psychopharmacology exam 1 quizzes, psychopharmacology exam 2 quizzes, psychopharmacology exam 2 vocabulary, psychopharmacology exam 4 quizzes, psychopharmacology exam 3 vocabulary, psychopharmacology exam 3 quizzes

A drug's ________________ name is a nonproprietary name for a drug that indicates the classification of a drug and distinguishes it from other drugs in the class. Select one: a. street b. generic c. trade d. chemical

b. generic

A drug that depleted serotonin in the brain would Select one: a. inhibit the effects of LSD. b. have little or no effect on LSD. c. enhance the effects of LSD. d. produce hallucinations like LSD.

b. have little or no effect on LSD.

After entry of caffeine into the intestines, caffeine has: Select one: a. no absorption. b. high absorption. c. moderate absorption. d. poor absorption.

b. high absorption.

Damage to the ________________ could cause changes to ones motivation to eat, such as having a low appetite. Select one: a. medulla b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland d. hippocampus

b. hypothalamus

The presence the compounds 5-hydroxytryptophan and yohimbine in energy drinks may: Select one: a. place someone at risk of depression. b. increase the likelihood of adverse effects from antidepressant drugs. c. prolong the effects of antidepressant drugs. d. counteract the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs.

b. increase the likelihood of adverse effects from antidepressant drugs.

Which of the following are physiological effects from psychostimulant administration? Select one or more: a. decreased blood pressure b. increased heart rate. c. decreased body temperature. d. inhibited digestion.

b. increased heart rate. d. inhibited digestion.

Drugs used to treat disorders are referred to as: Select one: a. psychoactive drugs. b. pharmacotherapeutic drugs. c. alternative medicines. d. recreational drugs.

b. pharmacotherapeutic drugs.

Juan tried smoking with Ana but felt nauseous after each of several attempts and stopped. Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative punishment d. positive reinforcement

b. positive punishment

All of the following are pharmacological treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder except: Select one: a. methamphetamine. b. pseudoephedrine. c. amphetamine. d. methylphenidate.

b. pseudoephedrine.

The primary psychoactive ingredient in magic mushrooms is Select one: a. atropine. b. psilocybin. c. mescaline. d. dimethyltryptamine.

b. psilocybin.

Which of the following atypical antipsychotics is unique in the treatment of bipolar disorder due to its antidepressant metabolite? Select one: a. olanzapine b. quetiapine c. risperidone d. lamictal

b. quetiapine

Proteins located in neuron membranes that can be bound to and activated by neurotransmitters are called: Select one: a. vesicles. b. receptors. c. enzymes. d. membrane transporters.

b. receptors.

An antipsychotic drug that acts as an antagonist for 5-HT2A receptors and... Select one: a. inhibit the biotransformation of phencyclidine. b. reduce some of the effects of phencyclidine. c. have no effect on phencyclidine. d. enhance some of the effects of phencyclidine.

b. reduce some of the effects of phencyclidine.

An antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors would most likely do which of the following? Select one or more: a. increase the effectiveness of barbiturates b. reduce the effectiveness of buspirone c. reduce the effectiveness of zolpidem d. reduce the effectiveness benzodiazepines

b. reduce the effectiveness of buspirone

A drug that inhibited choline transferase would be expected to: Select one: a. reduce the number of cholinergic receptors. b. reduce the synthesis of acetylcholine. c. reduce the break down of acetylcholine into a metabolite. d. increase levels of choline.

b. reduce the synthesis of acetylcholine.

For a patient with major depressive disorder, having a short variant of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region would likely mean a... Select one: a. greater likelihood for adverse effects from antidepressant medications. b. reduced responsiveness to antidepressant medications. c. more rapid response to antidepressant medications. d. greater likelihood of having manic symptoms when taking antidepressant drugs.

b. reduced responsiveness to antidepressant medications.

