Corrections ch 4-6

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Offender restitution

Requirement that offenders repay society for the Home created by the offense

Sanford Bates

first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons

Rhodes vs Chapman

A 1981 US Supreme Court decision that over crowded conditions resulting in to inmates house in cells designed for one person was not a violation of the eighth amendment right and protection from cruel and unusual punishment

War on drugs

A Reagan innovative to reduce the availability and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions in treatment

Split sentences

A combination of a short jail sentence and then return home to the community on probation, it gives the taste of jail and then letting them go home so they see that they will be sent to jail if they don't change

What is a split sentence

A combination of short jail sentence and then return to the community probation, it gives the criminal a taste of jail then letting them go home so they will see where they will be if they do not change

Private prison

A correctional institution operated by a private firm on behalf of a local or state government

Presumptive parole dates

A date the inmate can expect to be released on parole, even if it is five or ten years later than the hearing

How long does an offender usually stay in prison under shock probation

A few weeks

Approximately how many people were on probation in the United States in 2010

A little over 4 million

How many inmates are there in US correctional facilities

16.1%

Elmira reformatory

1876 in New York, incorporated mark system, first reformatory system

When did New York pass the first that you authorizing the use of probation for adult felons

1901

Morrissey v brewer

1972 US supreme court decision that once parole is granted, a liberty interest is created and offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty.

When and where was the first private prison open under contract the house adult offenders

1984, Hamilton county, Tennessee

What factors have influenced a recent decline in the number of prison inmates in some states

Geographics are changing so the high crime age groups are declining or they have enough criminal history to be sent to prison. Second, crime rates have been dropping. In addition more crimes are being protested at the federal level, and offenders that would have otherwise been sent to state prisons are now in federal prisons the influence of tiny budget played a large role estates look for ways to reduce cost by reducing the number of offenders in prison

Community residential centers

Houses in which offenders live in a community that provide supervision, room and board, and some treatment as an alternative to prison

What is the role of the US immigration and customs enforcement

How's it illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country, individuals are usually detained in three ways; one, if Kat wants something illegal enter of the United States, second is there arrested for commission of a crime and then help because they're in the United States without permission and three if they are rated by ice officials of housing our workplaces in officials find individuals are in the country illegally

How did Rhoads vs Chapman change the operations of prisons

I making sure that inmates are not locked in a cell all day to reduce tension

Gangon vs Scarpelli

In 1973 US Supreme Court decision that created the due process requirements for revoking probation

Zebulon R. Brockway

Leading US penalogist in the mid-1800s who was a prominent of adopting the Irish systems in the United States and who we came the first superintendent of the Elmira reformatory

What are the prisons that were included in the three penitentiary act 1891

Leavenworth, Kansas McNeil island, Washington and Atlanta Georgia

Probation supervision

Throw the probation or parole officer in monitoring in offender's behavior through office visits; contacts with family friends bosses or treatment providers; a visit to their home or work place

Street crimes

Traditional reference to crimes with a little sophistication required such as murder robbery burglary assault and theft

Electronic monitoring

Use of technology to monitor and offenders location

Technical violations

Violations of a condition of community supervision without commission of a new crime

New crime violations

Violations of the conditions of probation prohibiting the commission of any additional crimes

Just deserts model

W defined by Von Hirsch stated that the punishment of the individual should be purely retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime.

Violation

Well you are to follow conditions of parole supervision

Can you get parole with an indeterminate sentence

Yes

Management training corporation

a private correct. company HQ'd in utah that ops. 19 correct. facilities in the US.

Alexander Maconochie

considered the father of parole and the creator the "Mark System", allowing inmates to earn credits toward a conditional release now called a "ticket of leave"?

Security levels

levels such as minimum, low, medium, high, or max are distinct by such features as the presence of towers and other perimeter security barriers(i.e. fences or walls) w/ detection devices, the type of housing for prisoners (i.e. cells or dormitory) and the staff to inmate ratio.

