CPHM 121 - Week 11 - Communicable Disease Part 2

Mode of Transmission of AIDS

Transfer of body fluids (blood, semen, discharges); Sharing contaminated needles, syringe; Transplacental

Mode of Transmission of Chlamydia

Transmission in neonates is during birth

Mode of transmission of Gonorrhea

Transmission in neonates is during birth

Mode of Transmission of Hep B

Transmitted through blood transfusion, sex with partner with HBV, sharing of unsterilized needles, and during birth

Causative agent of Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Causative agent of Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis

Parasitic STI

Trichomoniasis

HBIG

should be given within 24hours of contact

Kaposi's Darcoma

skin cancer common to persons living with HIV which usually appears at the late stage of HIV infection, appears to be a coinfection with AIDS

Signs and Symptoms in Males of Trichomoniasis

slight itching of penis, painful urination, clear discharge from penis

Systemic infection

the disease can progress from one organ to another organ, until such time that many organs of the body is infected

Signs and Symptoms Psychomotor- retardation of AIDS

• Confusion • Disorientation • Seizures • Mutism • Loss of memory • Coma

Signs and Symptoms of Paragonimiasis

• Cough of long duration • Hemoptysis • Chest/back pain • PTB like symptoms not responding to anti-TB medications

Schistosoma japonicum

- oriental blood fluke - inhabits the inferior and superior mesenteric veins of the small intestine - egg has a lateral nub - recovered in feces

In the course of malaria infection

- there is a classical malaria attack that can last from 6 to 10 hours after the onset of signs and symptoms - attack or cycle varies depending on the type of plasmodium parasite infects the patient

Aspirin and ibuprofen should not be given

- this medicine have anti-coagulant properties, it makes the viscosity of the blood thinner and may increase the risk of hemorrhage or internal bleeding and may lead to more serious complications

Patient is given antibiotics and anti-tetanus

- to avoid the risk of developing bacterial infection or tetanus from the site as we are not sure if the animal is also carrier or another possible infection as they are exposed to the environment.

Sylvatic rabies

- transmitted by bats and other wild animals which can be spread to dogs, cats and livestock

Pneumocystis jiroveci

- Before categorized as protozoans but now it is categorized as fungus - capable of causing pneumonia to immunocompromised patients like those patients living with advance HIV infection - Pneumonia is a common complication of HIV

Multibacillary leprosy (lepromatous)

- Characterized by stuffy nose, with many skin lesions and nodules - More advance stage of leprosy - More contagious and communicable

Treatment of Malaria

- Drug of choice is Chloroquine. Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine combination may be used in areas with high levels of resistance to Chloroquine - Drugs taken to prevent malaria are the same drugs used to treat the disease, pre and post exposure prophylaxis

Treatment of Uncomplicated P. Falciparum (Malaria)

- First-Line: Artemether-Lumefantrine + Primaquine - Second-Line: Quinine Sulfate + Doxycycline/Tetracycline/Clindamycin

Malaria

- In the Philippines, only 7 provinces remain with local transmission of the disease - Another vector-borne disease caused by plasmodium parasites through bites of female anopheles mosquitos (anopheles flavirotris)

AIDS

- Late stage of HIV infection - If patient living with HIV is not on HIV treatment then for sure at this stage the virus is capable of weakening the entire immune system that will lead to the progress of auto immunodeficiency syndrome

Hemoptysis

- Medical term that we use when cough is accompanied with blood in it - Coughing with blood

Gonorrhea

- Most commonly spread through vaginal or anal sex - Babies of infected mothers can be infected during child birth and commonly affect the eyes - neonatal conjunctivitis or the ophthalmia neonatorum

Sweating stage

- Patient profusely sweat or the patient is wet from his own sweat - This will return the patient temperature to normal - Patient may experience tiredness after this stage

2 classification of leprosy based on the type of skin lesions

- Paucibacillary leprosy - Multibacillary leprosy (lepromatous)

