Core concepts in health 15th edition chapter 6
How does contraception work?
- Barrier Methods - Hormonal methods - Intrauterine Device methods - Natural methods - Surgical methods
Methods to attempt to predict when a woman is fertile
- Calendar Method - Temperature Method - Mucus Method (Billings Method)
Disadvantages of contraceptive sponge
- Difficulty with removal and unpleasant odor if sponge is left in for more than 18 hours - Allergic reactions because there is a greater overall dosage of spermicide contained in each sponge - Single-use device and must be thrown away after each use - Cannot be used during menstruation - Associated with TSS
Advantages of contraceptive sponge
- Similar to diaphragm and cervical cup - Obtained without prescription or professional fitting - May safely be left for up to 24 hours without addition of spermicide with repeated intercourse - Comfortable and unobtrusive during sex
Disadvantages of vaginal spermicides
- When used alone, must be inserted shortly before intercourse - May be an annoying disruption - Slight increase in vaginal fluids - unpleasan -, Can alter the balance of bacteria in the vagina which can increase the occurrence of yeast infections and UTIs - Does not protect against STIs such as HIV, chlamyida, or gonorrhea - Overuse may irritate vaginal tissues
Contraceptive sponge
-A contraceptive device about two inches in diameter that fits over the cervix and acts as a barrier and spermicide and absorbs seminal fluids - Made up of polyurethane and is presaturated with the same spermicide used in contraceptive creams and foams - The spermicide is activated when moistened with a small amount of water just before insertion - Acts as a barrier and a spermicide and absorbs seminal fluids
Diaphragm with spermicide
-A contraceptive device consisting of a flexible, dome-shaped cup that covers the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus - Dome-shaped cup of latex or silicone stretched over a collapsible metal ring - When correctly used with spermicidal cream or jelly, the diaphragm covers the cervix, blocking sperm from the uterus - Available only by prescription - Due to individual anatomical differences among women, a diaphragm must be carefully fitted by a trained clinician to ensure both comfort and effectiveness - SILCS is a new, one-size-fits-all that is hopefully going to be approved in the US and does not require fitting by a clinician - Should be used with a spermicidal jelly or cream prior to inserting it, If more than 6 hours elapse between placing and sexual intercourse, spermicide must be applied additionally - Spermicide must be left six hours after the last act of coitus to allow the spermicide enough time to kill all the sperm
Cervical cap
-A small flexible cup that fits over the cervix used with spermicid - Comes in three sizes and must be fitted by a clinician - Held in place by suction and fits snugly over the cervix - Used like a diaphragm - Reusable, but must be replaced annually
How to use OCs
-Advised to start the first cycle of pills with a menstrual period to increase effectiveness and eliminate the possibility of unsuspected pregnancy -If pregnancy is ruled out, pill can be started immediately - at any time of the cycle -Backup contraceptive should be used in the first week -One pill every day for maximum contraception
Disadvantages of cervical cap
-Along with disadvantages associated with diaphragm - Difficulty insertion and removal - Slight risk of TSS
Methods to predict the fertile times of a woman's cycle
-Calendar methods: Based on the idea that the average woman releases an egg 14-16 days before her period begins; To avoid pregnancy, she should abstain from intercourse for about 8 days during her cycle, beginning several days before and during the time that ovulation is most likely to occur - Temperature methods: Based on the knowledge that a woman's body temperature slightly drops just before ovulation and rises slightly after ovulation; Once temperature is apparent from about 3 months of record, the unsafe period for intercourse can be calculated as the interval from day 5 until 3 days after rise in BBT - The mucus method: Based on changes in the cervical secretion throughout the menstrual cycle: at the time of ovulation, woman can detect a slight change in the texture of the mucus and find that it is more likely to form an elastic thread when stretched between thumb and finger; infertile, safe days are likely to occur during the relatively dry days just before and after menstruation
Progestins in implants
-Cause hormonal shifts that may inhibit ovulation and affect development of the uterine lining -Thicken cervical mucus, inhibiting movement of sperm
Female condom
-Clear, stretchy disposable pouch with two rings that can be inserted into a woman's vagina - Can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse - Just as effective in preventing STI and pregnancy as male condom - One-size-fits-all: "FC2" - Ring at closed end is inserted into the vagina and placed at the cervix - Ring at the open end remains outside the vagina - Protects the inside of the vagina and part of the external genitalia