Studies find that the risk of schizophrenia is increased among those who... Select one: a. regularly use cannabidiol. b. regularly use cannabis. c. have abnormally high levels of anandamide. d. use synthetic cannabinoid receptor antagonists.

b. regularly use cannabis.

During general adaptation syndrome, a sustained level of physiological arousal characterizes the __________ stage. Select one: a. alarm b. resistance c. exhaustion d. denial

b. resistance

Which of the following would likely block the MDMA-like subjective effects of LSD? Select one: a. dopamine receptor antagonist b. serotonin receptor antagonist c. inhibitor of methamphetamine metabolizing enzymes d. glutamate receptor antagonist

b. serotonin receptor antagonist

Which of the following would occur with alcohol absorption when the stomach is full of food? Select one or more: a. decreased catabolism in stomach b. slower absorption from small intestine c. greater first-pass metabolism d. increased catabolism in stomach

b. slower absorption from small intestine d. increased catabolism in stomach

All of the following are characteristics of instrumental drug use except: Select one: a. voluntarily taking a drug. b. taking a drug in order to feel high from the drug. c. taking a drug for a reason other than feeling the drug effects. d. taking a drug for a specific purpose.

b. taking a drug in order to feel high from the drug.

While anticholinergic drugs reduce extrapyramidal side effects, they do not prevent the development of... Select one: a. acute dystonia. b. tardive dyskinesia. c. extrapyramidal dyskinesia. d. cardiovascular dementia.

b. tardive dyskinesia.

Which of the following brain regions might be targeted for modulation in a treatment to reduce fear and anxiety? Select one or more: a. prefrontal cortex b. thalamus c. temporal cortex d. amygdala

b. thalamus d. amygdala

The symptoms and features of a major depressive disorder include all of the following except... Select one: a. change in sleeping patterns. b. depressed mood. c. symptoms occurring within the same 4-week period. d. feelings of worthlessness.

c. symptoms occurring within the same 4-week period.

Rank the drugs below in terms of the duration for which the drugs remain bound to the drug from longest to shortest 1. longest 2. second longest 3. third longest

chlopromazine raclopride olanzapine

amphetamines

class of psychostimulant drugs that share a similar structure

Rank the hallucinogenic compounds in terms of their potency to produce hallucinations. Most potent Medium potency Least potent

LSD Psilocybin Mescaline

Harrison Narcotics Act

U.S. federal law passed in 1915 that restricted the sale of narcotics

controlled substances act

U.S. federal law passed in 1970 that regulates sale and possession of drugs identified as controlled substances

alcoholics anonymous

a 12-step program for alcohol addiction that provides extensive social support to encourage drinking abstinence for its anonymous members

g-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK)

a K+ channel that causes the influx of K+ when a neuron is hyperpolarized and less K+ influx when a neuron is depolarized

freebase

a base form of a compound converted from a salt form of the compound

cirrhosis

a chronic liver disease characterized by tissue scarring and poor liver functioning

phencyclidine

a commonly abused dissociative anesthetic

narcotic

a drug with sedative effects, generally used as a synonym for opioids

intoxication

a drug's effects after acute administration that overall produce an abnormal and impaired state

MDMA

a mixed stimulant-psychedelic drug

racemic

a mixture containing equal amounts of both optical isomers of a compound

adenosine

a neuromodulator that is released by neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous system

intracranial self-stimulation

a procedure in which an organism's responses activate a brain electrode

latent inhibition

a resistant or slower conditioning process that occurs from using a familiar stimulus as the neutral stimulus in an associative learning process

controlled substance schedules

a scheduling system mandated by the controlled substance act that classifies a drug according to its drug abuse potential and medical use potential

hypersuggestibility

a state of easy influence by suggestions that can jeopardize reality testing

vigilance

a state of readiness for detecting and responding to unpredictable events

condition stimulus

a stimulus that acquires the behavioral controlling properties of another stimulus that is involved in an associated learning process

discriminative stimulus

a stimulus, that, when present, signals the availability of reinforcement

craving

a strong urge to use a drug

orbitofrontal cortex (role in drug addition)

