CPCE 4
(REBT) ABCDE
Affecting agent, Belief system, Consequence, Disputing the irrational belief, Effective new philosophy.
Techniques of Reality Therapy
An active, directive, and didactic therapy. Various techniques may be used to get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change. If they decide that their present behavioris not effective, they develop a specific plan for change and make a commitment to follow through.
Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
An active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one's language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, and confronting faulty beliefs.
The Basic Philosophy of Reality Therapy
Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we are by nature social creatures and we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problemsare the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanaion of human nature and how to best achieve good relationships.
The Basic Philosophy of Behavior Therapy
Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. No set of unifying assumptions about behavior can incorporate all the existing procedures in the behavioral field.
Joseph Wolpe (systematic desensitization) steps
Came up with relaxation training, construction-anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, in vivo desensitization.
Mandating continuing education, Indicating minimum proficiency, Protecting the public
Certification serves the purpose of------- Certification serves to signify to the public that an individual has attained a minimum level of knowledge, education and experience. This intended thereby to protect the public as much as possible, from incompetent practitioners. Certification indicates to the public a minimum level of proficiency in the field and mandates that a practitioner is continuing to upgrade his/her education so as to stay current in new information and ideas. It has nothing to do with allowing a therapist to practice.
Transaction Analysis Techniques
Counselor acts as teacher - techniques include contracts for change, interrogation, confrontation, and illustration.
Person Centered
Counselor exhibits acceptance and empathy - techniques include open-ended questions and active/passive listening
Behavioral (& Cognitive Behavioral) Therapy Techniques
Counselor is the expert, teaching and directing - techniques include positive and negative reinforcement, environment planning, desensitization, implosion, flooding, and stress inoculation.
Fertz Perls
Created Gestalt Therapy, empty chair technique (individual can work on opposing feeling); underdog; topdog
Stress Inoculation
Developed by Donald Meichenbaum as part of his "Self-Instructional Therapy". It has three phases: 1. Educational: in which the problem is identified and the client is given information about what to expect, 2. Rehearsal, in which the client practices the stressful event or behavior while using relaxation techniques 3. Implementation: in which the client uses the new skills to deal with the stressful situation.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Techniques
Sessions involve teaching and confrontation - techniques include homework assignments and bibliotherapy.
Existential
Emphasis is on free will and personal responsibility for choices - techniques include the use of literature, modeling, and sharing of experiences - anxiety is used as a motivator.
bi-polar role play, unfinished business
Enactment is a strategy Gestaltists use with and The concept of figure-ground in Gestalt therapy can best be understood by which of the following?
actual, present behavior
The "here and now" orientation of Gestalt therapy refers to
unfinished business
In Gestalt therapy, situation that are unresolved and are forced into the client's background that continue to influence his/her present behavior are
a symbol of social bonding
In Jungian terms, transference is
Empathy
In Person-Centered counseling, when the counselor accurately senses the client's feeling and personal meaning, the counselor is displaying
Identification
Increasing feelings of worth (attitudes, values, standards, characteristics) by identifying with person or institution of illustrious standing, usually exercised with others of power and status, a high school drop-out joining a gang.
Reality Therapy (William Glasser)
Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
The Basic Philosophy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Individuals tend to incorporae faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This isa psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems.
humanistic
The Person-Centered approach is a form of ________therapy.
Aversive conditioning
The application of an unpleasant stimulus in an effort to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior.
Adlerian
The counselor exhibits empathy and support - techniques include modeling and education with homework and goal-setting assignments
Flooding therapy
The exposure of the client to the actual anxiety stimulus in conjunction with response prevention. Care is necessary to insure that overexposure does not increase anxiety.
The Basic Philosophy of Family Systems Therapy
The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspecitve. Clients are connected to a living systeml a change in one part of the systme will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment is best focused on the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Key Concepts - Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are perpetuated through reindoctrination in the now. A person's belieft system is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plasy a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs.
Feminist Therapy
Key Concepts - Core priniciples that form the foundation for practice of feminist therapy are the personal is political, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, women's experiences are honored, definitions of distress and mental illness are reformulated, emphasis on gender equality, and commitment to confronting oppression on any grounds.
Gestalt Therapy
Key Concepts - Emphasis is on the "what" and "how" of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept their polarities. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy.
Family Systems Therapy
Key Concepts - Focus is on communication patterns with a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on form generation to generation. Symptoms are viewed as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other family members. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, family rules governing communication, and dealing with here-and-now interactions. The present is more important thatn exploring past experiences.