Chlamydia

- Primary cause is unsafe and unprotected sexual practices - Neonatal conjunctivitis is also possible for this type of infection

Genital herpes

- Sexual contact is the primary way that the virus can be transmitted and it can also be spread via delivery to neonates with infected birth canal - Can cause pain, itching and sores in the genital area but it is also possible for patients not to experience and signs and symptoms - If disease is harbored, then the patient is contagious even if there is no visible sores

Mode of Transmission of Malaria

- Through the bite of an infected female mosquito or directly from one person to another by passage of blood containing erythrocytic parasites - Casual contact with a malaria infected person is not contagious not unless blood which contains erythrocyte parasites is transfused directly from one person to another

Clinical Latency

- Virus still multiply but at very low levels - Patient in this stage may not feel sick or experience any symptoms - Also called the chronic HIV infection - Person living with HIV can stay in this stage for 10-15 years without receiving any HIV treatment but disease progress in this stage is faster - If person living with HIV takes the HIV medicine as prescribe exactly as instructed and if they manage to keep an undetectable viral load then the person living with HIV can protect themselves and at the same time there is no risk of transmitting HIV to sexual partners - But if viral load is detectable HIV can be transmitted at this stage even though the patient has no signs and symptoms of HIV

Leptospiremic phase of Leptospirosis

- also known as febrile - Leptospires present in blood and CSF. Onset of symptoms are abrupt with fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, cough and chest pain

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

- belong to the top five categories for which adults seek health care in the developing countries. - can be treated and cured relatively easily and cheaply if diagnosed early enough.

Paucibacillary leprosy

- characterized by a well-defined skin lessions, that are numb (no sensation, cannot feel pain) - more on the early stage of leprosy

Rose spots

- flat rashes that appears on the skin between the 2nd up to 4th week of the illness - important diagnostic fever for patients with typhoid fever - can also be seen in patients with shigellosis and non-typhoidal salmonellosis - appearance of rose spots is more prominent with patient suffering from typhoid fever

Snails

- intermediate host of the Schistosoma

Signs and Symptoms Secondary syphilis (condylomata lata)

- maculopapular rash notably on the palms and soles, or as moist papules on the skin and mucous membranes. Moist lesion of the genitals - highly infectious stage

Schistosoma mansoni

- mansons blood fluke - inhabits the inferior mesenteric veins of the large intestine - egg has a lateral spine - recovered in feces

Zika infection during pregnancy

- may cause a birth defect of the brain called microcephaly and other severe brain defects - Also linked to other problems miscarriage, still births and any other birth defects

Treatment of Hepatitis A

- no specific treatment • Postexposure prophylaxis • Complete bed rest • Adequate nutrition, and fluids

Immune phase of Leptospirosis

- o convalescent phase - correlates with the appearance of circulating IgM.

Oresol

- oral rehydration solution - recommended to be given in order to replace body fluid and prevent dehydration of patients experiencing severe diarrhea

Signs and Symptoms Tertiary syphilis (Gummas)

- varies from no symptoms to indication of damage to body organs such as brains, heart and liver - not infectious but organ damage is not reversible, meaning to say permanent

Schistosoma haematobium

- vesical blood fluke - inhabits the veins of the urinary bladder - egg has a terminal spine - recovered in urine sample

plasmodium falciparum

- vivax and ovale the attack occurs every 2nd day - deadliest of malaria parasite and most of the cases is predominated by theses specie as the causative agent

Mode of Transmission of Leprosy

1. Airborne- inhalation of droplet/spray from coughing and sneezing of untreated cases 2. Prolonged skin to skin contact

Prevention and Control of Leprosy

1. Avoidance of prolonged skin to skin contact especially with lepromatous case 2. Children should avoid close contact with active untreated leprosy case 3. BCG vaccine 4. Practice personal hygiene 5. Adequate nutrition, rest, and exercise

Intermediate Hosts of Paragonimiasis

1. First IH- Fresh water snail 2. Second IH- small, freshwater crab

Modes of Transmission of Paragonimiasis

1. Ingestion of raw insufficiently cooked infected crabs 2. Contamination of food or utensil with metacercaria during food preparation 3. Drinking of contaminated water with infective larvae.