Advantages of female condom
-Control for women over contraception and STI prevention - Can be inserted a lot earlier - Potentially better protection against genital warts or herpes - Little loss of sensation
ParaGard (IUD)
-Copper T-380A -Protection up to 10 years -Prevents fertilization, Interfere with implantation of fertilized eggs
3 types of IUDs
-Copper T-380A (ParGard) -Mirena -Skyla
Disadvantages of male condoms
-Diminish sensation - Interfere with spontaneity
Advantages of male condoms
-Easy to purchase - Available without prescription or medical supervision - Free of medical side effects - Help against STIs (Polyurethane give less protection as are lambskin - latex is most reliable)
Advantages of OCs
-Fairly effective -Simple to use -Does not hinder sexual spontaneity -Predictable regularity of periods -Reduction in cramps and blood loss -Reversible -Decreased incidence of benign breast disease, acne, iron-deficiency anemia, ectopic pregnancy, colon and rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer
Advantages of injectable contraceptives Depo-Provera
-Highly effective - Requires little action on the part of user - No trace - No ongoing supplies - Total privacy - No estrogen-related side effects
Contraceptive implant advantages
-Highly effective -No further action required beyond insertion of implant, -Reversible -No estrogen so lower risk of certain side effects
Injectable contraceptives Depo-Provera,
-Injected into arm or buttocks - Every 12 weeks - Prevents pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation
Advantages of diaphragm
-Less intrusive than male condom use - Limited to times of only sexual activity - Immediate and total reversibility - Free of medical side effects
Disadvantages of diaphragm
-Must always be used with spermicide so both must be in supply - Requires extra attention because they must be cleaned and stored with care to preserve their effectiveness - May not be wearable for all due to vaginal or uterine anatomy - May cause bladder infections - Associated with slightly increased risk of toxic shock syndrome, an occasionally fatal bacterial infection - Should not be left in place for more than a day - Should not be used during menstruation or when abnormal vaginal discharge is present
IUD Disadvantages
-No protection against STIs -ParaGard causes heavy menstrual flow and increased menstrual cramping - Spontaneous expulsion - Serious, but rare onset of pelvic inflammatory disease - High up-front costs - Only trained practitioners can insert or remove
Disadvantages of contraceptive skin patch
-No protection vs. STI - Minor side effects similar to those of OCs - Slight breast discomfort - More serious complications similar to those of OCs - Increased risk factor if smoker - Higher exposure to estrogen and thus increase risk of blood clots
Disadvantages of injectable contraceptives Depo-Provera
-No protection vs. STIs - Must visit health care every 3 months for injections - Side effects similar to that of implants - Menstrual irregularities - Weight gain - Reduction in bone density
Contraceptive implant disadvantages
-No protection vs. STIs -Presence may be bothersome, -Only trained practitioners can insert or remove the implant -Significant related costs -Menstrual irregularities - longer periods, spotting between periods, or no bleeding at all
Advantages of vaginal contraceptive ring- Nuvaring
-One month of protection with no daily or weekly action required - Does not require fitting by clinician - Does not require exact fitting in vagina as it is critical with a diaphragm - Advantages similar to that of combined birth control ring - Lighter, less painful menses - Decreased risk of uterine and ovarian cancer - Decreased anemia - Ability to control your cycle
restrictive laws for abortions
-Physician and hospital requirements -State-mandated counseling -Waiting periods -Parental involvement
Advantages of vaginal spermicides
-Relatively simple - Limited to times of sexual activity - Readily available in most drugstores - Do not require prescription or pelvic examination - Complete and immediate reversibility - Only medical side effects limited to occasional allergic reactions - Moderately reduces the risk of some vaginal and cervical STIs
Mirena and Skyla (IUD)
-Release small amounts of progestin -Effective for up to 3 years -Prevent fertilization as progestin causes cervical mucus to thicken and stop fertilization
Disadvantages of OCs
-Remember to take the pill every single day -Does not protect against STI -Hormones in pills may influence many tissues in the body and can lead to a variety of side effects -Bleeding during mid-cycle -Symptoms of early pregnancy - morning nausea and swollen breasts -Depression -Nervousness -Changes in sex drive -Dizziness, Generalized headaches -Migraine -Vaginal discharge Serious side effects, rarely reported, Risks are small unless you are over 35, are a smoker, or have specific medical problems
