Contemporary Behavior Therapy - Final Review
The first contemporary token economy was established in 1961 by: -Mowrer and Mowrer -Lindsley -Ayllon and Azrin -Lazarus
Ayllon and Azrin
It is standard practice in behavior therapy to include a(n) ____ when a deceleration target behavior is changed -negative consequence -written contract -acceleration target behavior -baseline phase
acceleration target behavior
An early, relevant investigation of a treatment for phobias was performed by -Watson -Pavlov -Jones -Thorndike
Watson
If being late for appointments was a target behavior, it would most likely be -a behavioral deficit -resistant to change -a behavioral excess -targeted later on
a behavioral excess
A case study is -the combination of ABAB and multiple-baseline studies -a detailed description of a specific client's treatment -multiple experiments focusing on one problem -an analysis of multiple studies over time
a detailed description of a specific client's treatment
A meta-analysis asks whether -the patient is equally dedicated over the course of treatment -a therapy is equally effective across target behaviors -a therapy is an effective treatment for a certain problem -different cultures benefit from a specific treatment
a therapy is an effective treatment for a certain problem
Paul was treated using in vivo exposure and a variety of behavior therapy procedures. This illustrates the use of -the self approach -a scientific approach -a treatment package -an active approach
a treatment package
A baseline measurement consists of repeated measures of the target behavior -as it occurs naturally -under therapy conditions -resembling treatment goals -at its worst
as it occurs naturally
Which of the following is most likely a competing behavior for daydreaming? -watching a movie -writing a letter -going for a run -debating politics
debating politics
In the behavior model, past events have ____ influence on present behaviors -a direct -a significant -an indirect -no
an indirect
Behavioral assessment usually begins with -a behavioral diary -controlled studies -natural observation -an interview
an interview
Subjective Units of Discomfort are an example of -a direct self-report inventory -quantified covert behavior -an interview technique -maintaining conditions for anxiety
an interview technique
____ determine whether a behavior will occur in the first place. -probability -consequences -expectations -antecedents
antecedents
In contrast to traditional assessments, behavioral assessment -appreciates situational factors -deals with more than one client at a time -assessment behavior indirectly -rely heavily on interviews
appreciates situational factors
One common way to learn about another's covert behaviors is to -ask the person directly -review behavioral records -observe across multiple settings -it is impossible to learn about covert behaviors
ask the person directly
Unlike behavioral descriptions, traits misleadingly suggest that -behaviors are consistent -the past causes behavior -people are behaviors -individuals are unique
behaviors are consistent
A baseline is taken -during therapy -before therapy begins -before and during therapy -before, during, and after therapy
before therapy begins
The question, "What specific things do you do that lead you to describe yourself as. . .?" suggests the -need for introspective accounts of one's behavior -importance of maintaining antecedents -language barrier between clients and therapists -behavior model's focus on behavioral causes
behavior model's focus on behavioral causes
At a dinner party, guests wait until the host begins to eat before they begin. The guests are guided by a ____ prompt -physical -behavioral -enviornmental -verbal
behavioral
Acceleration target behaviors are examples of -behavioral deficits -maintaining conditions -initial treatment goals -behavioral excesses
behavioral excesses
The purpose of an adaptation period in systematic naturalistic observation is to -decrease training time -increase interobserver reliability -increase observer accuracy -decrease reactivity
decrease activity
The essential difference between prompts and setting events concerns -intensity -efficacy -breadth -frequency
breadth
The number of cans of beer remaining from a case of beer is a(n) ____ measure of "drinking behavior" -frequency -duration -by-product -intensity
by-product
In the behavioral model, the term maintaining is synonymous with -causal -fundamental -potent -singular
causal
Maintaining antecedents and maintaining consequences differ form other antecedents and consequences in that they are -causal for the behavior -maintained by the behavior -greater in number -constant over time
causal for the behavior
Interrater reliability : interobserver reliability :: ____ : ____ -direct self-report inventory; simulated observation -interview; simulated observation -rating scale; self-recording -checklist; systematic naturalistic observation
checklist; systematic naturalistic observation