Primary Prevention Of STI

1. Modification of sexual activity 2. Barrier methods of contraception 3. Prophylactic antibiotics taken before and after exposure should not be done 4. Pre-exposure vaccination

Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis

1. Preventive measures 2. Control of patient contacts and the environment 3. Investigation of contact and source of infection

Viral STI

AIDS (Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Genital herpes Hepatitis B

Stages of HIV infection

Acute infection Clinical Latency AIDS

Treatment of Genital herpes

Acyclovir is useful in the treatment of both primary and recurrent diseases.

Vectors of Wuchereria spp.(Filariasis)

Aedes poecilus, Anopheles minismus flavirostris

Cholera 'El Tor'

An acute serious illness characterized by sudden onset of acute and profuse colorless diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration, muscular cramps, cyanosis and in severe cases collapse.

Treatment of AIDS

Azidothymidine (AZT) and Didanosine inhibit HIV replication by inhibiting reverse transcriptase. Clinical improvement occurs but the virus persists. Treatment of opportunistic infection depends on the organism

- More common on children than in adults - very contagious - In many case is self-limiting

Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

Fresh water snail

Brotia asperata

Treatment of Gonorrhea

Ceftriaxone for uncomplicated cases. If resistant, spectinomycin is used - CDC recommends a single dose of 500mg intramuscular ceftriaxone

Causative agent of Chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis

most common treatable STI

Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Trichomoniasis, and Syphilis

Treatment of P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae (malaria)

Chloroquine + Primaquine

- may infect both children and adults and if mismanage of left untreated it can kill the patient within hours after the onset of severe infection - some cases, people infected do not develop signs and symptoms but rather become active carrier of the disease - bacteria are present on their stool sample (feces) for 1 up to 10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, during this period they can be potential sources of infection to other people

Cholera 'El Tor'

Classical malaria attack 3 cycles

Cold stage Hot stage Sweating stage

Prevention of Trichomoniasis

Condoms limit transmission

- mosquito born disease - occur in tropical and subtropical areas of the world - this disease is one of the concern for emerging and reemerging disease that have to be addressed during its season - hard to diagnose and distinguish from any other disease because on the onset of signs and symptoms that patient may experience an acute febrile infection

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Causative agent of H-Fever

Dengue virus serotypes (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4)

Treatment of STH

Drugs such as Piperazine citrate, pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, albendazole, and levimazole can be administered depending on what parasite is present.

Mode of transmission of Genital herpes

During passage through the birth canal in neonates

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (H-Fever)

Each year, up to 400 million people get infected with dengue. Approximately 100 million people get sick from infection, and 22,000 die from severe dengue.

Mode of transmission of Shigellosis

Eating of contaminated foods or drinking contaminated water and by hand to mouth transfer of contaminated materials; by flies, by objects soiled with feces of a patient or carrier.

Mode of transmission of Hepatitis A

Fecal-oral route or consumption of contaminated food or water

Mode of Transmission of STH

Fecal-oral route; Ingestion of eggs from fecally contaminated soil or food

- parasitic infection but is also considered as vector borne infection - elephantiasis, caused by parasites transmitted by mosquito

Filariasis

Zika

First identified in Uganda in 1974 in monkeys

Mode of Transmission of Cholera

Food and water contaminated with vomitus and stool of patients and carrier

Bacterial STI

Gonorrhea Syphilis Chlamydia

Causative agent of AIDS

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

- highly contagious infection - causes the liver to get inflamed and affects the function of the liver

Hepatitis A

Causative agent of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

Causative agent of Hep B

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Causative agent of Genital herpes