Steps to reduce the risks associated with OC use
-Request low dosage pill -Stop smoking -Follow directions carefully and consistency -Be alert for preliminary danger signals ACHES: A bdominal pain (severe) C hest pain (severe), couch, shortness of breath or sharp pin non breathing in H eadaches (severe), dizziness, weakness or numbness E ye problems (vision loss or blurring) and/or speech problems S evere leg pain (calf or thigh) -Make sure your health professional knows about yours and family medical records -Have regular PAP tests, pelvic exams and breast exams
Advantages of contraceptive skin patch
-Similar to combined birth control pill - Lighter, less painful menses - Decreased risk of uterine and ovarian cancer - Decreased anemia - Ability to control your cycle
Advantages of cervical cap
-Similar to that of diaphragm us - Alternative to diaphragm for women who cannot use due to anatomical fitting or UTIs - Cap fits tightly so does not require backup condom use with repeated intercourse - May be left in place for up to 2 days
Vaginal spermicides
-Spermicidal compound developed for use with a diaphragm have been adapted for use without a diaphragm by combining with a bulky base - Foams, creams, jellies, suppositories, and fills are all available - Not that effective alone so more often used in combination with a barrier -Foams, creams, and jellies must be placed deep in the vagina near the cervical entrance and must be inserted no more than 60 minutes before intercourse - For suppository, must wait about 15 minutes after insertion and it is easily inserted like a tampon - Vaginal contraceptive film (VCF) is a paper-thin two-inch square of film that contains spermicide; it is folded over and placed high in the vagina and within fifteen minutes, the film dissolves into a spermicidal gel that is effective up to one hour, but a new film must be used for each act of intercourse
Contraceptive skin patch- Ortho Evra
-Thin - 1.75 inch square patch, Slowly releases an estrogen and progestin in bloodstream -Reduces likelihood of pregnancy same way as combination OCs - similar schedule (3 weeks on, 4 weeks off) - Worn on the upper outer arm, abdomen, buttocks, or upper torso (excluding breasts)
Male condom
-Thin sheath designed to cover the penis during sexual intercourse - Most commonly latex, but polyurethane and polyisoprene are also available - Prevent sperm from entering the vagina and provide protection vs. STI - 3rd most popular of all contraceptives in the US after the pill and female sterilization
Combination Pill
-Type of OC -Contains varying amounts of estrogen and progestin
Minipill
-Type of OC -Small dose of a synthetic progesterone taken every day of the month -No estrogen -Less effective -More irregular bleeding patterns -Must be taken at the same time
Disadvantages of female condom
-Unfamiliar to most - Requires practice to learn to use effectively - Outer ring may be bothersome during foreplay, One time use - Costs three to four times as much as a single male condom - Harder to find that male condoms
Vaginal contraceptive ring Nuvaring
-Vaginal ring - Molded with a mixture of progestin and estrogen - Slowly releases hormones and maintains blood hormone levels comparable to those found with OC use - Prevents pregnancy same way as OC - Insert ring anytime during first five days of menstrual cycle and leave it in place for 3 weeks --> 4th week: removal and new cycle begins --> After 7 days, another ring
Fertility awareness
-Women who utilize the fertility awareness-based method abstain from intercourse during the fertile phase of their menstrual cycle - Usually one egg is released by the ovaries per month and it lives about 24 hours unless it is fertilized - Sperm deposited in the vagina may be capable of fertilizing an egg for up to six or seven days so conception can theoretically occur during six to eight days of any menstrual cycle - It is possible to become pregnant at any time during the menstrual cycle - Does not prevent against STIs
OC Advantages
-a decreased incidence of benign breast disease, acne, iron deficiency anemia, ectopic pregnancy, colon and rectal cancer -reduces dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome
Traditonal contraceptions
-rhythm (periodic abstinence) -withdrawl -lactation amenorrhea method
ACHES
1) Abdominal pain (severe) 2) Chest pain (severe), cough, shortness of breath, or sharp pain on breathing in 3) Headaches (severe), dizziness, weakness, or numbness 4) Eye problems (vision loss or blurring) and/or speech problems 5) Severe leg pain (calf or thigh)
Effectiveness of family planning methods
1) Implant and intrauterine devices (reversible) 2) Sterilization (permanent) 3) Injectable 4) Pill 5) Patch 6) Ring 7) Diaphragm 8) Male condom 9) Female condom 10) Withdrawal 11) Sponge 12) Fertility-awareness based methods 13) Spermicide
Which contraceptive method is right for you? Consider..