Behavior therapy is considered an active therapy in part because: -researchers actively test existing treatments -behavioral change is activated via treatment -therapists play an active role in treatment -clients engage in actions as part of treatment
clients engage in actions as part of treatment
____ refers to changes in clients' problems that are clearly meaningful for the client -generalizability -acceptability -clinical significance -longmaintenance
clinical significance
Which of the following terms was shown to raise ethical concerns? -behavior modification -experimental control -contingency manipulation -controlling variables
contingency manipulation
A major development for behavior therapy during the 1980s was the: -contribution to behavioral medicine -founding of behavior therapy journals -foray of cognitive therapy -code of ethical conduct
contribution to behavioral medicine
Behavior therapists overcame the early widespread resistance to behavior therapy by -demonstrating the effectiveness of behavior therapy -setting up large-scale treatment centers around the country -arguing that behavior therapy was similar to insight therapy -attacking the theoretical foundations of psychoanalysis
demonstrating the effectiveness of behavior therapy
One criticism of checklists and rating scales is that they -depend on the informant's accuracy -are poor screening tools -are mainly for children's problems -cannot assess maintaining conditions
depend on the informant's accuracy
After which step in the behavior therapy process does measurement of the target behavior begin? -designing a target behavior -identifying maintaining conditions -designing a treatment plan -evaluating the success of a change plan
designing a target behavior
A target behavior is a -discrete aspect of the problem -desirable final outcome -conspicuous negative consequence -difficult maintaining condition
discrete aspect of the problem
To determine the average degree of change, a meta-analysis uses -effect size -medical records -participant distribution -actuarial date
effect size
Physiological measurement may also be used to assess -emotion -cognition -intentions -overt behaviors
emotions
When loud music disrupts Michael's focus, he considers how to alter his environment. This is an example of ____ influencing ____. -overt behavior; environment -environment; covert behavior -overt behavior; covert behavior -covert behavior, environment
environment; covert behavior
Stop signs are examples of ____ prompts -physical -verbal -environmental -behavioral
environmental
In behavior therapy, conversations between the client and therapist are predominantly for: -building rapport and trust -developing insight into problems -working through past trauma -exchanging information
exchanging information
When a reinforcer indicates that a behavior has been performed correctly it is providing ____ -feedback -reward -insight -a prompt
feedback
Which phase in an ABAB study is most likely to pose an ethical problem? -second B -second A -first A -first B
first A
The number of beers a client drinks in a day is a(n) ____ measure of "drinking behavior." -frequency -intensity -duration -by-product
frequency
Events that serve as reinforcers for many people are called -positive reinforcers -universal reinforcers -empirical reinforcers -generalized reinforcers
generalized reinforcers
All the construction workers building a house were given a bonus because one of the workers, who had been late frequently, showed up on time 5 days in a row. This is an example of a(n) ____ contingency -partial -bonus -group -individual
group
Behavior therapy emerged, in part, due to the: -open-mindedness of the era in which it developed -availability of financial support for research -over-reliance on psychiatric -growing discontent with psychoanalysis
growing discontent with psychoanalysis
One reason behavior therapy has "a long past but a short history" is that early examples -haphazardly mixed multiple techniques -often employed unethical procedures -had no real influence on its development -were generally ineffective treatments
had no real influence on its development
One major limitation of single subject studies is that they -delay necessary treatment -are often unethical -are inefficient for data collection -have poor generalizability
have poor generalizability
A treatment plan specifies the therapy procedures that will be used, including -the anticipated costs of therapy -how they will be individualized -those contributing to research -how the patient might react
how they will be individualized
We can know that an event is reinforcing -after it has occurred -if the client desires it -when it is generalizable -only if it is adaptive
if the client desires it
The term in vivo is used to designate therapy procedures -not requiring therapists participation -requiring extensive practice by the client -associated with greater client discomfort -implemented in the clients' natural environment