Herpes simplex Virus type 2 (HSV2)

lagopthalmus

Inability to close eyelids

Mode of Transmission of Schistosomiasis

Infection occurs when the skin comes in contact with contaminated fresh water in which certain types of snails that carry Schistosomes are living. It is a free- swimming larval form (cercaria) of the parasites that penetrates the skin. Fresh water becomes contaminated when infected people urinate or defecate in water.

metacercaria

Infective stage of lung fluke

- Hansen's disease - Bacterial infection - Chronic type of infection because the bacterial agent multiplies slowly, and the incubation period may last up to 5 yeas

Leprosy

Causative agent of Leptospirosis

Leptospira interrogans. There are about 200 serovars,varicteri hemorrhage thought to be more virulent and cause leptospirosis

madarosis

Loss of eyebrow

Vectors of Brugia spp.(Filariasis)

Mansoni bonnaea, Mansoni uniformis

Acute infection

May exhibit flu like symptoms

Treatment of Trichomoniasis

Metronidazole or Tinidazole for both partners

Vector of H-Fever

Mosquito: Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus

Vector of Zika

Mosquito: Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus

Vector of Malaria

Mosquito: Anopheles flavirostris

Causative agents of Leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

Causative agent of Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrheae

Prevention of Gonorrhea

No drugs or vaccine. Condom offer protection. Trace contacts and treat to interrupt transmission.

Prevention of Chlamydia

No vaccine available. Erythromycin is effective in infected mother to prevent neonatal disease.

Intermediate Host of Schistosomiasis

Oncomelania hupensi quadrasi

Chemoprophylaxis:

Only Chloroquine should be given. It must be taken at weekly interval starting from 1-2 weeks before entering endemic areas.

Signs and Symptoms of Genital herpes

Painful vesicular lesion of the male and female genitals and anal area.

- oriental lung fluke - Infects the lungs of human after eating infected raw or undercooked cray fish or crab - most of the time are misdiagnose to have pulmonary tuberculosis and mistreated them with the treatment for PTB

Paragonimiasis

Causative agent of Paragonimiasis

Paragonimus westermani (Lung fluke) is the most common important causative agent in Asia.

Hot stage

Patient may experience high grade fever, headache, vomiting and seizure most especially on the young children

Cold stage

Patient may experience shivering, and cold sensation

Treatment of Syphilis

Penicillin is effective in all stages of syphilis

Treatment of Schistosomiasis

Praziquantel is the drug of choice against all species. Alternative drugs are Oxamniquine for S. mansoni and Metrifonate for S. haematobium

Treatment of Paragonimiasis

Praziquantel is the drug of choice given 25mg/kg body weight three times daily for 2 consecutive days. Bithionol is the alternative drug.

Prevention of Genital herpes

Primary disease can be prevented by protection from exposure to vesicular lesion. There is no vaccine.

Treatment of Complicated P. Falciparum (Malaria)

Quinine Dihydrochloride Infusion + Doxycycline/Tetracycline/Clindamycin

Causative agent of Rabies

Rabies virus

Dapsone, rifampicin, and chlorpromazine

Recommended MDT combination of medicines

Prevention and Control: Enhanced 4S Strategy of H-Fever

S - earch and Destroy S - eek Early Consultation S - elf Protection Measures S - ay yes to fogging only during outbreaks

Prevention of Syphilis

Same as other bacterial STI. No vaccine available. Benzathine penicillin is given to contacts.

- inhabits the different veins of the digestive tract and the urinary bladder

Schistosomiasis

Prevention of AIDS

Screening of blood prior to transfusion, safe sex. There is no vaccine

small, freshwater crab

Sundathelpusa philippina

Treatment of Chlamydia

Tetracycline and Erythromycin

Treatment of Zika

There is no specific medicine or vaccine for Zika virus. Treat the symptoms: • Get plenty of rest. • Drink fluids to prevent dehydration. • Take medicine such as paracetamol to reduce fever and pain. • Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Mode of Transmission of Filariasis

The disease is transmitted to a person through bites from an infected female mosquito.