Behavior Therapy
Key Concepts - Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and initation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning. This approach stresses present behavior.
Existential Therapy
Key Concepts - It is an experiential therapy. Essentially an approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on th euniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Self-determination and a tendency toward growth are central ideas. Focus is on th present and on what one is becoming; that is, the approach has a future orientation. It stresses self-awareness before action.
Adlerian Therapy
Key Concepts - It stresses the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspecive, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developeing aunique lifestyle, andunderstanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Key Concepts - Normal personality development is basedon successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Id, ego, and superego constitute the basis of personality structure. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior.
Reality Therapy
Key Concepts - The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them. People create their feelingsby the choices they make and by what they do. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconsicious, and dwelling on one's past.
Person-Centered Therapy
Key Concepts - The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means toreslove them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. Focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings
genuineness, and to provide a climate of safety and freedom
Main conditions for a psychological growth promoting climate in the Person-centered approach is and A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is
Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy
The key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. All designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego. Diagnosis and testing are often used. Questions are used to develop a case history.
Techniques of Behavior Therapy
The main techniques are systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, reinforcement techniques, modeling, cognitive restructuring, assertion and soical skills training, self management programs, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and various multimodal therapy techniques. Diagnosis or assessment is done at the outset to determine a treatment plan. Questions are used, such as "what" "how" and "when" but not "why". Contracts and homework assignments are also typically used.
Techniques of Person-Centered Therapy
Therapy is relationship centered not technique centered. Counselors use active listening, reflection of feeling, clarification, summarization, confrontation, direct or open ended questions and "being there" for the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning or probing for information. Counselors refrain from giving advice or solutions, moralizing, or making judgments.
Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)
Therapy where the individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
Techniques of Family Systems Therapy
There is a diversity of techniques, depending on the particular theoretical orientation. Interventions may target behavior change, perceptual change, or both. Techniques include using genograms, teaching, asking questions, family scuppting, joining the family, tracking sequences, issuing directives, anchoring, use of countertransference, family mapping, refraining, paradoxical interventions, restructuring, enactments, and setting boundaries. Techniques may be experiential, cognitive, or behavioral in nature. Most are designed to bring about change in a short time.
Goals of Gestalt Therapy
To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. Aim not to analysis but at integration.
Goal of Feminist Therapy
To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. For individual clients the goal is to assist them in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate on the basis of gender.
Goals of Adlerian Therapy
To challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals. To develop the client's sense of belonging.
Goal of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. Helping clients seek out their dogmatic beliefs and vigorously minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them.
Goal of Reality Therapy
To help people become more effective in meeting their needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory.
Goals of Existential Therapy
To help people see that they are free and become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.
Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy
To make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist clients in reliving earlier experience and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual awareness.
Goals of Person-Centered Therapy
To provide a safe climate conducive to clients' self-exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness.
geuineness
When the Person-Centered counselor is fully oneself, spontaneous and role-free in all therapeutic relationships, the counselor is displaying
Non-directive. experiential, reflective, passive
Which of the following best describes the Person-Centered counselor?
actualizing tendency
Which of the following is a major concept of Person-Centered therapy?
Reality Therapy
after establishing a relationship with the client, the counselor acts as teacher and model - techniques promote responsibility, working in the present, and stress freedom without blame.
Rationalization
an attempt to provide reasonable explanations for questionable behaviors to appear logical, rational, or valid, used to react to guilt, claiming no remorse over the promotion you did not receive in order to conceal your disappointment.
Denial
another name for suppression, is to argue against the anxiety by denying that the anxiety exists, deal with anxiety by closing his/her eyes
Projection
asking your partner if he is mad at you, when you are mad at him, placing unacceptable behavior in oneself onto another.
Displacement
discharging or transferring pent-up feelings, usually of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotions, being angry at the boss and therefore coming home and kicking the dog
Retroflection
doing to oneself what one would like to do to someone else.
Sublimation
gratifying frustrated sexual desires in substitute non-sexual activities and socially acceptable or creative activities. An athlete may unconsciously choose his/her profession to release anger, positive form of displacement.
Umwelt, Mitwelt, & Eigenwelt
in Existential philosophy the three components of the conscious experience of being alive - is biological, is social, and is psychological.
Racket
in Transactional Analysis a set of behaviors that originate from a childhood script
Collecting Trading Stamps
in Transactional Analysis, the saving up of enduring, non-genuine feelings, then "trading" them for a script milestone such as a drinking binge or an anger outburst.
