Connect 2 Genetics
Consider a diploid cell that is 2n = 4. This diagram shows the cell in which phase of cell division?
Prophase of mitosis
Nucleoli are visible under the microscope as ______.
one or two darker areas of chromatin
This does NOT occur during Telophase
pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other
What type of cell undergoes mitosis by forming a cell plate near the cell's equator that rapidly grows outward?
plant
During ______, pairs of sister chromatids become attached to kinetochore microtubules which emanate from opposite poles of the cell.
prometaphase
The centromere is a ______.
region of the chromosome where the sister chromatids join
What does a haploid cell contain?
single set of chromosomes
After replication, each chromosome consists of two copies called _______, that are attached by a centromere.
sister chromatids
In this picture the circled chromosome is composed of two ____.
sister chromatids
The two copies of a replicated chromosome are called ______.
sister chromatids
A _______ cell is any cell of the body that is not a gamete or precursor to a gamete
somatic
The mitotic ______ contains three types of microtubules: axial, polar and kinetochore microtubules.
spindle
During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recognize and begin to align with each other via a process called ______
synapsis
An animal cell with two or more nuclei is called a(n)
syncytia
Most human somatic cells contain a total of ______ chromosomes
46
In humans, a diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, for a total of_________ chromosomes. In contrast, a gamete (sperm or egg cell) contains only a single set, consisting of ________ chromosomes
46 ; 23
Arrange the stages of prophase I of meiosis in order?
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene (3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene (5) Diakinesis
Cytokinesis in animals involves a _____ ring, while cytokinesis in plants typically requires the formation of a cell _____.
- contractile - plate
This micrograph shows a plant cell undergoing the process of ______ which occurs via the formation of a _____ _____ between the two daughter cells.
- cytokinesis - cell plate
Which of the following represents the sequence of phases during mitosis?
-Prophase (1) -prometaphase(2) -metaphase (3) -anaphase (4) -telophase (5)
These are all the events that occur during pro metaphase
1. The nuclear envelope completely breaks down. 2. Chromosomes attach to the microtubules through the kinetochore.
These are all the events that occur during prophase of mitosis
1. The nucleolus becomes less visible. 2. The centrosomes move apart. 3. The chromatin condenses into more compact structures.
A normal human somatic cell carries ______ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ______.
23 ; 46
Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis and cytokinesis in human somatic cells?
2n → 2n
A human cell in the G2 phase has a total of _______ chromatids.
92
Match the type of microtubule to its appropriate description in an animal cell: A. Astral microtubules --> B. Polar microtubules --> C. Kinetochore microtubules -->
<-- A. Extend from the centrosome toward the cell's periphery <-- B. Originate at centrosomes and interdigitate near the cell's equator <-- C. Extend between a centrosome and the kinetochore of a chromatid
What is chromatin?
A complex between DNA and proteins that is found in eukaryotic cells
This figure depicts the mitotic spindle of a typical animal cell. The three types of microtubules shown are: A = _______ microtubules; B = ________- microtubules; and C = ________ microtubules.
A= Astral B= Polar C= kinetochore
Select all true statements about the chromosome composition of species.
All of the following: 1. Each species has a particular chromosome composition. 2. The complexity of an organism is not always related to its chromosome number.
Which of the following are part of interphase?
All of them: - G1 - S -G2
Consider a diploid cell with 2n = 4. This cell is shown in which phase of cell division?
Anaphase I of meiosis
This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of four chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division? .
Anaphase II of meiosis
This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of four chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division?
Anaphase of mitosis
What ensures that cell cycle events occur in the proper sequence?
Checkpoints
What is the name for the diffuse complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell?
Chromatin
In this picture, the white arrow points to the
Cleavage furrow
Meiosis produces cells that contain _____.
half the number of chromosomes found in other cells within the same organism
A cell, such as most nerve cells in an adult mammal that will never divide again, is in the ______ phase.
G0
Which phase of the cell cycle is considered a "resting" stage, where cells can remain permanently, or for long periods of time?
G0
During which part of interphase do cells achieve the majority of their growth?
G1
Proteins essential for mitosis are usually synthesized during ______.
G2
What is the function of the kinetochore during mitosis?
It allows chromosomes to slide along microtubules.
An organized presentation of micrographs of stained chromosomes within a cell is called a(n) ________
Karyotype
In prophase I of meiosis, the replicated chromosomes begin to condense during which stage?
Leptotene
During _______ of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plate, or the center of the cell.
Metaphase
The imaginary midline between spindle poles where chromosomes line up during mitosis is called the _____ _____
Metaphase plate
Where do chromosomes line up during mitosis?
