Connective Tissue

Characteristics of transitional epithelium:

many cell layers cube-shaped and elongated found in urinary bladder and ureters

Characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium:

many cell layers top cells are flat can accumulate keratin outer layer of skin, line oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal

All connective tissue cells are surrounded by a substance (_______) they helped produce.

matrix

The protein fibers of both blood and lymph are dissolved in the

matrix

chondrocyte

mature cell found in cartilage. Wharton's jelly is an embryonic connective tissue found primarily in the umbilical cord

extracellular matrix

surrounds mature connective tissue cells

synovium

membrane found in a synovial joint

pericardium

membrane that surrounds the heart

Lymphocytes include __cells and __ Cells which are integral to cellular and antibody-mediated immunity.

B cells ; T cells

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is highlighted? Calcification

Calcification

Characteristics of simple squamous epithelium:

single layer of flat cells substances pass easily through line the air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Adipose tissue functions to

store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss

The functions of bone include

support, protection, serving as the site of muscle attachment (thereby enabling movement), and housing the cells that form blood.

Describe Mast Cells:

-Fixed cell usually near blood vessels -Releases Heparin (an anti-coagulant) -Releases Histamines to help with inflammation and allergies.

Describe the arrangement of bone cells:

-arranged in rings in the matrix -rings are concentric (called Lamellae) -Lamellae form a cylinder-shaped unit (the Osteon)

Describe the movement of material between blood and bone cells?

-blood vessel in osteonic canal brings blood to osteon; -each osteon connected to canaliculi by extensions of osteocyte cell membrane. -nutrients travel from osteocyte to osteocyte quickly.

What is adipose tissue? Where is it found and what is its function?

-fat cells -it is found beneath the skin and on the heart -Function: cushions joints and some organs, insulates skin, stores energy.

Describe Fibroblasts:

-fixed cell -large star-shaped -most common type of connective tissue cell -secrete protein fibers into matrix

Describe Skeletal muscle:

-long, cylindrical cells. sometimes called Muscle fibers. -alternating light and dark stripes (striations) -each cell multinuclear -nerve impulse -> contraction/relaxation

What are bone's functions?

-support body structures -protect cranial and thoracic organs -movement (muscles attached to jointed bones) -forms blood cells -stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as calcium and phosphates

Describe Collagen fibers

-thick protein threads -slightly elastic -great tensile strength -lots in the ligaments and tendons -aka White Connective Tissue

What is loose (areolar) connective tissue, and where is it found?

-thin delicate membranes -cells mostly fibroblasts -fibers: collagen and elastin -ground substance gel-like -it binds skin to the organs beneath it and fills spaces between muscles.

Describe Elastin fibers

-thin elastic fibers -form complex networks -found in vocal cords -aka Yellow Connective Tissue

What is Dense Connective Tissue and where is it found?

-very strong connective tissue with lots of collagen fibers, some reticulin, and many fibroblasts. -found in tendons and ligaments.

Describe Reticular fibers

-very thin collagenous fibers -delicate -form complex networks -support very delicate tissue like the spleen or tonsils

Describe Macrophages:

-wandering cell -important in defense -specialized for phagocytosis (white blood cell) -scavenge thru conn. tiss. for foreign particles

List the 3 major types of connective tissue fibers:

1) Collagen 2) Elastin 3) Reticular Fibers

What are the subgroups of the Cartilage type of connective tissue?

1) Hyaline Cartilage 2) Elastic Cartilage 3) Fibrocartilage

List the 6 major types of connective tissue:

1) Loose connective (Areolar) tissue 2) Adipose tissue (fat) 3) Dense connective tissue 4) Cartilage 5) Bone 6) Blood

List the exocrine glands classified by the way they secrete their product. Describe the way each secretes its product. Give an example:

1) Merocrine glands - release watery, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis. (ex: sweat and salivary glands) 2) Apocrine glands - small pieces of the cell containing product are pinched off into duct. (ex: mammary and ceruminous [ear wax] glands) 3) Holocrine glands - entire cells filled with product released into duct. (ex: sebaceous [skin oil] glands)

What are the types of nervous tissue cells? What is the function of each?

