Corrections ch 4-6
Offender restitution
Requirement that offenders repay society for the Home created by the offense
Sanford Bates
first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Rhodes vs Chapman
A 1981 US Supreme Court decision that over crowded conditions resulting in to inmates house in cells designed for one person was not a violation of the eighth amendment right and protection from cruel and unusual punishment
War on drugs
A Reagan innovative to reduce the availability and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions in treatment
Split sentences
A combination of a short jail sentence and then return home to the community on probation, it gives the taste of jail and then letting them go home so they see that they will be sent to jail if they don't change
What is a split sentence
A combination of short jail sentence and then return to the community probation, it gives the criminal a taste of jail then letting them go home so they will see where they will be if they do not change
Private prison
A correctional institution operated by a private firm on behalf of a local or state government
Presumptive parole dates
A date the inmate can expect to be released on parole, even if it is five or ten years later than the hearing
How long does an offender usually stay in prison under shock probation
A few weeks
Approximately how many people were on probation in the United States in 2010
A little over 4 million
How many inmates are there in US correctional facilities
16.1%
Elmira reformatory
1876 in New York, incorporated mark system, first reformatory system
When did New York pass the first that you authorizing the use of probation for adult felons
1901
Morrissey v brewer
1972 US supreme court decision that once parole is granted, a liberty interest is created and offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty.
When and where was the first private prison open under contract the house adult offenders
1984, Hamilton county, Tennessee
What factors have influenced a recent decline in the number of prison inmates in some states
Geographics are changing so the high crime age groups are declining or they have enough criminal history to be sent to prison. Second, crime rates have been dropping. In addition more crimes are being protested at the federal level, and offenders that would have otherwise been sent to state prisons are now in federal prisons the influence of tiny budget played a large role estates look for ways to reduce cost by reducing the number of offenders in prison
Community residential centers
Houses in which offenders live in a community that provide supervision, room and board, and some treatment as an alternative to prison
What is the role of the US immigration and customs enforcement
How's it illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country, individuals are usually detained in three ways; one, if Kat wants something illegal enter of the United States, second is there arrested for commission of a crime and then help because they're in the United States without permission and three if they are rated by ice officials of housing our workplaces in officials find individuals are in the country illegally
How did Rhoads vs Chapman change the operations of prisons
I making sure that inmates are not locked in a cell all day to reduce tension
Gangon vs Scarpelli
In 1973 US Supreme Court decision that created the due process requirements for revoking probation
Zebulon R. Brockway
Leading US penalogist in the mid-1800s who was a prominent of adopting the Irish systems in the United States and who we came the first superintendent of the Elmira reformatory
What are the prisons that were included in the three penitentiary act 1891
Leavenworth, Kansas McNeil island, Washington and Atlanta Georgia
Probation supervision
Throw the probation or parole officer in monitoring in offender's behavior through office visits; contacts with family friends bosses or treatment providers; a visit to their home or work place
Street crimes
Traditional reference to crimes with a little sophistication required such as murder robbery burglary assault and theft
Electronic monitoring
Use of technology to monitor and offenders location
Technical violations
Violations of a condition of community supervision without commission of a new crime
New crime violations
Violations of the conditions of probation prohibiting the commission of any additional crimes
Just deserts model
W defined by Von Hirsch stated that the punishment of the individual should be purely retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime.
Violation
Well you are to follow conditions of parole supervision
Can you get parole with an indeterminate sentence
Yes
Management training corporation
a private correct. company HQ'd in utah that ops. 19 correct. facilities in the US.
Alexander Maconochie
considered the father of parole and the creator the "Mark System", allowing inmates to earn credits toward a conditional release now called a "ticket of leave"?
Security levels
levels such as minimum, low, medium, high, or max are distinct by such features as the presence of towers and other perimeter security barriers(i.e. fences or walls) w/ detection devices, the type of housing for prisoners (i.e. cells or dormitory) and the staff to inmate ratio.