a structure within the prefrontal cortex that receives input from the amygdala and may enhance the incentive value of stimuli associated with drug use; may elicit drug cravings when the drug is absent

formication

a tactile hallucination described as feeling like insects or worms crawling under the skin

cigarette

a tobacco blend rolled in a thin sheet of paper

smokeless tobacco

a tobacco form intended for absorption in the mouth

en bloc blackout

a total inability to recall events during a set period of time of alcohol intoxication

twelve-step anonymous programs

a type of substance addiction program where anonymous members give testimonies in group settings and follow an outline of 12 steps toward recovery

Which of the following are BACs at or above the LD50 BAC for alcohol? Select one or more: a. 0.25 g per 50 ml b. 0.1 g per 100 ml c. 0.5 g per 1000 ml d. 0.5 g per 100 ml

a. 0.25 g per 50 ml d. 0.5 g per 100 ml

The National Prohibition Act became the: Select one: a. 18th Amendment. b. basis for the Harrison Narcotics Act. c. Controlled Substances Act. d. 21st Amendment.

a. 18th Amendment.

The typical response time for antidepressant drugs is Select one: a. 2-4 weeks b. 8-10 weeks c. 12-18 weeks d. within hours.

a. 2-4 weeks

Like MDMA, which of the following drugs is known to be a mixed stimulant-psychedelic? Select one or more: a. 5-MeO-DIPT b. 6-OH-DPAT c. MDEA d. AMT

a. 5-MeO-DIPT c. MDEA d. AMT

If someone blew a BAC of 0.08, how many grams of alcohol would be found in 100 ml of blood? Select one: a. 80 mg b. 80 g c. 8 g d. 0.8 g

a. 80 mg

Why might the speed of electrical transmission be faster for a myelinated neuron compared to an unmyelinated neuron? Select one: a. Actions potentials need only occur at gaps between myelin sheaths. b. Myelin increases the concentration of ions within the neuron. c. Actions potentials have a greater magnitude. d. They are thicker, allowing for more actions potentials to occur.

a. Actions potentials need only occur at gaps between myelin sheaths.

Which of the drug mechanisms would likely counteract the antidepressant effects of an MAO inhibitor? Select one: a. An antagonist for serotonin receptors. b. A reuptake inhibitor of dopamine and serotonin. c. An antagonist for GABA receptors. d. An inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase.

a. An antagonist for serotonin receptors.

Accidental overdose may occur due to Select one: a. having a polymorphism for barbiturate biotransformation. b. COPD. c. forgetting taking the medication earlier. d. taking an incorrect dose.

c. forgetting taking the medication earlier.

Tactile hallucinations caused by psychostimulants is called: Select one: a. punding. b. haptic hallucinations. c. formication. d. stereotypy.

c. formication.

If a person who is known as someone who worries about everything and generally upset from these worries likely has... Select one: a. obsessive compulsive disorder. b. social anxiety disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. panic disorder.

c. generalized anxiety disorder.

If a user co-administered the drug fenfluramine, a serotonin releaser, with MDMA, the user will likely experience... Select one: a. greater stimulant effects. b. weaker hallucinogenic effects. c. greater hallucinogenic effects. d. weaker stimulant effects.

c. greater hallucinogenic effects.

If a user co-administered the drug d-amphetamine, a dopamine releaser, with MDMA, the user will likely mostly experience... Select one: a. greater hallucinogenic effects. b. weaker stimulant effects. c. greater stimulant effects. d. weaker hallucinogenic effects.

c. greater stimulant effects.

A former routine hallucinogen user who now commonly sees small distortions around the edges of certain objects or seeing a fog in parts of visual field is likely experiencing... Select one: a. pseudo-hallucination disorder. b. a recurrent bad trip. c. hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. d. persistent visual distortion disorder.

c. hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.

All of the following are examples of functional outcomes in schizophrenia except... Select one: a. making sense of a checking account. b. carrying out daily hygeinic practices. c. having fewer depressive thoughts. d. picking out appropriate clothing to wear.

c. having fewer depressive thoughts.

