corrections final

Federal sentences for possession of crack cocaine are harsher than those for possession of powder cocaine by a factor of ______. a. 3 to 1 b. 18 to 1 c. 53 to 1 d. 78 to 1

18 to 1

The federal drug war has been ongoing since the ______. a. 1960s b. 1980s c. 1940s d. 1920s

1980s

Many Americans fail to recognize ______. a. a class system b. ethnic groups c. racial groups d. different genders

a class system

The upward mobility of many racial and ethnic groups in the United States is often hampered due to ______. a. religious differences preventing gainful employment b. the war on drugs and a code of silence within these groups c. increased offending counterbalancing educational gains d. a combination of poverty and systemic discrimination

a combination of poverty and systemic discrimination

What does the age-crime curve consistently show? a. an increase in offending in mid-adolescence, a peak in early adulthood, and a slow decline in mid-adulthood b. similar offending patterns regardless of age c. a sharp increase in offending in early adolescence, a peak during mid-adolescence, and a steep decline during early adulthood followed by a steady decline d. no relationship between age and crime

a sharp increase in offending in early adolescence, a peak during mid-adolescence, and a steep decline during early adulthood followed by a steady decline

According to recent data, non-Hispanic Whites account for ______ of correctional staff in prisons. a. a small minority b. just under half c. slightly more than half d. the vast majority

a small minority

Juveniles account for ______ of all crime arrests. a. just under half b. a small minority c. slightly more than half d. the vast majority

a small minority

Juveniles who do not engage in antisocial behavior are ______. a. model citizens b. the majority c. abnormal d. common

abnormal

Recent statistics suggest that non-Hispanic Blacks make up ______ of correctional staff in local jails. a. around a tenth b. about a quarter c. around half d. nearly three-quarters

about a quarter

In studies on victimization in prisons, ______ were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates. a. Asian Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. African Americans

african americans

What is formed from the statistical count of the number of known crimes committed in a population over a given period mapped according to age? a. delinquency curve b. juvenile crime rates c. criminogenic-age rates d. age-crime curve

age crime curve

According to recent data, Hispanics make up ______ of correctional staff in prisons. a. around a tenth b. about a quarter c. around half d. nearly three-quarters

around a tenth

You are a judge who oversees many cases of juvenile and adult offenders. Which crime would you most expect to be committed by a juvenile? a. arson b. homicide c. motor vehicle theft d. larceny theft

arson

As far as incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population? a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. Asian Americans

asian americans

Some researchers have theorized that Blacks might be more willing to accept prison than probation because they ______. a. are less likely to know people in prison b. believe their probation would ultimately be revoked anyway c. prefer to avoid the potential threats associated with incarceration d. have already tried probation once and failed

believe their probation would ultimately be revoked anyway

Which of these individuals is most likely to be caught up in the criminal justice system? a. White male who goes to college b. White female who works at the mall c. Black female who just graduated from law school d. Black male who is unemployed

black male who is unemployed

Who is most likely to be pulled over for a traffic stop? a. Native American woman b. White man c. Asian American woman d. Black man

black man

Which of the following is true regarding victimization in prisons? a. Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics report similar amounts of victimization but from different sources. b. Blacks report more victimizations from other inmates. c. Whites report more victimizations from staff. d. Hispanics report less victimizations from both staff and inmates.

blacks, whites, and hispanics report similar amounts of victimization but from different sources

The first restrictive immigration law in the United States targeted immigrants from ______. a. China b. Canada c. Ireland d. Mexico

china

The juvenile justice system falls under ______ law. a. criminal b. civil c. local d. federal

civil

It was not until the ______ that African American and White inmates were treated more similarly. a. Prisoner Rights Reform Act b. Prison Litigation Reform Act c. civil rights movement d. prison litigation reform movement

civil rights movement

Accounts written by inmates incarcerated since the 1970s suggest that today, ______. a. the influence of white supremacists is greater than before b. racial and ethnic tensions are much higher than they once were c. correctional staff are more racially similar to inmates' communities d. inmates tend not to be divided down the so-called "color line"

correctional staff are more racially similar to inmates communities

Laws against opium dens were passed because Chinese immigrants were thought to be ______. a. corrupting the White population b. overdosing at exorbitantly high rates c. stealing money from White people d. engaging in prostitution

corrupting the white population

Which of the following statements is true? a. Crack cocaine is more harmful and addictive than powder cocaine. b. Powder cocaine is more harmful and addictive than crack cocaine. c. Neither crack cocaine or powder cocaine is harmful or addictive. d. Crack cocaine and powder cocaine are both harmful and addictive.