1. the implications of an unplanned pregnancy and the efficiency of the method 2. Health risks 3. STI risk 4. convenience and comfort level 5. Type of relationship 6. Ease and cost of obtaining and maintaining each method 7. religious or philosophical beliefs 8. Potential non contraceptive benefits
Though the effectiveness decreases as more time elapses, emergency contraception can be taken up to _______________ hours after unprotected intercourse.
120
The life span of an unfertilized egg is about _______________ hours.
24
Vaginal spermicides must be inserted no more than _______________ minutes before intercourse.
60
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
A bacterial disease usually associated with tampon use, and sometimes diaphragm use; symptoms include fever, rash, nausea, headache, dizziness, confusion, fainting, sore throat, cough, and abdominal pain
Spermicide
A chemical agent that kills sperm
Diaphram
A contraceptive device consisting of a flexible, dome-shaped cup that covers the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus
Barrier method
A contraceptive that acts as a physical barrier, blocking sperm from uniting with an egg
Hormonal method
A contraceptive that alters the biochemistry of a woman's body, preventing ovulation and making it more difficult for sperm to reach an egg if ovulation does occur
Withdrawal
A method of contraception in which the man withdraws his penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation; also called the coitus interruptus - High failure rate due to difficulty overcoming a powerful biological urge - Prejaculatory fluid may contain viable sperm, pregnancy can occur even if the man withdraws prior to ejaculation - Affects sexual pleasure due to interruption and focusing on control - Does not protect against STIs
Medical abortion
A method of ending an early first trimester pregnancy by taking two sets of pills: mifepristone and misoprostol. Misoprostol may be taken at home or in another nonmedical setting.
Fertility awareness based method
A method of preventing conception based on avoiding intercourse during the fertile phases of the menstrual cycle
induction abortion
A method to end a second-trimester pregnancy by administering medications to induce labor and delivery of a fetus.
Pap test
A scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer
aspiration abortion (D&C)
A vaginal procedure to end a first-trimester pregnancy that involves aspiration of the uterus; also known as suction abortion, suction curettage, or dilation and curettage.
dilation and evacuation (D&E)
A vaginal procedure to end a second-trimester pregnancy that involves surgical removal of the pregnancy from the uterus.
Abstinence, fertility awareness, and withdrawal
Abstinence usually decided on the grounds of religious, cultural, or strongly held personal beliefs to go along with possible contraceptive side effects, STIs, and unwanted pregnancies
Abortifacient
An agent or substance that induces abortion
Natural method
An approach to contraception that does not use drugs or devices; requires avoiding intercourse during the period of the woman's menstrual cycle when an egg is most likely to be present at the site of conception and the risk of pregnancy is greatest
induced abortion
An ongoing pregnancy that is ended deliberately; synonymous with pregnancy termination.
Contraceptive
Any agent or method that can prevent conception
Sexual transmitted infection (STI) formally STD
Any of several contagious infections contracted through intimate sexual contact
Abstinence
Avoidance of sexual intercourse; a method of contraception
Which of the following is a progestin only contraceptive, providing no estrogen?
Depo Provera
Kristen has been recently diagnosed as having decreased bone density. She is sexually active with her boyfriend. Which type of hormonal contraceptive should she AVOID because it may reduce her bone density further?
Depo-Provera
Regarding the availability of Plan B One Step emergency contraception, which of the following statements is accurate?-
Emergency contraceptives are available over-the-counter for everyone, but not all pharmacies carry them.
Laparoscopy
Examining the internal organs by inserting a small camera through an abdominal incision
A woman needs to have the fit of her diaphragm checked ONLY if she gains more than 20 pounds.
FALSE
Additional spermicide must be applied to a diaphragm ONLY if it has been inserted for more than 12 hours before intercourse.
FALSE
Because of the expense of female condoms, doctors recommend that women rinse out and reuse the condoms.
FALSE
Hormonal methods of contraception work primarily by blocking implantation.
FALSE
Hysterectomy is the preferred method of permanent female sterilization for most women.
FALSE
Sperm deposited in the vagina are capable of fertilization for no more than three days after ejaculation.
FALSE
The Ortho Evra contraceptive skin patch slowly releases one hormone (estrogen) into the bloodstream.