Metaphase plate
What event occurs during metaphase of mitosis?
Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row.
What type of cell undergoes mitosis by forming a cell plate near the cell's equator that rapidly grows outward?
Plant
Which of the following events occurs during anaphase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the risk of cell-free fetal DNA analysis?
There is virtually no risk for the fetus or the mother.
Which statement about centrioles is true?
They are found in animal cells.
In prophase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves during what stage?
Zygotene
The process of synapsis begins in the _____ stage of prophase I of meiosis.
Zygotene
A haploid cell is represented by n and a diploid cell by 2n. The n refers to ______.
a set of chromosomes
In a(n) _________ chromosome, the centromere is very close to one end.
acrocentric
A method for obtaining fetal cells in a sample of the fluid surrounding the fetus is called _____.
amniocentesis
A karyotype is best defined as _____.
an arrangement of micrographs of stained chromosomes in homologous pairs of decreasing size
A nucleus is ____.
an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the hereditary material
In eukaryotic cells, a checkpoint that ensures that the chromatids of all kinetochores are attached to spindle fibers prevents progression to ______.
anaphase
A human cell contains two main types of chromosomes: sex chromosomes and
autosomes
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called ______.
autosomes
The part of the nucleus that is important for the manufacture of ribosomes is the ____________
nucleolus
The ________ of a eukaryote is the organelle that contains most of the genetic material found in the cell.
nucleus
The eukaryotic _____ _____ consists of M phase and interphase.
cell cycle
During the G1 part of interphase, ______.
cells grow in size
Each centrosome of an animal cell contains a pair of _____ at right angles to each other.
centrioles
The two chromatids of a chromosome are joined together at a region of DNA called the
centromere
During prometaphase of mitosis, each chromosome moves toward one of the two _____ with the help of its kinetochore-based motor.
centrosomes
The mitotic spindle of an animal cell has two poles, which originate from the two _________ .
centrosomes
When a cell evaluates the results of previous steps, this is called a(n)
checkpoint
The structures within all living cells that contain the genetic material are called
chromosome
A multinucleate plant tissue, such as the one found in coconut milk, is called a(n) __________
coenocytes
During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes _______ into discrete structures. Furthermore, the two ___________ separate moving towards the poles and the mitotic ________ begins to form.
condense ; centrosomes ; spindles
In a ______ cell, each type of chromosome is a member of a pair.
diploid
In order to perform a cell-free fetal DNA analysis, a medical specialist _____.
draws blood from the mother
Cells that are destined to undergo meiosis and produce gametes are called _____ cells
germ
A(n) ______ cell has a single set of chromosomes.
haploid
In a diploid cell, each member of a pair of chromosomes is called a(n) ______.
homolog
In this picture the circled chromosomes are _____.
homologous chromosomes
Synapsis is the process by which _____.
homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves in prophase I
Chromosomes inherited from each parent that match in size, shape, and banding are called ________
homologs
During the eukaryotic cell cycle cells divide in the M phase. The period between divisions is called _________.
interphase
In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as _______
interphase
In general, the chromosome number of a particular species ______.
is the same for all individuals of the species
Amniocentesis is a procedure for ____.
obtaining fetal cells in a sample from the fluid surrounding the fetus
During anaphase, each chromatid moves toward the pole to which it is attached. This movement is caused by the shortening of the ______.
kinetochore microtubules
During the _____ stage of meiotic prophase I, the replicated chromosomes begin to thicken.
leptotene
In eukaryotes, ______ is the type of cell division that is responsible for the production of gametes.
meiosis
In a(n) _______ chromosome, the centromere is more or less in the middle.
metacentric
The checkpoint that ensures that the chromosomes are completely duplicated immediately precedes ______.
mitosis
The kind of nuclear division followed by cell division that results in two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell is called
mitosis
In the eukaryotic cell cycle, the G2 part encompasses _______.
the interval between chromosome duplication and the beginning of mitosis
Chromosomes are best defined as ______.
the structures within living cells that contain the genetic material
The zipper like structure in the center of this picture represents _____.
the synaptonemal complex
When S phase is completed, a cell has _______ in the G1 phase.
twice as many chromatids as chromosomes
Mitosis results in ____.
two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell
Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of ______.
two genetically identical daughter cells
A diploid cell is defined as a cell that has ______.
two sets of chromosomes
If the original diploid mother cell had eight chromosomes, a cell in telophase of mitosis would have ______ nuclei, each with ______ chromosomes.
two; eight
