CPR

What is the rate of rescue breaths for a child that has a pulse but not breathing when using a bag-mask device?

1 every 3-5 seconds.

What are the 4 steps of a BLS assessment?

1. Ensure the scene is safe 2. assess responsiveness 3. assess breathing and pulse 4. activate the emergency response protocol for setting and getting an AED.

What is the depth of compressions for an infant?

1/3 to the 1/2 the diameter of the chest. (1.5 inches)

For each minute in cardiac arrest, the chance of survival goes down about ____%

10

According to new guidelines when a victim is unresponsive and not breathing, it is recommended that a healthcare provider check a pulse for no more than how many seconds?

10 seconds.

What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for Two-rescuer infant BLS?

15:2

The compression to ventilation ratio for one rescuer giving CPR to individuals of any age is:

30:2

The chain of survival for a NOT WITNESSED cardiac emergency (child)

5 cycles of high quality CPR, then go get help and get AED

What is the ratio of rescue breaths for adults, children, and infants?

Adults: 1 every 5-6 seconds (10-12 a minute) Children and infants: 1 every 3-5 seconds (12-20 a minute)

How often should rescuers switch roles when performing two-rescuer CPR?

After every two minutes after rescue breaths at the end of a CPR cycle.

What are the BLS steps used for adults?

Assess the individual, activate EMS and get AED, check pulse, and start CPR.

Why is the correct depth of compressions important during CPR?

Because it maximizes the refilling of the heart with blood.

When should the rescuer begin to check for scene safety?

Before performing any other CPR procedures, when you arrive.

you witnessed someone collapse, unresponsive, and hear gasping sounds, no pulse. What do you do?

Begin CPR; gasping is not normal breathing

When looking for a pulse on an infant, where should you check for a pulse?

Brachial artery

What is the most effective way to end ventricular fibrillation?

Defibrillation

A 34 year old male has been pulled out of the lake after being submerged for several minutes. Why are effective rescue breaths important if your BLS assessment indicates cardiac arrest?

Drowning is a secondary cardiac arrest - immediate CPR with high quality rescue breaths.

What is the first step in the chain of survival for OUTSIDE of the hospital?

Early recognition of cardiac arrest & prompt activation of the emergency response protocol.

How many breaths should be given during a two-rescuer CPR on an adult with an advanced airway in place?

Every 6 to 8 seconds (8 to 10 breaths per minute).

During a 2-rescuer CPR, what does the second rescuer do while the first rescuer gives chest compressions?

Give rescue breaths, maintain open airway.

A child has a heart rate greater than 60 per minute and a pulse, but has ineffective breathing or is not breathing, what should the rescuer do

Give rescue breaths. (every 3-5 seconds)

Special Considerations for AED placement

Hairy Chest, Water, Implanted defibrillators and Pacemakers, Transdermal Medication patches

Signs of choking

Hands to the throat, bluish/purplish color of lips or face, gasping for air, can't talk, coughing, panic

After the airway is opened, what technique would you use to ensure proper mouth-to-mouth ventilation?

Head-tilt-chin-lift.

When a 2-person team is responding to cardiac arrest, what 2 things have an influence on being able to treat?

High-quality CPR skills and integrated team approach

Opening airway with a suspected neck trauma

Jaw Thrust

The chain of survival for a WITNESSED cardiac emergency (child)

Leave child to get help and get AED

What is the first step in the chain of survival for INSIDE of the hospital?

Monitoring, prevention, and treatment of prearrest conditions.

What can be given to reverse opioid overdoes?

Naloxone (Narcan)

Where do you place your hands to perform chest compressions on an adult?

On the breastbone, center of chest, between the nipples/sternum.

What are the signs of an obstruction of the airway?

Poor air exchange, high-pitched noise while inhaling, and inability to speak.

When operating an AED, what are the correct steps to follow?

Power on the AED, attach electrode pads, analyze the rhythm, clear the individual, and deliver shock.

What is the first step in the chain of survival for CHILDREN AND INFANTS?

Prevention of airway & breathing emergencies.

If you are alone and did not witness the collapse, what should you do?

Provide 2 minutes of CPR before leaving to activate the emergency response protocol and getting an AED.

You attempt to deliver a breath through a mask but it does not go in. What is the next step?

Reposition the airway

Common cause of cardiac arrest in children

Respiratory Failure or Shock

After the AED delivers a shock, what should the rescuer do?

Resume CPR immediately, starting with compressions.

A victim with a foreign body obstruction becomes unresponsive, what is your next step?

Start CPR, beginning with chest compressions

What are the vital characteristics of first-rate CPR?

Starting chest compressions within 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest, pushing hard and fast, and minimizing interruptions.

signs of poor perfusion

Temperature: cool extremities Altered Mental State: continued decline in consciousness/responsiveness Pulses: weak Skin: paleness, mottling, and cyanosis

What is the preferred chest compression technique for an infant for 2-rescuer CPR?

The two thumb-encircling hands technique.

When would you start CPR for any victim?

When there's no breathing, pulse, or consciousness.

Heart Attack

a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die

Signs of puberty in BLS

chest and underarm hair for males and breast development for females

Cardiac Arrest

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death

An unresponsive infant is not breathing, has a heart rate of 53 beats per minute and there are signs of poor perfusion even with oxygenation and ventilation with bag and mask. What would you perform?

CPR

When looking for a pulse on a child 1 year to puberty, where should you check for a pulse?

Cartoid or femoral artery

What is considered high-quality CPR?

Chest compressions after 10 seconds of cardiac arrest, fast compressions (100-120 times per minute), hard compressions (at least 2 inches for adults, 1/3 depth of chest for children and infants), allowing the chest to recoil after each compression, minimizing interruptions, rescue breaths with visual chest rise, avoiding excessive air on rescue breaths.

What is the recommended BLS sequence for the 2020 ILCOR guidelines?

Chest compressions, Airway, Breathing (CAB)

Steps to reduce the risk of gastric inflation

deliver each breath over 1 second and deliver just enough air to make the victim's chest to rise

Unresponsive choking victim what modification should you do during CPR?

each time you open the airway, look for obstructing object

agonal breathing

irregular, gasping breaths that precede apnea and death

When a choking victim becomes unresponsive, what should you do after you have someone activate the emergency response system?

lower victim to the ground and begin CPR.

High Performance Teams

rescuers switch every 5 cycles of CPR (about 2 minutes) or sooner if compressor is fatigued High Performance Teams