A dopamine receptor expressed on the axon terminal of a serotonin-releasing neuron would be called Select one: a. autoreceptor b. postsynaptic receptor c. heteroreceptor d. steroreceptor

c. heteroreceptor

________________ is a process aimed at ceasing drug intoxication and reducing withdrawal symptoms. Select one: a. Detoxification b. Maintenance therapy c. Behavioral therapy d. Reinstatement

a. Detoxification

If drug A has and ED50 of 1 mg/kg and drug B has an ED50 of 10 mg/kg for some therapeutic effect, which drug would taking a lower amount to achieve the therapeutic effect? Select one: a. Drug A b. Drug B c. They would require the same amount d. An answer cannot be determined from the information given

a. Drug A

Which of the following suggests that a person has a substance use disorder? Select one: a. Drug use continues despite a person knowing about all of the problems it is causing in his life. b. A person was introduced to a drug at a party last night and can't wait to try it again. c. A person continues using a drug with abuse potential for treating a particular disorder. d. A person experienced severe physiological effect after taking a substance.

a. Drug use continues despite a person knowing about all of the problems it is causing in his life.

Which of the following would be considered areas of pharmacology? Select one or more: a. Effects of cocaine on pupil dilation b. Effects of caffeine on heart rate c. Effects of opiate drugs on intracellular signaling pathways d. Effects of antidepressants on fetal development

a. Effects of cocaine on pupil dilation b. Effects of caffeine on heart rate c. Effects of opiate drugs on intracellular signaling pathways d. Effects of antidepressants on fetal development

Administration of a drug that inhibits a G-protein from separating into its components would affect the actions of which receptors? Select one or more: a. GABA-B receptors b. GABA-A receptors c. NMDA receptors d. Kainate receptors e. mGlu Group I receptors

a. GABA-B receptors e. mGlu Group I receptors

Alcohol binds to: Select one: a. GABAA receptors. b. GABAB receptors c. metabotropic GABA receptors. d. GABAC receptors

a. GABAA receptors.

Which of the following is the most commonly reported symptom of hangover? Select one: a. Headache b. Diarrhea c. Fatigue d. Nausea

a. Headache

Hormones differ from neurotransmitters in the following ways except: Select one: a. Hormones are normally released into tight synaptic junctions. b. Hormones can be delivered throughout the body via the circulatory system. c. Hormones can bind to intracellular sites. d. Hormones have widespread effects.

a. Hormones are normally released into tight synaptic junctions.

Why was a black box warning placed in the packaging insert for fluoxetine? Select one: a. Increased suicide risk in teenagers. b. Risk of sexual side effects. c. To alert patients not to abruptly quit using an antidepressant. d. There is a risk of a flattened emotional state.

a. Increased suicide risk in teenagers.

By inhibiting calcium channels, what effect does alcohol have a neurotransmission? Select one: a. Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from vesicles. b. Inhibits transportation of neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicular transporters. c. Prevents excitatory postsynaptic potentials. d. Prevents neurotransmitter reupake.

a. Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from vesicles.

Which of the following is an example of a concentration gradient? Select one: a. Ions flowing from an area of high concentration to low concentration. b. Ions flowing through a barrier with selective permeability. c. Ions increasing in concentration in a graded manner. d. Ions flowing from to an area with an opposite electrical charge.

a. Ions flowing from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

If LSD was approved as a legal therapeutic substance (i.e., it's psychedelic effects were accepted as therapeutic), which of the following terms would describe its therapeutic index? Select one: a. Large. b. 1. c. Small d. Negative

a. Large.