Prison reentry

Transitioning offenders from prison or jail back into the community

Differentiate passive and active electronic monitoring systems

Active systems the central location mean to use a computer I schedule of when you think you should be in their homes and automatically alarms or send a notice when the signal is not committed between the transmitter and receiver during those times. How's the transmitter requires a person to be home and answer his phone was in so much time and put it next to their monitoring device so the radio waves can be picked up to prove they are at home

Federal Bureau of prisons

Agency within the US Department of Justice charged with housing in managing federal law offenders

Shock incarceration

Alternative to judicial incarceration that are operated similar to military boot camp; offenders are required to have short hair, shine their shoes, I wear uniforms, do extensive physical exercises and perform hard physical labor; at times, these are complemented with education or drunk programming, but the major components of Boot Camp in military regimens discipline exercise and hard work

How is electronic monitoring used to enforce the requirements of house arrest

By monitoring the locations of criminals

How can net widening reduce the effectiveness of an intermediate sanction program

By overlapping criminal sanctions and adding supervision for the community

regular caseloads

Can you slowed made up of standard probationers, requiring no special programs or supervision

Intensive supervision caseloads

Caseload for offenders with two high risk or need to be on or you are supervision; created as an alternative to sending these offenders to prison

Special caseloads

Caseload is made up of offenders with a particular type of problem such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sexual offenses

Differentiate between the casework and surveillance styles of probation supervision

Casework style probation officers generally try to help the criminal into becoming a better person asked where is surveillance style probation officers are watching the offenders every move looking for reason to put them back in jail

Special conditions of probation

Conditions of probation tailored to meet the needs for particular offender; they can be imposed to me the specific risks are in need of the individual offender

Standard conditions of probation

Conditions that must be followed by every probationer

Parole

Correctional release of inmates by the parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence parole is a gray/privilege, there are rules, is an extension of jail you're still under the government, only felons get parole, only prisons get parole

Positive contract

Face-to-face contact between parole officer and An offender

What is an economic sanction

Fines

Corrections Corporation of America

The largest of the private prison corporations that open the first private, for profit correctional facility in 1984 in Tennessee; currently operating 70 correctional facilities

How did the Martinson findings of nothing works influence the use of parole in the medical model

This study provided statistical support in their arguments for a return to determine it sentences gained momentum

Brig

Military term meaning correctional facility

Parole guidelines

-attempt to measure the risks of the inmate committing new crimes and use the risk assessment to determine whether parole will be granted and under what conditions

Salient factor score

A point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines; the score is based on factors predictive of success on parole

The GEO group, Inc.

A private correctional company headquarters in Florida that operates 110 correctional facilities in the United States

Surveillance style of supervision

A solid supervising Canadian offenders that places emphasis on monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules or supervision in that detection of violations leading to revocation in return to custody. The PO that gives drug test often that knows you're going to fail

Mission

A statement of an organization is major function and what it is accomplished, or it's a basic purpose, to include general outcomes that it is committed to achieving

Supervised mandatory release

A type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are then released, but with a period of supervision to follow

Unconditional mandatory release

A type of release in which inmates serve the full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison

What was the result of the sentencing reform act of 1984, and what impact did it have on the Bureau of prisons

Abolished parole, establish determinate sentencing, and reduce the amount of good time available for federal offenders

Boot camp

Another name for shock incarceration

What is asset forfeiture and why can I be called an economic sanction

Asset forfeiture is authorized seizure by the government of money or gained good through a crime, this is economic sanctions because It takes back what was getting you it takes back what was gained illegally

Describe the operation of a boot camp

Boot Camp is operated the same way a military camp would be operated

John Augustus

Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation

Mark system

Credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior

What do you factors do parole guidelines attempt to predict

Determine the offenders risk to the community and chance for success and chance for success

Describe the process for revoking parole

Determining that there is a violation, a possible stipulated agreement, notice of violation, possible one out for her arrest in custody, preliminary relocation hearing, for revocation hearing and then either modification to the conditions with return to supervision or return To prison

Community corrections

Does criminal sanctions that involve community supervision of offenders, make use of correctional and program resources available in the community, and require vendors to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community

Prisons

Institutions design the house convicted, adult felons, serving a sentence of more than one year. They keep people busy as much as possible to keep them out of trouble . People go to prison if they have a felony

What contributions to modern probation did John Agustus make that continue today

John came up with the term probation, came up with many rules and guidelines for probation, and even came up with the idea of presentence investigation's

Victim compensation

Just pay their victims directly for their losses in harm caused by the offense

What are the primary emphases on probation supervision

Maintain surveillance, and fourth conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes

What state prison security level has the highest percentage of inmates

Minimum

Justice model

Model for sentencing proposed by fogel that would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards , and make all treatment voluntary

List five standard conditions of probation

Offender cannot leave judicial district without permission, offender must report to PO at all times, offender must answer truthfully all inquiries by PO and follow his or her instructions, offender must maintain employment, Offender must notify PO if they change their address within 72 hours, cannot use alcohol drugs are prohibited, cannot associate with criminals, cannot commit another crime

Differentiate between offender restitution and victim compensation programs

Offender restitution is repaying society as to victim compensation is repaying the victim

