metaphase

1. The nuclear envelope completely breaks down. 2. Chromosomes attach to the microtubules through the kinetochore.

These are all the events that occur during prophase of mitosis

1. The nucleolus becomes less visible. 2. The centrosomes move apart. 3. The chromatin condenses into more compact structures.

A normal human somatic cell carries ______ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ______.

23 ; 46

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis and cytokinesis in human somatic cells?

2n → 2n

A human cell in the G2 phase has a total of _______ chromatids.

92

Match the type of microtubule to its appropriate description in an animal cell: A. Astral microtubules --> B. Polar microtubules --> C. Kinetochore microtubules -->

<-- A. Extend from the centrosome toward the cell's periphery <-- B. Originate at centrosomes and interdigitate near the cell's equator <-- C. Extend between a centrosome and the kinetochore of a chromatid

What is chromatin?

A complex between DNA and proteins that is found in eukaryotic cells

This figure depicts the mitotic spindle of a typical animal cell. The three types of microtubules shown are: A = _______ microtubules; B = ________- microtubules; and C = ________ microtubules.

A= Astral B= Polar C= kinetochore

Select all true statements about the chromosome composition of species.

All of the following: 1. Each species has a particular chromosome composition. 2. The complexity of an organism is not always related to its chromosome number.

Which of the following are part of interphase?

All of them: - G1 - S -G2

Consider a diploid cell with 2n = 4. This cell is shown in which phase of cell division?

Anaphase I of meiosis

This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of four chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division? .

Anaphase II of meiosis

This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of four chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division?

Anaphase of mitosis

What ensures that cell cycle events occur in the proper sequence?

Checkpoints

What is the name for the diffuse complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell?

Chromatin

In this picture, the white arrow points to the

Cleavage furrow

Meiosis produces cells that contain _____.

half the number of chromosomes found in other cells within the same organism

A cell, such as most nerve cells in an adult mammal that will never divide again, is in the ______ phase.

G0

Which phase of the cell cycle is considered a "resting" stage, where cells can remain permanently, or for long periods of time?

G0

During which part of interphase do cells achieve the majority of their growth?

G1

Proteins essential for mitosis are usually synthesized during ______.

G2

What is the function of the kinetochore during mitosis?

It allows chromosomes to slide along microtubules.

An organized presentation of micrographs of stained chromosomes within a cell is called a(n) ________

Karyotype

In prophase I of meiosis, the replicated chromosomes begin to condense during which stage?

Leptotene

During _______ of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plate, or the center of the cell.

Metaphase

The imaginary midline between spindle poles where chromosomes line up during mitosis is called the _____ _____

Metaphase plate

Where do chromosomes line up during mitosis?

Metaphase plate

What event occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row.

What type of cell undergoes mitosis by forming a cell plate near the cell's equator that rapidly grows outward?

Plant

Which of the following events occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the risk of cell-free fetal DNA analysis?

There is virtually no risk for the fetus or the mother.

Which statement about centrioles is true?

They are found in animal cells.

In prophase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves during what stage?

Zygotene

The process of synapsis begins in the _____ stage of prophase I of meiosis.

Zygotene

A haploid cell is represented by n and a diploid cell by 2n. The n refers to ______.

a set of chromosomes

In a(n) _________ chromosome, the centromere is very close to one end.

acrocentric

A method for obtaining fetal cells in a sample of the fluid surrounding the fetus is called _____.

amniocentesis

A karyotype is best defined as _____.

an arrangement of micrographs of stained chromosomes in homologous pairs of decreasing size

A nucleus is ____.

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the hereditary material

In eukaryotic cells, a checkpoint that ensures that the chromatids of all kinetochores are attached to spindle fibers prevents progression to ______.

anaphase

A human cell contains two main types of chromosomes: sex chromosomes and

autosomes

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called ______.

autosomes

The part of the nucleus that is important for the manufacture of ribosomes is the ____________

nucleolus

The ________ of a eukaryote is the organelle that contains most of the genetic material found in the cell.

nucleus

The eukaryotic _____ _____ consists of M phase and interphase.

cell cycle

During the G1 part of interphase, ______.

cells grow in size

Each centrosome of an animal cell contains a pair of _____ at right angles to each other.

centrioles

The two chromatids of a chromosome are joined together at a region of DNA called the

centromere

During prometaphase of mitosis, each chromosome moves toward one of the two _____ with the help of its kinetochore-based motor.

centrosomes

The mitotic spindle of an animal cell has two poles, which originate from the two _________ .

centrosomes

When a cell evaluates the results of previous steps, this is called a(n)

checkpoint

The structures within all living cells that contain the genetic material are called

chromosome

A multinucleate plant tissue, such as the one found in coconut milk, is called a(n) __________

coenocytes

During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes _______ into discrete structures. Furthermore, the two ___________ separate moving towards the poles and the mitotic ________ begins to form.

condense ; centrosomes ; spindles

In a ______ cell, each type of chromosome is a member of a pair.

diploid

In order to perform a cell-free fetal DNA analysis, a medical specialist _____.

draws blood from the mother

Cells that are destined to undergo meiosis and produce gametes are called _____ cells

germ

A(n) ______ cell has a single set of chromosomes.

haploid

In a diploid cell, each member of a pair of chromosomes is called a(n) ______.

homolog

In this picture the circled chromosomes are _____.

homologous chromosomes

Synapsis is the process by which _____.

homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves in prophase I

Chromosomes inherited from each parent that match in size, shape, and banding are called ________

homologs

During the eukaryotic cell cycle cells divide in the M phase. The period between divisions is called _________.

interphase

In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as _______

interphase

In general, the chromosome number of a particular species ______.

is the same for all individuals of the species

Amniocentesis is a procedure for ____.

obtaining fetal cells in a sample from the fluid surrounding the fetus

During anaphase, each chromatid moves toward the pole to which it is attached. This movement is caused by the shortening of the ______.

kinetochore microtubules

During the _____ stage of meiotic prophase I, the replicated chromosomes begin to thicken.

leptotene

In eukaryotes, ______ is the type of cell division that is responsible for the production of gametes.

meiosis

In a(n) _______ chromosome, the centromere is more or less in the middle.

metacentric

The checkpoint that ensures that the chromosomes are completely duplicated immediately precedes ______.

mitosis

The kind of nuclear division followed by cell division that results in two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell is called

mitosis

In the eukaryotic cell cycle, the G2 part encompasses _______.

the interval between chromosome duplication and the beginning of mitosis

Chromosomes are best defined as ______.

the structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

The zipper like structure in the center of this picture represents _____.

the synaptonemal complex

When S phase is completed, a cell has _______ in the G1 phase.

twice as many chromatids as chromosomes

Mitosis results in ____.

two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell

Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of ______.

two genetically identical daughter cells

A diploid cell is defined as a cell that has ______.

two sets of chromosomes

If the original diploid mother cell had eight chromosomes, a cell in telophase of mitosis would have ______ nuclei, each with ______ chromosomes.

two; eight