FALSE
The U.S. rate of teen pregnancy is much lower than the rate in other developed countries.
FALSE
The active ingredient in the minipill form of oral contraceptives is estrogen.
FALSE
The calendar method is reliable because women almost always ovulate on the same day of their cycle each month.
FALSE
The vaginal contraceptive ring prevents pregnancy in the same manner as the diaphragm.
FALSE
Toxic shock syndrome associated with diaphragm use is caused from an uncontrollable fungal infection.
FALSE
Vaginal spermicides can be inserted up to two hours before intercourse and still be effective.
FALSE
pro-life groups
Groups that oppose abortion on the basis of their belief that life begins at conception
pro-choice groups
Groups that support the view that the decision to continue or end a pregnancy is a personal matter and that a woman should not be compelled to carry a pregnancy to term if she does not want to have a child
IUD Advantages
Highly reliable -Simple -Convenient to use, Require no attention -Do not require woman to anticipate or interrupt sexual activity -Less than 1% of woman using IUDS will get pregnant -Short and long-term expense is low - Reversible (Mirena can decrease blood flow during menstruation)
Oral contraceptive (OC) "birth control pills"
Hormone compounds (made up of estrogen and progestins) in pill form that prevent conception by preventing ovulation; also called the "pill" or "birth control pill" -Inhibit movement of sperm by thickening of cervical mucus -In rare case that ovulation does occur, it alters the rate of ovum transport by means of hormonal effects on the fallopian tubes -Prevent implantation by changing the lining of the uterus
Which of the following statements about IUDs is FALSE?
IUD use does not require a health care provider.
Which of the following statements about IUDs is TRUE?
IUDs do not offer protection against STIs.
Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)
Intrauterine devices and implant methods of contraception, which earn high satisfaction rates and have been shown to decrease instances of unintended pregnancy and abortion compared to other methods
Which of the following statements about male sterilization is TRUE?
It requires another form of birth control to be used until a sperm-free sample of ejaculate is obtained.
Which of the following statements about IUDs an pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is TRUE?
Most cases of PID among IUD users can be treated with antibiotics.
Disadvantages of vaginal contraceptive ring - Nuvaring
No protection vs. STI - Similar to that of OC - but less incidence of nausea and vomiting - Vaginal discharge - Vaginitis - Vaginal irritation - Medical risks similar to that of OCs
Contraceptive implants
Placed under the skin of the upper arm and deliver a small but steady dose of progestin over a period of years Ex.) Implanon/Nexplanon (3 year effectiveness)
Emergency contraception
Plan B, Plan B One-step, Next Choice One Dose, Ella- A birth control method used after unprotected sexual intercourse has occured
Which of the following statements about tubal sterilization is TRUE?
Serious complications from the procedure are rare.
Tubal sterilization
Severing or blocking the oviducts to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus; also called tubal ligation
How does conception work
Sperm must survive acidic environment of vagina, pass through thickened cervical mucus at the entrance of the uterus, sperm must travel into fallopian tube to meet an unfertilized ovum (egg), one per month into the fallopian tubes, zygote is formed when fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, zygote travels down the fallopian tube to implant within the endometrium
Surgical method
Sterilization of male or female to permanently prevent the transport of sperm or eggs to the site of conception
Sterilization
Surgically altering the reproductive system to prevent pregnancy. Vasectomy is the procedure in males; tubal sterilization or hysterectomy is the procedure in females - Most common world wide contraceptive method - Tied with the pill in the US, Permanent - Does not protect vs. STIs - Cannot be reversed - Male procedures are a lot less expensive than female procedures, less complication, and less complex procedure
A cervical cap may be left in place for up to 48 hours without increased risk for infection.
TRUE
A cervical cap must be fitted by a trained clinician.
TRUE
A contraceptive sponge is both a chemical and a barrier method of contraceptive.
TRUE
Barrier methods of contraception work by blocking the sperm from reaching the ovum.
TRUE
Because female condoms can be inserted before sexual activity begins, they are less disruptive to sexual activity than are male condoms.
TRUE
Condoms are sold with an expiration date.-
TRUE
Contraceptive failure rate is based on studies that directly measure the percentage of women who experience unintended pregnancy in the first year of contraceptive use.
TRUE
Emergency contraceptives are designed for emergency use only and should not be used as a regular contraceptive method.
TRUE
Male condoms are the most popular type of barrier contraception.