1) Neurons (create and transmit impulses) 2) Neuroglial cells (support neurons)

What is connective tissue's function?

1) bind structures (i.e. ligaments) 2) support and protection (conn. tissue around joint) 3) framework (skeleton) 4) fill spaces (loose conn. tiss. between muscles) 5) store fat 6) produce blood cells (bone marrow) 7) protect against infections (wht bld cells/immu. sys.) 8) help repair damaged tissue (scar tissue formation)

Where are nervous tissues found?

1) brain 2) spinal cord 3) peripheral nerves

Cutaneous epithelial membranes perform these functions:

1) covers body 2) skin

List the 4 major types of tissue.

1) epithelium 2) connective 3) muscle 4) nervous

List the 3 major types of connective tissue cells:

1) fibroblasts 2) macrophages 3) mast cells

Serous epithelial membranes perform these functions:

1) line body cavities that lack openings to outside 2) reduce friction 3) inner lining of thorax and abdomen 4) cover organs of thorax and abdomen 5) secrete serous fluid

Mucous epithelial membranes perform these functions:

1) line tubes and organs that open to the outside world 2) lining of the mouth, nose, throat, etc. 3) secrete mucus

What are the 4 basic functions of epithelium?

1) protection 2) secretion 3) absorption 4) excretion

What are the 3 formed elements in blood?

1) red blood cells 2) white blood cells 3) platelets

Types of epithelial membranes:

1) serous 2) mucous 3) cutaneous

List the 4 types of simple epithelium and give an example of each:

1) simple squamous (ex: air sacs in lungs) 2) simple cuboidal (ex: kidney tubules) 3) simple columnar (ex: inner lining of the digestive tract) 4) pseudostratified columnar (ex: inner lining of the respiratory tubes)

List the 3 types of stratified epithelium and give an example of each:

1) stratified squamous (ex: skin) 2) stratified cuboidal (ex: gland ducts) 3) stratified columnar (ex: line the male urethra)

What is blood' function?

1) transports substances 2) helps maintain stable internal environment

Characteristics of stratified cuboidal epithelium:

2-3 layers cube-shaped cells line ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands and the pancreas

When dose Mesenchyme begin to differentiate into mature connective tissues?

3 weeks after embryonic development

macr-

large. -macrophage: large phagocytic cell.

What are the Tree types of Loose Connective Tissues

Areolar Adipose Reticular

Define tissues

A group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.

Compare Smooth Muscle to Cardiac muscle. Smooth Muscle is:

A) no striations. mononucleate. spindle-shaped cells B) on walls of hollow organs C) involuntary. controlled by brain. D) cells separate

Compare smooth muscle to Cardiac muscle. Heart muscle is:

A) striated. mononucleate. cylindrical cells B) in heart muscle C) involuntary. not controlled by brain. D) cells joined end-to-end

Which of the following types of connective tissue stores triglycerides, prevents heat loss, and provides cushioning and support for internal organs?

Adipose tissue

what type of connective tissue functions to store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss.

Adipose tissue

What are two types of adaptive immunitys?

cellular antibody-mediated

Examples of connective tissue

Cartilage Adipose Bone Blood areolar, and reticular tissue tendons

What is the most abundant fiber present in dense irregular connective tissue?

Collagen

The type of tissue that consists of living cells embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix is

Connective

__________ tissue is the most abundant tissue type.

Connective

What type of connective tissue consists of fibroblasts scattered throughout collagen fibers that have a random or irregular arrangement. This tissue type is typically found in the dermis of the skin, as well as in the fibrous capsule that surrounds organs and joints.

Dense irregular connective tissue

What kind of connective tissue consists of many thick (dense) collagen fibers arranged in primarily parallel bundles, forms tendons and ligaments, surrounds skeletal muscles, and forms the fasciae

Dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following types of tissue forms the fascia, ligaments, and tendons?

Dense regular connective tissue

What type of cartilage is very strong rigid kind of tissue, is located where bone movement is limited and is used to provide support to joints that have great compressive forces working on it.

Fibrocartilage

Which type of cartilage forms intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee?

Fibrocartilage

The matrix of a connective tissue consists of _____.

