Covid-19

How long does COVID-19 live on polypropylene plastic? 4 hours12 hours2 days3 days

3 days

Which of the following is not encoded in the viral RNA? Envelope of the viral particleProtein shell coating the RNAProtein spikesAll of the following are the main components.

Envelope of the viral particle

Which viral protein serves a proofreading function that protects the large genome of SARS-CoV from excessive mutations? (This protein has two activities. Its other function is to add a 5'-Cap to newly synthesized viral RNAs.) spikeExoN (nsp 13)E proteinM protein

ExoN (nsp 13)

True or False: One commonality between COVID-19 and a flu virus is that both of them must enter the nucleus to take control of the cell. TrueFalse

False

True/False The only known tissue where the SARS-CoV-2 virus can replicate is in lung epithelial cells. Group of answer choicesTrueFalse

False

What is the most common symptom of COVID-19? Diarrhoeashortness of breathDry coughFever

Fever

How does COVID-19 actually kill you? It stress the heart by constricting thousands of capillaries in the lungs.It attacks the kidney cells causing the to not be able to filter out toxins from the blood.It attacks the reproductive organs causing severe pain and inflammation.It causes a very robust immune response throughout the lungs that causes inflammation of the alveoli. This inhibits gas exchange and causes the alveoli to fill with fluid.

It causes a very robust immune response throughout the lungs that causes inflammation of the alveoli. This inhibits gas exchange and causes the alveoli to fill with fluid.

During replication of the virus, which structural protein encoded by the virus embeds itself into the host membranes of the ER and Golgi complex and causes a region to bleb out to form the envelop of the viral particle? anti-silencing proteinRNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)Membrane (M) and Spike (S) proteinsNucleocapsid Protein

Membrane (M) and Spike (S) proteins

Which protein protects the viral RNA, keeping it stable inside the virus? Envelope Protein (E)Membrane Protein (M)Nucleocapsid Protein (N)Signal Blocker

Nucleocapsid Protein (N)

What is the main function of the protein spikes? To store nutrients for the virus (Yum...nothing like a good spike soup.)To kill cells (Die, die, die, I say!)The spikes have affinity for the ACE2 protein found in the membrane of the host lung epithelial cells. The spikes allow the viral particle to initially attach to the host membrane and then promote the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cellular membrane.To ward off pathogens (poke them in the eye)

The spikes have affinity for the ACE2 protein found in the membrane of the host lung epithelial cells. The spikes allow the viral particle to initially attach to the host membrane and then promote the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cellular membrane.

True/False The three S protein subunits form prominent "spikes" on the surface of the virus. One of the subunits has affinity for the ACE2 receptor, which is embedded in the membrane of host cells. These crownlike spikes give coronaviruses their name. TrueFalse

True

Which two proteins encoded by SAR-COV-2 are translated from the positive strand RNA and are involved in adding or modifying the CAP on viral RNAs? nsp13 and nsp15nsp11 and nsp12nsp6 and nsp7M and N proteins

nsp13 and nsp15

Label the numbers in the image showing the binding of the SARS-CoV particle to a lung cell. 1 [ Choose ] stem portion of spike protein (S2) BOAT1 protein Viral proteinase that cuts at two sites to activate unfolding of the stem ACE2 receptor on the outer surface of the human cell spike portion of spike protein (S1) Human protease that cuts at two sites within the spike protein to release the head portion (S1) and activate unfolding of the stem 2 [ Choose ] stem portion of spike protein (S2) BOAT1 protein Viral proteinase that cuts at two sites to activate unfolding of the stem ACE2 receptor on the outer surface of the human cell spike portion of spike protein (S1) Human protease that cuts at two sites within the spike protein to release the head portion (S1) and activate unfolding of the stem 3 [ Choose ] stem portion of spike protein (S2) BOAT1 protein Viral proteinase that cuts at two sites to activate unfolding of the stem ACE2 receptor on the outer surface of the human cell spike portion of spike protein (S1) Human protease that cuts at two sites within the spike protein to release the head portion (S1) and activate unfolding of the stem 4 [ Choose ] stem portion of spike protein (S2) BOAT1 protein Viral proteinase that cuts at two sites to activate unfolding of the stem ACE2 receptor on the outer surface of the human cell spike portion of spike protein (S1) Human protease that cuts at two sites within the spike protein to release the head portion (S1) and activate unfolding of the stem

1 -spike portion of spike protein (S1) 2-ACE2 receptor on the outer surface of the human cell 3-stem portion of spike protein (S2) 4-Human protease that cuts at two sites within the spike protein to release the head portion (S1) and activate unfolding of the stem

SARS-C0V Spike protein: Label the parts of the spike protein. 1 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 2 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 3 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 4 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 5 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 6 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 7 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 8 [ Choose ] cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) E protein binding domain stem region Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) phenolic compound binding site region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) receptor binding domain transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold)

1 -stem region 2-region that is released by cut 2 (this allows the stem to unfold) 3-Fusion domain that embeds into the host cell membrane 4-transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 5- cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) 6-cut site 2: (releases the red region that allows the stem to unfold) 7-glycan sugar moieties that hide the spike from the immune system) 8-receptor binding domain

What are two reasons that SARS-CoV uses subgenomic RNAs? 1-This enables each of the coding regions to be translated, and 2-RNA recombination resulting from the "Jump and Copy" mechanism of the RdRP facilitates error correction by RNA recombination.1-This helps evade the host immune system, and 2-triggers epigenetic silencing of host genes.1-This helps amplify the amount of mRNA for viral proteins, and 2-permits Non-homologous End Joining to assist in replication.1-This increases the production of interferon by the host cell, and 2-permits mismatch repair of the error-prone transcripts.