implemented in the clients' natural environment
One potential problem for systematic naturalistic observation is -unacceptability -impracticality -inefficacy -irreversibility
impracticality
Behavioral assessment is -indispensable to behavior therapy -impossible for covert behaviors -often a sufficient treatment -difficult with young clients
indispensable to behavior therapy
The only major approach to psychotherapy until about 1950 was -insight therapy -clienttherapy -action therapy -existential therapy
insight therapy
____ refers to reinforcing only some of the occurrences of a target behavior -reinforcer unreliability -fractional reinforcement -intermittent reinforcement -an individualized contingency
intermittent reinforcement
The most frequently used behavioral assessment method is -self-recording -simulated observation -naturalistic observation -interview
interview
Behavior therapy is the term preferred by the author because behavior therapy: -includes all behavioral modifications -changes behaviors directly -does not deal with cognitions -is the broadest and purest term
is the broadest and purest term
Stimulus control is relatively efficient in that -it is easy to administer -the techniques are often familiar -the effects are long lasting -there is great empirical support
it is easy to administer
Time sampling is often preferred over continuous observation because it is -less intrusive -more accurate -less reactive -more efficient
less intrusive
Behavior therapy directly changes -clients' expectations -behavioral symptoms -maintaining conditions -target behaviors
maintaining conditions
The major difference between rewards and reinforcers is that rewards -may not change behavior -do not follow the ABC model -are not always consequences -are often pleasant events
may not change behavior
Target behaviors are -defined loosely -measurable -broad in scope -usually maladaptive
measurable
The multimethod approach of behavioral assessment means that more than one -target behavior is assessed -method of assessment is employed -maintaining condition is monitored -change agent is required
method of assessment is employed
Reinforcing consequences that people receive in their daily lives are called ____ reinforcers -in vivo -environmental -natural -social
natural
Sally turns in her exam, and no longer feels the pressure of test-taking. She is more likely to do this again next time. This example best illustrates the concept of -negative punishment -negative reinforcement -stimulus empowerment -positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
A ____ control group is used to control for improvements in clients' problem that are due to being participants in a study rather than to the specific therapy procedures. -attention -no contact -placebo -no treatment
no contact
A teacher assists a young boy in writing the letters of the alphabet by holding his hand and guiding him through the required movements. This is an example of a(n) ____ prompt -environmental -verbal -behavioral -physical
physical
In systematic naturalistic observation, trained observers record -all environmental conditions -probable maintaining conditions -all overt behaviors -predetermined target behaviors
predetermined target behaviors
According to the behavioral model, behaviors are direct result of: -development experiences -genetic factors -uninfluenced decisions -present conditions
present conditions
Behavior therapy is said to have a present focus because it assumes that: -the problem only exists in the present -problems are only influenced by present conditions -past events do not lead to present problems -it is impossible to focus on the past
problems are only influenced by present conditions
____ research is that which identifies the effective components of a therapy procedure -outcome -process -controlled -analogue
process
The presenting problem is the -difficulty between client and therapist -new problem arising during treatment -reason the client came to therapy -symptom interfering with attendance
reason the client came to therapy
Continuous reinforcement refers to the -natural state of unmodified behaviors -reinforcement of every occurrence of the target behavior -non-contingent availability of reinforcement -process of reinforcer sampling
reinforcement of every occurrence of the target behavior
A local movie theatre had small cups of popcorn sitting on the counter where patrons purchased tickets. The cups were called "complimentary cups," and their purpose was to promote the sale of popcorn. This procedure is most similar to -reinforcer sampling -intermittent reinforcement -generalized reinforcement -self-reinforcement
reinforcer sampling
The Premack principle uses -tangible reinforcers -social reinforcers -reinforcing activities -token reinforcers
reinforcing activities
Consistency of observations is an element of -reactivity -significance -validity -reliability
reliability
One similarity between checklists and ratings scales is that they are both -preliminary -retrospective -reactive -lengthy