TRUE
Nexplanon is a single implant and is effective for three years.
TRUE
One problem associated with reversing male sterilization is the possible development of antisperm antibodies.
TRUE
Surgical birth control methods are considered permanent.
TRUE
The most commonly used oral contraceptive is the combination pill.
TRUE
The use of withdrawal as a contraceptive method may result in decreased sexual pleasure.
TRUE
When using the contraceptive skin patch, women must spend one week each month without wearing a patch.
TRUE
_______________ has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates of all developed nations.
The United States
Fertility
The ability to reproduce
What is the BEST explanation of why men have historically taken less responsibility for contraception than women have?
The consequences of not using contraception are more serious for women than for men.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the female condom?
The female condom is less expensive than the male condom
Conception
The fusion of ovum and sperm resulting in a fertilized egg or a zygote
Which of the following statements about oral contraceptives is TRUE?
The most common type of oral contraceptive contains both estrogen and progesterone.
Continuation rate
The percentage of people who continue to use a particular contraceptive after a specified period of time
Contraceptive failure rate
The percentage of women using a particular contraceptive method who experience an unintended pregnancy in the first year of use
Birth control
The practice of managing fertility and preventing unwanted pregnancies
Contraception
The prevention of conception through the use of a device, substance, or method
Vasectomy
The surgical severing of the ducts- vas deferentia that carry sperm to the ejaculatory duct - Sperm is absorbed by the body
Which of the following statements about polyurethane condoms is TRUE?
They are more likely to break than are latex condoms.
Which of the following statements about condoms prelubricated with nonoxynol 9 is TRUE?-
They are no more effective than ones without spermicide.
Hysterectomy
Total or partial surgical removal of the uterus
intrauterine device (IUD)
a device inserted into the uterus as a contraceptive
intrauterine method
a form of contraception that prevents the sperm from reaching the egg through chemical or hormonal changes
Oral contraception is NOT recommended for women with
a history of blood clots.
When a woman is using an oral contraceptive, she can use the word ACHES to remind her of preliminary danger signals. What does the "A" stand for?
abdominal pain
viable
able to survive outside the uterus
A woman is usually advised to start the first cycle of oral contraceptive pills with a menstrual period. Full effectiveness of oral contraceptives is then established
after one week of use.
A disadvantage of DepoProvera is that-
after use is discontinued, infertility may result for up to twelve months.
The threads that are attached to the IUD and protrude through the cervix serve to
allow the woman to check that the IUD is in place.
ejaculation
an abrupt discharge of semen from the penis during sexual stimulation
At what time during a woman's cycle should she insert a vaginal contraceptive ring?
any time during the first five days of her menstrual cycle
A contraceptive that physically blocks the sperm from reaching the egg is a
barrier method.
calendar methods
based on the idea that the average woman releases an egg 14-16 days before her period begins. To avoid pregnancy, she should abstain from intercourse about 8 days during her cycle, beginning several days before and during the time that ovulation is most likely to occur
temperature method
based on the knowledge that a woman's body temp drops slightly just before ovulation and rises slightly after ovulation
All of the following are advantages of condoms EXCEPT
being as effective as oral contraceptives.
The Ortho Evra contraceptive skin patch can be worn on any of the following places EXCEPT the
breasts.
The female condom
can be inserted up to eight hours before intercourse.
One advantage of a cervical cap over a diaphragm is that it
can be used by women with recurrent urinary tract infections.
The advantages of the contraceptive sponge include all of the following, EXCEPT that it
can be used multiple times.
The Essure female sterilization system works by
causing scar tissue to form over implants and block the fallopian tubes.
A small, flexible cup that fits over the cervix and serves as a barrier to sperm is a(n)
cervical cap.
Mucus method
changes in the cervical secretions throughout the menstrual cycle
Which of the following is a characteristic of cervical secretions observed during the estrogenic phase?
clear, slippery mucus
The most common type of oral contraceptive is the
combination pill.
The function of a diaphragm is to
cover the cervix and block access to the uterus.
Plan B, Plan B One-step, Next Choice One Dose, Ella
day or after-sex pills- Work primarily inhibiting or delaying ovulation and by blocking the transport of sperm and eggs; does not interrupt an established pregnancy
Contraceptive foams, creams, and jellies must be inserted
deep in the vagina near the cervix.
The temperature method of birth control is based on the knowledge that a woman's body temperature goes
down slightly just before ovulation and up slightly after ovulation.