Cost of supervision

Offenders have to pay for some costs associated with their supervision in the community such as drug testing or electronic monitoring

House arrest

Offenders live at home and must be at home except for times that they can be at work or participating in other activities approved by their probation officer

Hearing officers

Officials who are not appointed parole board members, yet they hold parole hearings and make recommendations to the parole board regarding inmates' release

What's the due process rights just described by morrissey v brewer

Once an inmate is granted parole they have certain due process rights in order to revoke that liberty

Describe the four stages of release implemented by Sir Walter Cofton in the Irish system

One solitary confinement, two special prison, three open institution, four ticket of leave

Probation

Prison sentence that was suspended on the conditions that the offender will follow certain prescribed rules and commitment for the crimes

What are the two ways that community residential centers are used as immediate sanctions

Providing supervision, structure, accountability, and programming to aid in the community supervision of probationers who require more than standard probation in response to their risk of reoffending and program needs

Name three types of probation caseloads

Regular caseloads, intensive supervision caseload, and special caseloads

Discretionary parole

Release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by the parole boards

List some of the ways in which issues facing prisoners re-entering the community are different than they were in the past

Released from prison requires much more today such as employment and economic well-being, family stabilization and childhood development, mental and physical health, and homelessness

Community classification systems

Risk assessments that predict the chance of new crimes being committed; they are used to determine the level of supervision and offender will receive in the community

Shock probation

Short term. Imprisonment to shock the offender, with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation

What is the difference between standard and special conditions of probation

Standard conditions are conditions all probationers must follow in special conditions is added on rules for specific offenders such as sex offenders can't go to the park etc.

Name and describe the two types of parole conditions

Standard conditions that are applicable to all parolees and special conditions pertaining to a particular Parolee

Intensive supervised probation (ISP)

Supervision of community offenders with higher than average risk, through smaller caseload and very close monitoring of activities

What are two types of parole violations

Technical violation, which is a failure to follow conditions of parole, a new crime violation in which a new crime is been committed

What are the two types of probation violations

Technical violations which is not meeting the conditions of their supervision or new crime violations which is committing a new crime while on probation

Asset forfeiture

The author I seizure by the government of money, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value that were obtained through illegal activities

Describe the philosophy of the broken windows approach to the operation of probation

The broken window approach revolve around communities supervising people on probation

Security classification

The classification given to a prisoner which determines the type of prison in which he or she is to be placed.

How does the community classification systems work, and what are their impact on probation supervision

The community classification system scores a criminal record and tells the probation officer how much supervision they need

How did the Elmira reformatory move towards the implementation of system of parole in the United States

The number of people on parole increased

Net widening

The overlapping of criminal sanctions and adding supervision for community place defenders rather than the version of offenders from prison

Describe the four stages of the system of release implemented by Alexander monconochie on the Norfolk Island Penal Code

The penlan stage, emphasize punishment and included solitary confinement. The associated stage allows inmates to associate and begin to earn marks through work and good behavior The social stage inmates required to work together. ticket to leave stage in which inmates have earned required marks to be released into the community

Casework style of supervision

The style of supervising community offenders that places emphasis on assisting the offender with problems, counseling and working to make sure the offender successfully completes the supervision. The type of PO that helps

New penology

an emphasis on rational and efficient deployment of control strats for managing/confining hi risk criminal populations.

Sir Walter Crofton

director of the Irish prison system in 1854, and began to implement many of the ideas of Maconochie's work. He created the four-stage system of graduated release from prison and return to the community: (1) solitary confinement of approximately nine months; (2) Special prison in which the offender worked with other inmates and earned marks to gain privelges and move further toward release; (3) Open institution- A transitional stage to society with training on the freedoms and requirements of release and continued earning of marks to reach the fourth stage; (4) Ticket of leave- Conditional release for the remainder of the sentence, and the first use of parole as it is known today.

Immigration and customs enforcement

formerly INS; responsible for housing illegal aliens pending hearing or deportation back to their home country.

Ticket of leave

in maconochies system of graduated release, this was there final stage

Fines

requirement that offenders pay some dollar amount to quarts as punishment for committing the offense also known as economic sanctions

What is the general mission of most correctional agencies

supervise criminal offenders during the period of their sentence, protect the public, and other programs that assist with the rehabilitation of criminals

Three Penitentiary act

the 1891 Act of congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons

Sentencing reform act of 1984

the act of congress that abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time available to federal offenders.

Federalized

the making of a crime a federal matter rather than a state offense; when US congress decided that a law needs fed law enforcement and prosecution.


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