Ground substance and fibers

The most common type of cartilage found in the body occurs at the end of most long bones in the joints, in the larynx, in the rings of the trachea (windpipe), and in the septum of the nose. Name this type of cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

What does the embryonic skeleton consists of that has a gelatinous matrix and provides flexible support, and latter ossifies to form bone

Hyaline cartilage

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the correct statement which best describes adipose tissue?

It stores lipids.

The medical procedure called ____________ involves the removal of unwanted ____________, typically from the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms, and breasts.

Liposuction; adipose tissue

Wharton's jelly is a type of connective tissue that can differentiate into any type of connective tissue. This kind of embryonic tissue is

Mesenchymal

What is the embryonic connective tissue that differentiates into all types of connective tissue?

Mesenchyme

Which of the following are NOT functions of connective tissue?

Performs absorption and secretion

Name the protective membrane that surrounds cartilage and contains cells that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the cartilage matrix.

Perichondrium

What are the Three types of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular Irregular Elastic

What is cartilage?

Rigid connective tissue with chondrocytes. collagen embedded in gel-like matrix. -provides support and framework -basic substance for bone development in fetus

The umbilical cord of a fetus contains a mucous connective tissue called

Wharton's jelly.

What is a basement membrane?

a layer of nonliving tissue that anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

What is a matrix?

a mixture of : 1) connective tissue fibers 2) a ground substance (fluid/semisolid/solid)

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that assists with the

adaptive immune response.

All of the following are cell types of connective tissue proper

adipocytes fibroblasts macrophages

inter-

among, between. -intercalated disk: band between adjacent cardiac muscle cells.

Epithelial tissue is ______ (no blood vessels) and has to get all needed materials through _____.

avascular; diffusion

Elastic tissue, which permits expansion and contraction of organs, is found

between the spinal vertebra and in ligaments supporting the penis, the walls of elastic arteries, and transitional epithelia.

Lymphocytes are found in the

blood and lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes)

What are Osteocytes?

bone cells

os-

bone. -osseous tissue: bone tissue.

The solid matrix found in bone consists of

calcium salts crystallized on collagen fibers.

Osteocytes receive nutrients via diffusion through the ____ from the central canal.

canaliculi

cells that divide more frequently are more susceptible to _______

cancers

cancer of an epithelial tissue is called a _______

carcinoma

What are Chondrocytes?

cartilage cells

chondr-

cartilage. -chondrocyte: bone cell.

Epithelial tissue is classified according to

cell shape and the number of cells

-cyt

cell. -osteocyte: bone cell.

Describe glandular epithelium and explain its function:

cells usually columnar or cuboidal one or more cells = a gland Function is to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids.

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is

collagen

Which fiber type provides connective tissue strength?

collagen

Elastic tissue has elastic fibers rather than __________ in the __________, which allow for stretching of various organs

collagen fibers ; extracellular matrix

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

the extracellular matrix consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

The three basic types of fibers that found in connective are

collagen, reticular, and elastic

Canaliculi branch from the central canal into the _____, carry nutrients to the _____ located in the margins of the concentric lamellae.

concentric lamellae; osteocyte

What is a Perichondrium?

connective tissue surrounding cartilage.

Both blood and lymph are examples of

connective tissues.

Where is epithelial tissue generally found?

covering organs, lining body cavities, lining hollow organs, part of most glands

What are Osteons?

cyclindrical unit containing Lamellae and bone cells. -aka: Haversian systems -center is osteonic canal -structural unit of dense bone

Elastic tissue is a type of ____ connective tissue.

dense

What type of connective tissue is found between skeletal muscles and skeleton?

dense regular connective tissue

Tendons, which are formed by

dense regular connective tissue, attach muscles to bone.

Which type of connective tissue stabilizes the positions of the vertebrae, cushions shocks, and permits expansion and contraction of organs?

elastic tissue

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in what type of connective tissue.

embryonic

What is simple epithelium?

epithelium only one cell layer thick

What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

epithelium specialized to change in response to increased tension. found in urinary bladder lining

What is stratified epithelium?

epithelium that is more than one layer thick

pseud-

false. -pseudostratified epithelium: tissue with cells that appear to be in layers, but are not.

adip-

fat. -adipose: tissue that stores fat.