Modern Contraceptions
female and male sterilization -oral hormone pills - intrauterine device (IUD) - male and female condoms -injectables -implants -vaginal barrier methods -emergency contraception
The benefit of taking oral contraceptives with smaller doses of estrogen is
fewer health risks.
A main advantage of oral contraceptives is the
high degree of effectiveness.
The Nexplanon implant is a _______________ contraceptive.
hormonal
Surgical removal of the uterus is called a(n)
hysterectomy.
Which of the following is a reason that diaphragms have a relatively high failure rate?
incorrect insertion and positioning
DepoProvera is administered by-
injection.
All of the following are TRUE about the minipill, EXCEPT that
it has more side effects and health risks than other hormonal contraceptives.
Because body heat is needed to dissolve and activate contraceptive suppositories,
it is important to wait at least 15 minutes after insertion before engaging in intercourse.
Kate and LaMar are 19 year-old college students who are beginning a sexual relationship. Both have had previous partners, and neither has been tested for STIs. Which of the following contraceptive methods are Kate and LaMar most likely to use?-
latex male condom
The disadvantages of the contraceptive sponge include all of the following EXCEPT
lower doses of spermicide than other methods.
The most widely used barrier method of contraception is the
male condom.
Early IUD danger signals include all of the following EXCEPT
migraines with vision loss.
unintended pregnancy
mistimed (wrongly timed) or unwanted (not desired at all) pregnancy
The NuvaRing offers pregnancy protection for how long?
one month
The Ortho Evra contraceptive skin patch is worn for _______________ before being replaced.
one week
In addition to hormone pills, most oral contraceptive packets also include
one week of "placebo" pills.
The "typical use" contraceptive failure rate is based on studies that measure the percentage of women experiencing unintended pregnancy in the first
one year of use.
Tubal sterilization or tubal ligation entails the severing or blocking of the
oviducts.
IUDs are not recommended for women with certain conditions. Which of the following is NOT among those conditions?
past pregnancies
The continuation rate of a contraceptive is determined by the percentage of
people who keep using a particular contraceptive after a specified period of time.
Withdrawal has relatively low effectiveness as a contraceptive method because of the presence of
preejaculatory fluid.
spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
pregnancy that ends on its own it may be an emotionally trying event for some women and their families and often experienced as a loss
Current evidence suggests that the IUD ParaGard prevents pregnancy primarily by
preventing fertilization.
Oral contraceptives primarily prevent conception by
preventing ovulation by mimicking the hormonal activity of the corpus luteum.
Oral contraceptives decrease the risk of all of the following EXCEPT
sexually transmitted infections.
OC disadvantages
side effects- dizziness, headaches, depression, nervousness, changes in sex drive, vaginal discharge
After intercourse, a diaphragm should be left in for at least
six hours
How long can a diaphragm and spermicide be inserted prior to intercourse before additional spermicide must be reapplied?
six hours
Vaginal contraceptive film is a type of
spermicidal suppository.
Which of the following actions will reduce the health risks associated with the use of oral contraceptives?
stopping smoking
A contraceptive that permanently prevents the union of the sperm and egg is a
surgical method.
abortion
termination of pregnancy
After the birth of their second child, married couple Abbey and Joe cannot decide if they want to have more children. If they do, they want to wait at least five years. Abbey wants to choose a method of birth control that is convenient and economical, and that requires little effort to use. Based on the factors that are important to Abbey and Joe, the best choice for them is
the ParaGard IUD.
Compliance seems higher for the contraceptive skin patch than for oral contraceptives because
the patch requires weekly instead of daily action.
A disadvantage of diaphragms is that
they require the use of a spermicide.
If a woman is using the temperature method of birth control, she will calculate that her safe period will begin
three days after the rise in basil body temperature.
After insertion, the NuvaRing (vaginal contraceptive ring) is left in the vagina for _______________ before removal.
three weeks
The Nexplanon implant is effective for how long?
three years
All of the following are considered "natural" forms of contraception EXCEPT
tubal sterilization.
To further enhance the general effectiveness of a condom in preventing pregnancy, one should
use a spermicidal foam just prior to intercourse.
If a condom breaks, an appropriate strategy for reducing the risk of pregnancy is to
use emergency contraception.
Surgical severing of the ducts that carry the sperm to the seminal vesicles is called
vasectomy.