Contemporary Perspectives on Personality

This psychologist once objected to the religious doctrine that humanity's problems arise from excessive self-love, or pride.

Carl Rogers

_____ self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior, while _____ self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.

Defensive; secure

_____ about our situation refers to the cognitive part of the social-cognitive perspective.

Thinking

According to the text, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at least to _____.

William James

According to the text, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at least to:

William James.

People are more likely to perceive themselves favorably. This is known as:

a self-serving bias.

Pride that is rooted in _____ supports self-confidence and leadership, while _____ perceptions underlie conflicts such as marital discord.

actual achievement; self-serving

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that seem to be consistent with a set of factors called the _____.

big five

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied by way of a(n) _____ approach.

biopsychosocial

Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through _____ or by observing and imitating others.

conditioning

The Big Five personality factors include:

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

Troy's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of his successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates reciprocal _____.

determinism

Gordon Allport was concerned less with _____ individuals than with _____ them.

explaining; describing

The concept of self-actualization, important in _____ theories of personality, is probably most applicable to individualist cultures, such as the United States.

humanistic

The humanistic concept of self-actualization is probably most applicable to _____ cultures, such as Canada.

individualist

The Big Five personality factors include conscientiousness, agreeableness, _____, openness, and extraversion.

neuroticism

Personality inventories are to _____ as projective tests are to _____.

objective scoring; subjective scoring

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.

reciprocal determinism

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:

reciprocal determinism.

This perspective sees behavior as being influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.

social-cognitive

Twenty-five years ago, Dr. Horner completed her dissertation under the direction of a renowned behaviorist. Since then, she has been teaching courses in learning and conditioning. This semester, she has been asked to teach a course in personality theory. Based on the information given, you might suspect that Dr. Horner would be MOST sympathetic to the ____ perspective on personality.

social-cognitive

Twenty-five years ago, Dr. Wilson completed his dissertation under the direction of a renowned behaviorist. Since then, he has been teaching courses in learning and conditioning. This semester, he has been asked to teach a course in personality theory. Based on the information given, you might suspect that Dr. Wilson would be MOST sympathetic to the ____ perspective on personality.

social-cognitive

Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich termed this the _____ effect.

spotlight

According to the text, people sometimes disparage themselves in order to be _____ strategic.

subtly

A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

trait

Freud is to psychodynamic theory as Allport is to _____theory.

trait