Dense irregular connective tissue forms a

fibrous capsule found around organs and in the joints

Fibrin

fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.

-glia

glue. -neuroglia: cells that support neurons; part of nervous tissue.

stria-

groove. -striated muscle: tissue whose cells have alternating light and dark cross-markings.

Connective tissue matrix is composed of __________.

ground substance and protein fibers

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

heart movement

Lacunae are spaces located within the ____ where osteocytes reside.

lamella

What are Lacunae?

hollow, fluid-filled cavities in which bone and cartilage cells exist.

fibroblast

immature cell found in loose and dense connective tissues that can still divide and secrete matrix

Plasmin

important enzyme present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, most notably, fibrin clots.

The Haversian system (osteon) consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings called

lamellae

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

involuntary movements of internal organs

Trabeculae

irregular bony plates that are found in spongy bone.

strat-

layer. -stratified epithelium: tissue with cells in layers.

What are Lamellae?

layers of bone matrix

elastic cartilage in the ear has what function

maintains shape while affording flexibility

Liposuction

medical procedure in which a surgeon removes excess fat (adipose tissue)

endosteum

membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bones and contains osteoclasts

What are Canaliculi?

microscopic canals that connect bone cell lacunae.

What type of connective tissue is found only in the umbilical cord?

mucous connective tissue

neur-

nerve. -neuron: nerve cell.

endoderm

one of the three primary embryonic germ layers. Tissue of the endoderm will eventually form the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary bladder, and the urethra

Compact bone is composed of long cylindrical columns called

osteons

extracellular matrix, which surrounds connective tissue cells, consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The type of fibers and components of the ground substance varies depending on the tissue type. Generally, the ground substance consists of

polysaccharides and proteins, which are secreted by the connective tissue cells. The ground substance can range from liquid (blood and lymph) to semi-solid (cartilage) to solid (bone).

periosteum

protective membrane that surrounds bone tissues and contains osteoblasts

hyal-

resemblance to glass. -hyaline cartilage: flexible tissue containing chondrocytes.

The framework of organs such as the spleen and liver is made up of _________ tissue

reticular tissue

cancer of a connective tissue is called a _______

sarcoma

squam-

scale. -squamous epithelium: tissue with flattened or scalelike cells.

Chondroblasts

secrete matrix and are located within the cells of the perichondrium membrane

What do endocrine glands do? give an example

secrete product directly into tissue fluid or blood (ductless). ex: hormone glands

What do exocrine glands do? give an example

secrete product into ducts. The ducts open onto some surface (internal or external). ex: sweat glands

Characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium:

single layer of cube-shaped cells line kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, and cover the ovaries

Characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

single layer of elongated cells appear striated often have cilia and goblet cells line respiratory passageways

Characteristics of simple columnar epithelium:

single layer of elongated cells often have goblet cells line the uterus, stomach, intestines make mucus sometimes possess cilia and microvilli Clue: elongated nuclei

What makes bone hard?

the chemicals in the matrix. a collection of mineral salts that include calcium phosphates and carbonates. Also, lots of collage fibers which add strength and flexibility to bone.

Define: Plasma

the liquid portion of blood. the fluid matrix

Connective tissue

the most extensively distributed body tissue consists of cells and the extracellular matrix those cells secrete

Define: formed elements

the solid particles suspended in plasma

What are Osteonic Canals?

tiny channels in center of osteon. -contains blood vessels. -aka: Haversian canal

What is the purpose of the basement membrane?

to anchor epithelial layer to the tissues beneath it

phag-

to eat. -phagocyte: cell that engulfs and destroys foreign particles.

Characteristics of stratified columnar epithelium:

top layer of elongated cells cube-shaped cells in deeper layers line vas deferens, male urethra, and part of the pharynx

blood functions to

transport gases, wastes, and nutrients as well as to provide immunity

Mesenchyme

undifferentiated embryonic tissue that can give rise to all types of connective tissues

epi-

upon, after, in addition. -epithelial tissue: tissue that covers all free body surfaces.

Which statement best describes connective tissue?

usually contains a large amount of matrix

hist-

web, tissue. -histology: study of composition and function of tissues.