crack cocaine and powder cocaine are both harmful and addictive

The concept of ethnicity is based on ______. a. culture b. skin color c. biology d. facial features

culture

In recent years, the number of incarcerated Latinx people has ______. a. increased slightly b. increased significantly c. remained stable d. decreased

decreased

The incarceration rate for African-Americans has ______ over the past 10 years. a. decreased b. increased slightly c. increased significantly d. remained stable

decreased

An adult who commits a crime is referred to as a criminal; a minor who commits a crime is called a(n) ______. a. delinquent b. juvenile c. felon d. criminal

delinquent

Treating a group of people differently because of who they are rather than because of their abilities or actions is broadly called ______. a. discrimination b. racism c. sexism d. disparity

discrimination

. In The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander investigates the ______. a. success of colorblind legal policies b. discriminatory results of the war on drugs c. history of the Jim Crow laws until 1965 d. improvements of the criminal justice system

discriminatory results of the war on drugs

______ is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly, specifically by governmental agencies. a. Discrimination b. Racism c. Prejudice d. Disparity

disparity

______ refers specifically to law enforcement focusing on people of color who are operating motor vehicles. a. Racial profiling b. Stop and frisk c. Driving while Black or Brown d. Police brutality

driving while black or brown

Sometimes, the term racism can also apply to discrimination based on ______. a. ethnicity b. socioeconomic status c. disability status d. gender

ethnicity

According to the Supreme Court, law enforcement officials are not required to verify immigration status.

false

Americans readily recognize the existence of a class system in the United States

false

Asian Americans in prison are most likely to report sexual or physical violence by either staff or an inmate.

false

Asian Americans tend to be overrepresented in federal facilities in relation to their representation in the general population.

false

During World War II, over 100,000 German Americans were put in internment camps.

false

Race is essentially the same as ethnicity.

false

Sentences for crack cocaine possession are now proportionate to sentences for powder cocaine possession.

false

The term "Native Americans" was coined by Christopher Columbus.

false

The term Hispanic is specific to Latin America.

false

The war on drugs reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions.

false

The term Latinx is sometimes used because it is ______. a. the federal census category b. more general than Hispanic c. nationally specific d. gender neutral

gender neutral

Which of these is an ethnicity? a. Black b. White c. Hispanic d. Asian

hispanic

. Historically, minority group members have been more likely to be ______. a. supervised in the community b. housed in jails than prisons c. incarcerated when innocent d. given lenient more sentences

incarcerated when innocent

Rates of incarceration for Black children have ______ compared to that of their White counterparts. a. decreased slightly b. decreased significantly c. increased d. remained stable

increased

In recent years, the number of minorities working in prisons has ______. a. decreased slightly b. decreased substantially c. increased substantially d. increased slightly

increased substantially

Racism practiced by many, if not most, members within a broader public or private organization such as the criminal justice system is known as ______ racism. a. individual b. disparate c. correctional d. institutional

institutional

Historically, the criminal justice system has disproportionately incarcerated Black males, and before the civil rights movement, everyone working within the system treated them differently from their White counterparts. This best exemplifies ______. a. ethnic discrimination b. sentencing disparity c. racial profiling d. institutional racism

institutional racism

What was a legislative means by which White elites continued to restrict rights of Black citizens in employment, housing, education, and voting? a. African American Exclusion Act b. Ku Klux Klan c. Jim Crow laws d. Civil Rights Act

jim crow laws

A 19-year-old Central American citizen and his younger brother are crossing the border into the United States in Arizona to escape political persecution in their native country. What should they be most worried about? a. law enforcement demanding their papers b. not being able to return to their home country c. becoming the victims of human trafficking d. being shot by the police

law enforcement demanding their papers

About 16 percent of total arrests for ______ are attributable to juveniles. a. rape b. murder c. burglary d. liquor laws

liquor laws

The Ku Klux Klan and other hate groups perpetuated a culture of fear through extrajudicial ______. a. disenfranchisement b. Jim Crow laws c. lynching d. incarceration

lynching

. The largest subgroup of Hispanics or Latinos in the United States are ______. a. Mexican Americans b. Cuban Americans c. Puerto Ricans d. Colombian Americans

mexican americans

Incarceration rates are ______ for Native Americans than for Whites. a. slightly higher b. much higher c. much lower d. slightly lower

much higher

Christopher Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in India, named people now known as ______ in error. a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. Asian Americans

native americans

Adolescents' sensitivities to rewards are different from those of adults, prompting them to seek higher levels of ______. a. relaxation b. stability c. novelty d. security

novelty

Racial profiling research suggests that the disproportionate number of stops of people of color may be partially due to the fact that ______. a. police officers tend to stop older vehicles b. people of color tend to commit more moving violations c. their vehicles are missing the appropriate tags d. these groups tend to have newer, flashier cars

police officers tend to stop older vehicles

A 28-year-old Black first-time offender has just been convicted of simple assault. You are his attorney. Which sanction would you most expect him to want you to argue for? a. prison b. probation c. GPS monitoring d. shock probation

prison

Which of the following sentences would a White offender likely prefer? a. prison b. jail c. probation d. shock probation

probation

You are the defense attorney for a 25-year-old White female offender who has been convicted of drug possession. Which sanction would you most expect her to want you to argue for? a. probation b. jail c. prison d. shock probation