Prison reentry
Transitioning offenders from prison or jail back into the community
Differentiate passive and active electronic monitoring systems
Active systems the central location mean to use a computer I schedule of when you think you should be in their homes and automatically alarms or send a notice when the signal is not committed between the transmitter and receiver during those times. How's the transmitter requires a person to be home and answer his phone was in so much time and put it next to their monitoring device so the radio waves can be picked up to prove they are at home
Federal Bureau of prisons
Agency within the US Department of Justice charged with housing in managing federal law offenders
Shock incarceration
Alternative to judicial incarceration that are operated similar to military boot camp; offenders are required to have short hair, shine their shoes, I wear uniforms, do extensive physical exercises and perform hard physical labor; at times, these are complemented with education or drunk programming, but the major components of Boot Camp in military regimens discipline exercise and hard work
How is electronic monitoring used to enforce the requirements of house arrest
By monitoring the locations of criminals
How can net widening reduce the effectiveness of an intermediate sanction program
By overlapping criminal sanctions and adding supervision for the community
regular caseloads
Can you slowed made up of standard probationers, requiring no special programs or supervision
Intensive supervision caseloads
Caseload for offenders with two high risk or need to be on or you are supervision; created as an alternative to sending these offenders to prison
Special caseloads
Caseload is made up of offenders with a particular type of problem such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sexual offenses
Differentiate between the casework and surveillance styles of probation supervision
Casework style probation officers generally try to help the criminal into becoming a better person asked where is surveillance style probation officers are watching the offenders every move looking for reason to put them back in jail
Special conditions of probation
Conditions of probation tailored to meet the needs for particular offender; they can be imposed to me the specific risks are in need of the individual offender
Standard conditions of probation
Conditions that must be followed by every probationer
Parole
Correctional release of inmates by the parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence parole is a gray/privilege, there are rules, is an extension of jail you're still under the government, only felons get parole, only prisons get parole
Positive contract
Face-to-face contact between parole officer and An offender
What is an economic sanction
Fines
Corrections Corporation of America
The largest of the private prison corporations that open the first private, for profit correctional facility in 1984 in Tennessee; currently operating 70 correctional facilities
How did the Martinson findings of nothing works influence the use of parole in the medical model
This study provided statistical support in their arguments for a return to determine it sentences gained momentum
Brig
Military term meaning correctional facility
Parole guidelines
-attempt to measure the risks of the inmate committing new crimes and use the risk assessment to determine whether parole will be granted and under what conditions
Salient factor score
A point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines; the score is based on factors predictive of success on parole
The GEO group, Inc.
A private correctional company headquarters in Florida that operates 110 correctional facilities in the United States
Surveillance style of supervision
A solid supervising Canadian offenders that places emphasis on monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules or supervision in that detection of violations leading to revocation in return to custody. The PO that gives drug test often that knows you're going to fail
Mission
A statement of an organization is major function and what it is accomplished, or it's a basic purpose, to include general outcomes that it is committed to achieving
Supervised mandatory release
A type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are then released, but with a period of supervision to follow
Unconditional mandatory release
A type of release in which inmates serve the full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison
What was the result of the sentencing reform act of 1984, and what impact did it have on the Bureau of prisons
Abolished parole, establish determinate sentencing, and reduce the amount of good time available for federal offenders
Boot camp
Another name for shock incarceration
What is asset forfeiture and why can I be called an economic sanction
Asset forfeiture is authorized seizure by the government of money or gained good through a crime, this is economic sanctions because It takes back what was getting you it takes back what was gained illegally
Describe the operation of a boot camp
Boot Camp is operated the same way a military camp would be operated
John Augustus
Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation
Mark system
Credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior
What do you factors do parole guidelines attempt to predict
Determine the offenders risk to the community and chance for success and chance for success
Describe the process for revoking parole
Determining that there is a violation, a possible stipulated agreement, notice of violation, possible one out for her arrest in custody, preliminary relocation hearing, for revocation hearing and then either modification to the conditions with return to supervision or return To prison
Community corrections
Does criminal sanctions that involve community supervision of offenders, make use of correctional and program resources available in the community, and require vendors to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community
Prisons
Institutions design the house convicted, adult felons, serving a sentence of more than one year. They keep people busy as much as possible to keep them out of trouble . People go to prison if they have a felony
What contributions to modern probation did John Agustus make that continue today
John came up with the term probation, came up with many rules and guidelines for probation, and even came up with the idea of presentence investigation's
Victim compensation
Just pay their victims directly for their losses in harm caused by the offense
What are the primary emphases on probation supervision
Maintain surveillance, and fourth conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes
What state prison security level has the highest percentage of inmates
Minimum
Justice model
Model for sentencing proposed by fogel that would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards , and make all treatment voluntary
List five standard conditions of probation