AIDS (Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

The first case of AIDS in the Philippines was reported in 1984.

Mode of transmission of H-Fever

Through bite of infected female mosquito

Endemic areas identified of Paragonimiasis

The province of Mindoro, Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte, Sorsogon, Samar, Negros Island, Albay, Basilan, Cebu

Mode of transmission of Leptospirosis

Through contact of skin, especially open wounds with water, moist soil or vegetation contaminated with urine of infected host

Causative agent of Cholera

Vibrio cholerae (El Tor)

Causative agent of Zika

Zika Virus

Early signs and symptoms of Leprosy

a. Change in color- either reddish brown/white b. Loss of sensation on the skin lesion c. Decrease/loss of sweating and hair growth over the lesion d. Thickened and painful nerves e. Muscles weakness and paralysis of extremities f. Pain and redness of the eyes g. Nasal obstruction or bleeding

Preventive measures of Schistosomiasis

a. Educate the public in endemic areas regarding the mode of transmission and methods of protection b. Proper disposal of feces and urine c. improve irrigation and agricultural practices: reduce snail habitats by removing vegetation d. Treat snail breeding sites with molluscicides e. Prevent exposure to contaminated water f. Provide water for drinking, bathing and washing clothes from sources free of cercaria or treatment to kill them. g. Treat patients in endemic areas to prevent disease progression h. Travelers visiting in endemic area should be advised of the risk and informed

Prevention and Control: Health education of STH

a. Good personal hygiene b. Keeping fingernails short and clean c. Use footwear d. Use sanitary facilities like toilets e. Sanitary disposal of feces

Prevention and Control: Early diagnosis and treatment of STH

a. Laboratory examination of stool (fecalysis) b. Ensure proper dosage of medication and completion of treatment

Signs of advanced leprosy

a. Loss of eyebrow b. Inability to close eyelids c. Paralysis and crippling of hands and feet d. Nose disfigurement e. Blindness f. Chronic non-healing ulcers on the bottom of the feet

Control of patient contacts and the environment of Schistosomiasis

a. Report to local health authority b. No need for isolation and quarantine to infected people and those who are at risk c. Concurrent disinfection; sanitary disposal of feces and urine

Investigation of contact and source of infection of Schistosomiasis

a.Epidemic measure: examine for schistosomiasis and treat all who are infected but especially those with moderate to heavy infection, pay particular to children b. Motivate people in these areas to have annual stool exam

Trichomoniasis

an STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder

plasmodium malariae

attacks occur every 3rd day, important that the attacks are observed

Causative agent of Schistosomiasis

blood flukes from genus Schistosoma • Schistosoma japonicum • Schistosoma mansoni • Schistosoma haematobium

Signs and Symptoms in males of Gonorrhea

burning urination and pus discharges from infection of urethra

Humans

definitive host of the Schistosoma

12 months

entire course of treatment for lepromatous

6 months

entire course of treatment for paucibacillary

Signs and Symptoms in Females of Gonorrhea

female discharge is normal but with STI there can be discoloration, pus, foul smell, or blood in the discharge

Fluke

flat worm

Cercaria

free swimming larval stage of the Schistosoma is the infective stage of the blood flukes

Hepatitis B

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

Treatment of Leprosy

no single drug effective to cure the disease, Ambulatory chemotherapy through use of MDT

acute febrile infection

non-specific manifestation of any infectious diseases, it can be observed in other types of infectious diseases, making it hard to establish a specific diagnostic for a particular disease, however dengue hemorrhagic fever may exhibit clinical manifestation in 3 stages

jaundice

o yellowing of the sclera of the eyes and the skin due to the presence of excess bilirubin in the blood or in the circulation

Signs and Symptoms Primary syphilis (Chancre)

painless sore at the site of entry of germs, swollen glands

helminths

parasitic worms refers to intestinal worms infecting humans that are transmitted through contaminated soil