probation

The skin color and physical features of a group of people are referred to as ______. a. race b. ethnicity c. biology d. physicality

race

Writer and inmate Victor Hassine (2009), serving a life sentence since 1980, commented that ______ had played an integral part in his experience of prison life. a. gender b. solitary confinement c. race d. security classification

race

Discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at a group of people based specifically on physical features such as skin color is most accurately referred to as ______. a. sexism b. disparity c. discrimination d. racism

racism

The philosophy behind the American juvenile justice system is ______. a. deterrence b. incarceration c. rehabilitation d. retribution

rehabilitation

According to the account of inmate Victor Hassine, inmates who differ from correctional staff in terms of race, may also differ in terms of ______. a. nationality b. religion c. age d. gender

religion

. Initially, the en masse relocation of Native Americans to ______ was an effort at incarceration. a. internment camps b. penitentiaries c. reservations d. county jails

reservations

It can be argued that the war on drugs is the new Jim Crow because both ______. a. are primarily tools of southern states b. purposefully codify the unequal treatment of minorities c. more harshly sentenced crack than powder cocaine d. resulted in widespread disenfranchisement of Black voters

resulted in widespread disenfranchisement of black voters

The start of the modern drug war is credited to President ______. a. Richard Nixon b. Ronald Reagan c. George H. W. Bush d. Bill Clinton

ronald reagan

According to a study by Junger-Tas (1996), the peak ages for juvenile crimes are ______. a. higher in developed countries b. higher in developing countries c. similar across all countries d. lower in developed countries

similar across all countries

35. Jim Crow laws were devised by ______ states to prevent newly freed African Americans from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life. a. northern b. southern c. eastern d. western

southern

Offenses that are crimes only when committed by juveniles are called ______ offenses. a. youthful b. standing c. status d. conditional

status

______ offenses consume an inordinate amount of court time and resources. a. Status b. Violent c. Drug d. Property

status

The immaturity of adolescent behavior derives from the fact that ______. a. the adolescent brain is not fully developed b. adolescents rarely have good role models c. there are many opportunities for such behavior d. adolescents do not yet have adult bodies

the adolescent brain is not fully developed

Following ______, correctional institutions in the South were devised to maintain the slavery system with newly freed and often unemployed Blacks. a. the Revolutionary War b. the ratification of the Constitution c. the Civil War d. World War II

the civil war

Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ______. a. fewer minorities are working for corrections industries than before b. there are more female staff than male staff c. the hiring of minorities and women has increased d. Hispanics have risen as the highest number of staff in jails

the hiring of minorities and women has increased

An offender who is a Native American tribe and lives on a large reservation has been accused of petty theft. What is the most likely outcome? a. The trial will be handled by the tribe. b. The offender will be handed to federal authorities. c. The case will go to a court of appeals. d. The stolen goods will be returned without punishment

the trial will be handled by the tribe

Some people have claimed recently that ______ is the new Jim Crow. a. racial profiling b. stop-and-frisk policy c. mandatory minimum sentencing d. the war on drugs

the war on drugs

The ______ Amendment, adopted in 1865, ended slavery. a. Eleventh b. Thirteenth c. Fifteenth d. Seventeenth

thirteenth

Which of the following acts is a status offense? a. motor vehicle theft b. simple assault c. truancy d. driving under the influence

truancy

. "Driving while Black or Brown" refers to the police practice of focusing law enforcement on people of color who are operating moving vehicles.

true

. The legacy of racism runs back to the founding of the United States.

true

Chinese labor was crucial to the construction of the first continental railroad.

true

Discrimination and disparity differ in terms of the entity performing them.

true

Historically, in some parts of the United States, minority group members have been more likely to be incarcerated when they were innocent.

true

Larger Native American reservations have their own jails.

true

Mexican Americans and their land were forcibly made part of the United States.

true

Much like the Chinese, Japanese immigrants also provided cheap labor.

true

Preventing African Americans from voting was a key part of Jim Crow laws.

true

Slavery was a lucrative business in both the North and South.

true

The Scottsboro case exemplified the racist attitudes of communities.

true

The first president to speak about a war on drugs was President Nixon.

true

The implementation of the war on drugs has eroded civil liberties protections regarding search and evidence.

true

The wartime incarceration of Japanese American families was based on racism.

true

Traditions of discrimination toward African Americans have hampered upward social mobility.

true

The legal ability to own slaves in the United States originally came from the ______. a. Thirteenth Amendment b. Jim Crow Laws c. U.S. Constitution d. Bill of Rights

us constitution

The ______ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizations. a. creation of supermax prisons b. use of strict sex offender laws c. war on drugs d. increased use of community corrections

war on drugs

______ inmates report more victimizations from other inmates than from correctional staff a. White b. Black c. Asian American d. Native American

white

The internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps occurred during ______. a. the Revolutionary War b. the Korean War c. the Civil War d. World War II

world war II