Offender cannot leave judicial district without permission, offender must report to PO at all times, offender must answer truthfully all inquiries by PO and follow his or her instructions, offender must maintain employment, Offender must notify PO if they change their address within 72 hours, cannot use alcohol drugs are prohibited, cannot associate with criminals, cannot commit another crime
Differentiate between offender restitution and victim compensation programs
Offender restitution is repaying society as to victim compensation is repaying the victim
Cost of supervision
Offenders have to pay for some costs associated with their supervision in the community such as drug testing or electronic monitoring
House arrest
Offenders live at home and must be at home except for times that they can be at work or participating in other activities approved by their probation officer
Hearing officers
Officials who are not appointed parole board members, yet they hold parole hearings and make recommendations to the parole board regarding inmates' release
What's the due process rights just described by morrissey v brewer
Once an inmate is granted parole they have certain due process rights in order to revoke that liberty
Describe the four stages of release implemented by Sir Walter Cofton in the Irish system
One solitary confinement, two special prison, three open institution, four ticket of leave
Probation
Prison sentence that was suspended on the conditions that the offender will follow certain prescribed rules and commitment for the crimes
What are the two ways that community residential centers are used as immediate sanctions
Providing supervision, structure, accountability, and programming to aid in the community supervision of probationers who require more than standard probation in response to their risk of reoffending and program needs
Name three types of probation caseloads
Regular caseloads, intensive supervision caseload, and special caseloads
Discretionary parole
Release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by the parole boards
List some of the ways in which issues facing prisoners re-entering the community are different than they were in the past
Released from prison requires much more today such as employment and economic well-being, family stabilization and childhood development, mental and physical health, and homelessness
Community classification systems
Risk assessments that predict the chance of new crimes being committed; they are used to determine the level of supervision and offender will receive in the community
Shock probation
Short term. Imprisonment to shock the offender, with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation
What is the difference between standard and special conditions of probation
Standard conditions are conditions all probationers must follow in special conditions is added on rules for specific offenders such as sex offenders can't go to the park etc.
Name and describe the two types of parole conditions
Standard conditions that are applicable to all parolees and special conditions pertaining to a particular Parolee
Intensive supervised probation (ISP)
Supervision of community offenders with higher than average risk, through smaller caseload and very close monitoring of activities
What are two types of parole violations
Technical violation, which is a failure to follow conditions of parole, a new crime violation in which a new crime is been committed
What are the two types of probation violations
Technical violations which is not meeting the conditions of their supervision or new crime violations which is committing a new crime while on probation
Asset forfeiture
The author I seizure by the government of money, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value that were obtained through illegal activities
Describe the philosophy of the broken windows approach to the operation of probation
The broken window approach revolve around communities supervising people on probation
Security classification
The classification given to a prisoner which determines the type of prison in which he or she is to be placed.
How does the community classification systems work, and what are their impact on probation supervision
The community classification system scores a criminal record and tells the probation officer how much supervision they need
How did the Elmira reformatory move towards the implementation of system of parole in the United States
The number of people on parole increased
Net widening
The overlapping of criminal sanctions and adding supervision for community place defenders rather than the version of offenders from prison
Describe the four stages of the system of release implemented by Alexander monconochie on the Norfolk Island Penal Code
The penlan stage, emphasize punishment and included solitary confinement. The associated stage allows inmates to associate and begin to earn marks through work and good behavior The social stage inmates required to work together. ticket to leave stage in which inmates have earned required marks to be released into the community
Casework style of supervision
The style of supervising community offenders that places emphasis on assisting the offender with problems, counseling and working to make sure the offender successfully completes the supervision. The type of PO that helps
New penology
an emphasis on rational and efficient deployment of control strats for managing/confining hi risk criminal populations.
Sir Walter Crofton
director of the Irish prison system in 1854, and began to implement many of the ideas of Maconochie's work. He created the four-stage system of graduated release from prison and return to the community: (1) solitary confinement of approximately nine months; (2) Special prison in which the offender worked with other inmates and earned marks to gain privelges and move further toward release; (3) Open institution- A transitional stage to society with training on the freedoms and requirements of release and continued earning of marks to reach the fourth stage; (4) Ticket of leave- Conditional release for the remainder of the sentence, and the first use of parole as it is known today.
Immigration and customs enforcement
formerly INS; responsible for housing illegal aliens pending hearing or deportation back to their home country.
Ticket of leave
in maconochies system of graduated release, this was there final stage
Fines
requirement that offenders pay some dollar amount to quarts as punishment for committing the offense also known as economic sanctions
What is the general mission of most correctional agencies
supervise criminal offenders during the period of their sentence, protect the public, and other programs that assist with the rehabilitation of criminals
Three Penitentiary act
the 1891 Act of congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons
Sentencing reform act of 1984
the act of congress that abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time available to federal offenders.
Federalized
the making of a crime a federal matter rather than a state offense; when US congress decided that a law needs fed law enforcement and prosecution.