Introjection
incorporates the attitudes of the parents and assumes those are his/her own, incorporate external values and standards into the ego. Person will assume responsibility for events outside of their control and blame oneself such as failed marriage or loss of a ballgame, an abused child becoming an abuser.
therapeutic cognitive restructuring (REBT)
irrational thinking - core of emotional disturbance, cognitive dispution-refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
Reaction formation
is taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety, unconsciously exhibiting overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings
Reality Theory (William Glassier)
like a friend asking what is wrong, client and counselor be persistent and never give up past... not a primary focus, successful behaviors little use of diagnostic labels.
Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)
Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script
Goal of Family Systems Therapy
Most approaches are aimed at helping family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and create new ways of interacting to relieve their distress. Some approaches focus on resloving the specific problem that brings the family to therapy.
psychological positions in the family
One of the reasons for the life style assessment phase of Adlerian Therapy is to determine the client's
Techniques of Adlerian Therapy
Pay more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities) sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, and assisting clients in searching for new possibilities.
Gestalt (Fertz Perls)
People are not bad or good. People have the capcity to govern life effectively as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
REBT (Albert Ellis)
People have a cultural / biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
Techniques of Feminist Therapy
Practitioners tent to employ consciousness raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization on their lives. Other techniques frequently used include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, bibliotherapy, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure, assertiveness training, reframing and relabeling, cognitive restructuring, identifying and challendging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic methods, group work and social action.
Repression
preventing painfull or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness, feelings, thoughts, and memories are pushed down and stored in the unconscious as recall may be painful.
Person-Centered (Carl Roger)
reflection vs. advice, Conditions for Growth:Empathy, Genuineness / Congruence, Unconditional (+) regard, -> self actualization
Regression
returning to a previous stage of development, reverting to a less-mature state, a teenager whose parents are contemplating divorce starts wetting the bed.
Empathy
the ability to recognize, perceive, and understand the emotions of another.
Attending
the attention the counselor pays to the client during a session, includes listening to the client and both verbal and nonverbal interaction. In task-facilitative attending behavior the counselor's attention is on the client. In distractive attending behavior the counselor's attention is on her or her own concerns.
Paraphrasing
the counselor rephrases what the client has said.
Summarization
the counselor sums up or reviews what has happened in a session or in the course of therapy.
Fantasy
(daydreaming-escape, anticipation of the future) gratifying frustrated desires in imginary achievements
Adlerian Therapy
Relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. This is followed by a reeducation of the client toward a useful side of life. The main aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.
Psychoanalysis
Exploration of the unconscious through such techniques as free association, and the analysis and interpretation of dreams.
Goal of Behavior Therapy
Generally, to elimiant maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To focus on factors influencing behavior and find what can be done about problematic behavior. Clients have an active role in setting tratment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met.
Techniques of Gestalt Therapy
A wide range of exiperiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings. Experiments are co-created by therapist and client through I/Thou dialogue. Therapists have latitude to invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy.
loss of objectivity
According to Caplan, the most common reason for a request for consultation is
to provide a climate of safety and freedom
A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is and Which of the following techniques would be most emphasized in Person-Centered therapy?
Implosive therapy
A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.
Behavioral rehearsal
A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.
Fixed role therapy
A treatment method created by George Kelly in which the client is instructed to read a script at least three times a day, then act, speak and think like the script's character.
Systematic desensitization
A type of behavioral therapy to help overcome anxiety and phobias. The client is taught relaxation techniques, and then uses those techniques to react to and overcome situations in a hierarchy of fears.
Reality
According to this theory, individuals many times act in inappropriate ways to get the love they need, to feel they are loving others, and to feel they have self-worth
The Basic Philosophy of Feminist Therapy
Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts and practices of being: androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructsof feminist therapy include being gender-free, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-0riented.
Techniques of Existential Therapy
Few techniques flow from this approach, because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them in an existential framework. Diagnosis, testing and external measurements are not deemed important. The approach can be very confrontive
Psychoanalytic
From which major approach to psychotherapy were most other approaches developed or evolved?
Aaron Beck (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist)
Is a Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones
aversion therapy
Is associated with punishment?
Compensation
or substitution to attempt to make up for some feeling of inadequacy by excelling, covering up weaknesses by emphasizing desirable trait or making up for frustration in one area by overgratification in another, a person with total deafness becoming a master painter.