retrospective
A(n) ____ is comprised of a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and reinstatement of the baseline phase. -multiplestudy -ABAB study -reversal study -analogue experiment
reversal study
Precision and empirical evaluation are elements of which defining theme of behavior therapy? -learning -scientific -active -present focus
scientific
An anger diary is an example of -self-recording -a direct self-report inventory -simulated observation -a checklist
self-recording
____ are broad environmental conditions that influence the likelihood that a person will perform a particular behavior -environmental prompts -physical prompts -setting events -shaping contingencies
setting events
To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of a woman's lack of assertive behaviors at home, at work, and in social engagements, a multiple baseline across ____ would be used -clients -settings -target behaviors -maintaining conditions
settings
____ involves reinforcing successively closer approximations of a target behavior -fading -shaping -reinforcer sampling -prompting
shaping
In order to encourage Heather to comb her own hair, each time she combs her hair well her Dad says, "Your hair looks great. Good job." This is an example of -social reinforcement -negative punishment -negative reinforcement -feedback
social reinforcement
Which type of reinforcer is most likely to be a natural reinforcer? -reinforcing activities -token reinforcers -tangible reinforcers -social reinforcers
social reinforcers
Asking appropriately qualified people to judge the client's behavior following therapy establishes -culture relevance -social validity -change maintenance -agent cooperation
social validity
____ refers to clinical significance evaluated in terms of general standards of adaptive or acceptance functioning -statistical significance -normative validity -social validity -practical significance
social validity
In scientific research effectiveness differs from efficacy in that it refers to -success in genuine, clinical settings -adherence to validated theory -the effect after eliminating dropouts -success in randomized studies
success in genuine, clinical settings
Joseph Wolpe is sometimes referred to as the founder of behavior therapy, in part because he developed -modeling therapy -systematic desensitization -reinforcement therapy -the token economy
systematic desensitization
Which of the following is most likely to be used when a principal observes a teacher in the classroom? -direct self-report inventory -systematic naturalistic observation -simulated observation -role-playing
systematic naturalistic observation
Pencils, magazines, and socks would be examples of -social reinforcers -token reinforcers -generalized reinforcers -tangible reinforcers
tangible reinforcers
Self-recording is especially useful in that -it does not impact behavior -it can be completely at any time -the client is always available to observe -less time is required from the client
the client is always available to observe
One potential ethical issue in behavior therapy is: -the use of inefficacious treatments -the deprivation of a client's rights -excessive financing from managed care -a prolonged course of treatment
the deprivation of a client's rights
Clinical significance differs from statistical significance in that it describes -the impact of the change -other changes as a result of therapy -if the change would likely occur again -if a change actually occurred
the impact of the change
Conclusions about the effectiveness of behavior therapies are based on: -the judgement of experienced therapists -the testimonials of satisfied clients -managed-care company actuaries -the results of empirical research
the results of empirical research
Bandura's social learning theory emphasized -the role of cognitions -economic models of behavior -clasical conditioning -an evolutionary foundation
the role of cognitions
Guiding clients to conduct their own treatment is representative of -client-therapist collaboration -the self-control approach -learning focus -in vivo treatment
the self-control approach
In behavior therapy, decisions about therapy procedures are most often made by: -the physician and client jointly -the client's physician -the therapist and client jointly -the therapist
the therapist and client jointly
The purpose of the second B phase of an ABAB study is -to continue the benefits of effective treatment -to control for extraneous variables -for followassessment after treatment -to obtain a second baseline
to obtain a second baseline
A ____ control group is used to account for the influence of clients' expectations that they will receive therapy -no contact -placebo -attention -wait list
wait list
With a(n) ____ control group, the control subjects do not receive therapy immediately, but they do receive therapy after the study is completed -no treatment -wait list -placebo -attention
wait list