1-This enables each of the coding regions to be translated, and 2-RNA recombination resulting from the "Jump and Copy" mechanism of the RdRP facilitates error correction by RNA recombination.

SARS-C0V Spike protein: Picture where top marker is #5 Label the parts of the spike protein. 1 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 2 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 3 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 4 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 5 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 6 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 7 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 8 [ Choose ] glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds) ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) RdRP proofreading domain stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) region that is released by cut 2 hexadecamer interaction site transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop

1-transmembrane domain that is embedded in viral envelop 2-Cut site 1 (releases the top portion of the spike (S1) 3-Cut site 2 (releases the red region which activates the stem to unfold) 4-glycan sugar moieties that decorate the spike protein to hide it from the immune system) 5-ACE2 receptor binding domain of the spike 6-stem region, which in this image is folded on itself) 7-region that is released by cut 2 8-Fusion domain that becomes embedded into the host membrane when the stem unfolds)

The first viral protein that is expressed in the infected cell is actually a series of multiple proteins translated together as a polyprotein. The polyprotein is cleaved into functional proteins by a viral-encoded protease. Question: How many proteins are derived from the original polyprotein? 5561625

16

What is the median incubation period for CO-VID19? 7-9 days5-6 days11-13 days2-4 days

5-6 days

In order to get rid of the virus on your skin, why is soap important? Soap is inhibitory to viral replication.It inactivates the RNA.It dissolves the lipid membrane envelope of the virus.Soap is able to penetrate the nucleocapsid proteins that protect the RNA in the core of the viral particle.

It dissolves the lipid membrane envelope of the virus

Which SARS-CoV protein has homology to the palm, thumb, and fingers domains of DNA polymerase? nsp 7/8 complex (primase)reverse transcriptaseRNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)ExoN

RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)

The _______ protein attaches to the host ACE2 receptor and then promotes fusion of the host membrane with the envelop of the viral particle. MSNnsp1

S

What is the best evolutionary rational for having the nsp's translated first before the structural proteins? The nsp's encode enzymatic activities that prepare the way for replication processes which is an early step in the cycle. It makes sense that these proteins are synthesized first, because they are needed prior to assembly of the viral particle.There would not be enough room on the negative strand transcripts to include all 16 proteins.The proteins encoding the enzymatic activities are generally smaller than the structural proteins.There is probably not evolutionary advantage. The assignment was initially random, and then was conserved.

The nsp's encode enzymatic activities that prepare the way for replication processes which is an early step in the cycle. It makes sense that these proteins are synthesized first, because they are needed prior to assembly of the viral particle.

True/False S, E, M, and N are four structural proteins that are encoded by the subgenomic RNAs of the COVID-19 virus. TrueFalse

True

True/False The R-Naught (RO) value is not intrinsic to the virus, it depends on environmental conditions and the behavior of a culture or society. TrueFalse

True

True/False The RNA viruses like to attach to the ACE2 receptors in our cells, which are found in large amounts inside our lungs. TrueFalse

True

True/False The function of the nsp1 protein is slow down expression of host mRNAs so that viral RNAs are favored. It does this by binding to the 40S ribosome and then cutting the CAP off the host mRNAs as they arrive for translation. TrueFalse

True

What is the origin of the membrane envelope of the viral particle? the outer membrane of the host cellnuclear membrane of the host cellonly the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cellendoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi bodies of the host cell

endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi bodies of the host cell

The _____ protein(s) binds the 40S ribosome of the host and cleaves the 5'-end of host mRNAs, which removes the CAP and results in their degradation. It does not cut the viral RNAs because the virus has methylated the CAP of its own RNAs to mark them as viral. nsp11nsp1nsp3nsp3

nsp1

In the genomic map below of SAR-COV-2, which proteins are translated from the original positive-strand RNA that is packaged in the viral particle? S, E, M, and Nnsp 20-27nsp1-16structural proteins for ORFs 1, 3, 11, and 15

nsp1-16

the rna dependent rna polymerase and viral helicase are encoded by which of the following nonstructural proteins(nsp)?

nsp11 and nsp12

Which pair of nsp's form a primase to assist the RdRp? nsp7 and nsp8nsp3 and nsp5nsp1 and nsp3nsp11 and nsp12

nsp7 and nsp8