Causative agent of Typhoid fever

salmonella typhi bacteria which can cause systemic infection

urban or canine rabies

transmitted by dogs

Treatment of Shigellosis

• Ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole are most commonly inhibitory for Shigella isolates. • Many cases are self-limited. • Give ORESOL to replace lost body fluid

Signs and Symptoms in Females of Trichomoniasis

white or greenish-yellow odorous discharge, vaginal itching, painful urination; Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals

Modification of sexual activity

would decrease the like hood of exposure to or contact with infectious agents a. Abstinence b. Engage in mutually monogamous relationship c. Limit the number of sexual partners d. Inspect and question new partners e. Avoid certain sexual practices involving anal or fecal contact.

Hepatitis A (Infectious hepatitis, Epidemic hepatitis, Catarrhal jaundice)

• A form of hepatitis occurring either sporadically or in epidemics and caused by virus introduced by fecally contaminated water or food. • Young people especially school children are most frequently affected

Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

• An acute bacterial infection of the intestine characterized by diarrhea, fever, tenesmus and in severe cases bloody mucoid stools. • Severe infections are frequent in infants and in elderly debilitated persons

Signs and Symptoms of H-Fever

• An acute febrile infection of sudden onset with clinical manifestation of 3 stages. • First 4 days- invasive stage starts abruptly as high fever, abdominal pain and headache, petechiae • 4 th to 7th days- toxic or hemorrhagic stage-lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, frequent bleeding, death may occur • 7 th to 10th day- convalescent or recovery

Rabies (Hydrophobia, Lyssa)

• An acute viral encephalomyelitis • It is fatal once the signs and symptoms appear • Rabies remains a public health problem in the Philippines because it is responsible for the death of 200-300 Filipinos annually.

Signs and symptoms of STH

• Anemia • Malnutrition • Stunted growth in height and body size • Decreased physical activities • Impaired mental and school performance

Treatment of Typhoid fever

• Antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, may be given to adults. Ceftriaxone (injectable antibiotic) may be given to pregnant women and children. • Give ORESOL to replace lost body fluid

Causative agent of STH

• Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal roundworm) • Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) • Hookworm: Ancyclostoma duodenale (Old world hookworm) and Necator americanus ( New world hookworm)

Prevention and Control of Rabies

• Be a responsible pet owner (dog immunization) • Consult for rabies diagnosis and surveillance of the area • Get yourself pre-exposure anti-rabies vaccine - Active immunization aims to induce the body to develop antibodies against rabies up to 3 years. - Passive immunization is given in order to provide immediate protection against rabies which should be administered within the first seven days of active immunization. The effect of the immunoglobulin is only short term • Consult a veterinarian or trained personnel to observe your pet for 14 days for sign of rabies

Prevention and Control of Cholera

• Bring patient to hospital for proper isolation and prompt and competent medical care • A WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccine is available for travelers and people in endemic areas. It is given in two doses and offers protection for 3 years. • Other preventive measures are the same as those of Typhoid and Dysentery

Asymptomatic stage of Filariasis

• Characterized by the presence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood • No clinical signs and symptoms of the disease

Chronic stage of Filariasis

• Developed 10-15 years from the onset of first attack • Hydrocoele - swelling of the scrotum • Lymphedema - swelling of the upper and lower extremities • Elephantiasis - enlargement or thickening of the skin of the lower and/or upper extremities, scrotum, breast - any deformities are irreversible

Signs and Symptoms of Schistosomiasis

• Diarrhea (bloody stool or urine) • Enlargement of abdomen • Splenomegaly • Weakness • Anemia • Inflamed liver

Mode of transmission of Typhoid fever

• Direct or indirect contact with patient or carrier. • Principal vehicles are food and water. Flies are vectors.

Prevention and Control of Hepatitis A

• Ensure safe water or drinking • Sanitary method in preparing, handling and serving food • Proper disposal of urine and feces • Washing hands very well before eating and after using the toilet • Separate and proper cleaning of articles used by patient. • Hepatitis A Vaccination

Measures aimed to control the vector of Filariasis

• Environmental sanitation such as proper drainage and cleanliness of the surroundings • Use of insecticides.

Signs and Symptoms of Zika

• Fever and headache • Rashes • Joint and muscle pain • Red eyes

Signs and Symptoms Mental of AIDS

• Forgetfulness • Loss of concentration • Loss of libido

Signs and Symptoms of Gonorrhea

• Genital (penis or cervix), anus, throat and eyes can be infected

Prevention of Hep B

• Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) for postexposure prophylaxis and hepatitis B vaccine • Education of chronic carriers regarding precautions

Prevention and Control of Leptospirosis

• Improved education of people at particular risk • Use of protective clothing boots and gloves especially by worker with occupational hazards • Rats and other potential host's control • Investigation of contacts and source of infection

Signs and Symptoms of Chlamydia

• In males- discharge from penis, burning and itching of the urethral opening, burning sensation during urination • In females- slight vaginal discharge, itching and burning sensation of vagina, painful intercourse, and abdominal pain.

Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis A

• Influenza-like symptoms and headache • Malaise and fatigue • Anorexia and abdominal discomfort • Nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting • Fever • Dark urine • Lymphadenopathy • Jaundice • Bilirubinemia with clay colored stool

Leprosy

• Is an infectious disease and is a leading cause of permanent physical disability among the communicable disease • It is chronic mildly communicable disease that mainly affects the skin the peripheral nerves, the eyes and mucosa of URT

Paragonimiasis

• It is a chronic parasitic infection, which greatly reduces human productivity and quality of life. • It is frequently encountered in communities where eating of fresh or inadequately cooked crabs in practice • The manifestation closely resemble PTB that most often it is misdiagnosed for this disease in endemic areas.

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH)

• It is the third most prevalent infection worldwide second only to the diarrheal disease and tuberculosis • The prevalence of STH among the 2 to 5 yrs. old but lesser they suffer the greatest impact to the disease when they are infected.

Signs and Symptoms of Hep B

• Loss of appetite • Easy fatigability • Joint and muscle pain • Low grade fever • Right sided abdominal pain • Jaundice • Dark colored urine

Acute stage of Filariasis

• Lymphadenitis- inflammation of the lymph nodes • Lymphangitis- inflammation of lymph vessels in some cases, the male genitalia is affected.

Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis or snail fever)

• One of the important tropical disease in our country. • Since it affects mostly farmers and their families in the rural area it results in manpower losses and lessened agricultural productivity. • There is a high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Region 5 (Bicol). Region 8 (Samar and Leyte) and region 11 (Davao)

Treatment of Leptospirosis

• Penicillin; Doxycycline • Tetracycline • Erythromycin

Causative agent of Malaria

• Plasmodium falciparum • Plasmodium vivax • Plasmodium ovale • Plasmodium malariae • Plasmodium knowlesi

Signs and Symptoms of Cholera

• Profuse watery diarrhea • Vomiting • Rapid dehydration (e.g. sunken eyeballs, wrinkled dry skin) • *Most people infected with cholera are asymptomatic

Filariasis

• Public health concern in many endemic areas (46 Provinces in 12 Regions) • Chronic parasitic infection caused by nematode parasite

Signs and Symptoms Physical of AIDS

• Rashes • Loss of appetite • Weight loss • Fever of unknown origin • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (Pneumocystis jiroveci) • Persistent diarrhea • Esophageal candidiasis • Kaposi's Darcoma (skin cancer)

Reservoir of Leptospirosis

• Rat is the main host of the disease • Pigs, cattle, rabbits, horses, dogs, and other wild animals can also serve as reservoir hosts.

Signs and Symptoms of Malaria

• Recurrent chills • High-grade fever • Profuse sweating • Severe headache • Anemia • Hepatomegaly • Splenomegaly

Treatment of Cholera

• Rehydration therapy • Antibiotic treatment is indicated for severe cases of cholera. • Zinc treatment has also been shown to help improve cholera symptoms in children.

Prevention and Control of Typhoid fever

• Same as preventive and control measures as in Dysentery in addition, immunization with vaccine of high antigenicity. • Practice safe eating and drinking habits. • Education of the general public and particularly the food handlers. • Wash your hands with soap and water before eating. • Keep surroundings clean to prevent breeding of flies.

Prevention and Control of Shigellosis

• Sanitary disposal of human feces • Sanitary supervision of processing, preparation and serving of food particularly those eaten raw • Adequate provision for safe washing facilities • Fly control and screening to protect foods against fly contamination • Protection of purified water supplies • Control of infected individual contacts and environment • Isolation of patient during acute illness

Prevention and Control of Zika

• Self Protection Measures • Search and Destroy the mosquitos • Practice safe sex

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies

• Sense of apprehension • Headache and Fever • Sensory change near the site of animal bite • Spasm of muscles or deglutition on attempt to swallow (fear of water) • Paralysis, Delirium and convulsion • Without medical intervention, the rabies victim would usually last only 2 to 6 days. Death is often due to respiratory paralysis

Causative agent of shigella four main groups:

• Shigella sonnei • Shigella boydii • Shigella flexneri • Shigella dysenteriae

Prevention and Control of Malaria

• Sustainable preventive and vector control • Insecticide-treatment of mosquito nets • House spraying • Protective clothing • Educate the people on endemic areas • Chemoprophylaxis

Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid fever

• Sustained high fever • Malaise • Abdominal discomfort • Headache • Diarrhea or constipation • Loss of appetite

Typhoid fever (enteric fever)

• Systemic infection with involvement of lymphoid tissue, splenomegaly, rose spots on trunks and diarrhea. • Many mild typical infections are often unrecognized.

Treatment of Filariasis

• The drug of choice is Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) • Supportive care for Filariasis • Patients are advised to observe personal hygiene by washing the affected area with soap and water twice a day or prescribe antibiotics or anti-fungal for super infection.

Management/Treatment of Rabies

• The wound must be immediately and thoroughly washed with soap and water. Antiseptic such as povidone iodine or alcohol may be applied. • Go to the nearest Animal Bite Treatment Center. • The patient must be given antibiotics and anti-tetanus immunization • Post exposure treatment is given to persons who are exposed to rabies. It consists of local wound treatment, active immunization and passive immunization.

Treatment of H-Fever

• There is no specific medication to treat dengue. • Paracetamol, analgesic for fever, muscle pain or headache. • DON'T GIVE ASPIRIN or IBUPROFEN • Drink plenty of fluids such as water or drinks with added electrolytes to stay hydrated.

Mode of transmission of Zika

• Through bite of infected female mosquito • From a pregnant woman to her fetus • Through sex • Through blood transfusion (very likely but not confirmed)

Prevention and control of Paragonimiasis

• Treatment of infected person • Sanitary disposal of excreta • Education of the public regarding the sign and symptoms and mode of transmission of the parasite • Avoid eating insufficient or raw cooked crabs.

Measures aimed to protect the people in endemic areas of Filariasis

• Use of mosquito nets • Application of insect repellants • Screening of houses • Health education

Mode of Transmission of Rabies

• Usually by bites of a rabid animal whose saliva has the virus, The virus may also be introduced into a scratch or in fresh breaks in the skin (very rare) transmission from man to man is possible.

Leptospirosis

• Weil's disease, Mud fever, Trench fever, Flood fever, Spiroketal jaundice, Japanese seven days fever • It is a Worldwide zoonotic disease. • It is an occupational disease affecting veterinarians, miners, farmers, sewer, workers, abattoir workers, etc.