Rats were trained to discriminate methamphetamine from vehicle and then tested with varying doses of methamphetamine and several other drugs. Based on the graph below, identify which of the statements are accurate based on the figure. Select one or more: a. MDMA produces methamphetamine-like subjective effects more than LSD and DOM b. DOM fully substitutes for methamphetamine c. Methamphetamine does not produce subjective effects d. Methamphetamine produces mostly LSD-like subjective effects e. LSD fully substitutes for methamphetamine

a. MDMA produces methamphetamine-like subjective effects more than LSD and DOM

Which of the following are ways in which nitric oxide differs from other neurotransmitters? Select one or more: a. NO is not released in a calcium-dependent manner b. NO is not synthesized in neurons c. NO is stored in vesicles d. NO is not stored in vesicles

a. NO is not released in a calcium-dependent manner d. NO is not stored in vesicles

________________ in the blood would likely reduce the amount of drug available to act in target sites, such as the brain. Select one: a. Nonspecific binding b. Active transport mechanisms c. Absorption d. Pathogens

a. Nonspecific binding

How does the rate of elimination of MDMA change over time? Select one: a. Slows over time. b. Increases over time. c. Shifts to zero-order kinetics. d. Remains constant.

a. Slows over time.

Dronabinol is the prescription form of Select one: a. THC b. cannabidiol c. cannabinol d. WIN52212-2

a. THC

What effect on a neuron would a drug that stops the sodium-potassium pump activity likely have? Select one: a. The neuron would become depolarized due to an increase in sodium ion concentration inside the neuron b. The neuron would become hyperpolarized due to a decreasing concentration of potassium ions c. The neuron's resting potential would be unaffected d. The neuron would not be able to produce an action potential.

a. The neuron would become depolarized due to an increase in sodium ion concentration inside the neuron

Administration of JWH-018 would be expected to do which of the following? Select one or more: a. cause stimulation of CB1 receptors b. inhibit binding of anandamide to CB1 receptors c. inhibit binding of anandamide to CB2 receptors d. inhibit synthesis of 2-AG and anandamide

a. cause stimulation of CB1 receptors b. inhibit binding of anandamide to CB1 receptors

Agitation, anxiousness, and insomnia caused by high doses of caffeine is called: Select one: a. caffeinism. b. caffeine syndrome. c. synesthesia. d. somnolence.

a. caffeinism.

Drugs that act on the cannabinoid system are called... Select one: a. cannabinoids. b. cannabis-like drugs. c. THC. d. cannabidol-like drugs.

a. cannabinoids.

An advantage that cannabis may have over opioids for treating pain is Select one: a. cannabis treats neuropathic pain. b. cannabis is legal to obtain whereas opioids require a prescription. c. cannabis is not an addictive substance. d. cannabis has fewer adverse effects than opioids.

a. cannabis treats neuropathic pain.

Irritability, anger, and decrease appetite occurring when a cannabis user does not have access to cannabis is likely an indication of... Select one: a. cannabis withdrawal syndrome. b. use of synthetic marijuana. c. cannabis toxicity. d. stoned dysphoria.

a. cannabis withdrawal syndrome.

To qualify abnormal behavior as a mental disorder, generally the disorder must... Select one: a. cause an individual to experience significant dysfunction and stress from the disorder. b. have services covered by medical insurance. c. cause those in social situations to avoid an individual with abnormal behavior. d. be considered abnormal according to a society's norms

a. cause an individual to experience significant dysfunction and stress from the disorder.

Neurons that synthesize and release acetylcholine are referred to as: Select one: a. cholinergic neurons. b. pyramidal neurons. c. acetylcholinergic neurons. d. noradrenergic neurons.

a. cholinergic neurons.

The first antipsychotic drugs, including chlorpromazine and haloperidol, are known by all of the following except... Select one: a. early antipsychotics. b. classical antipsychotics c. neuroleptics. d. first-generation antipsychotics.

a. early antipsychotics.

Which of the following are pharmacological strategies for treating alcohol abuse? Select one or more: a. elevating calcium levels b. music therapy c. inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase d. blocking opiate receptors

a. elevating calcium levels c. inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase d. blocking opiate receptors

Apoptosis is produced by Select one: a. excitotoxicity. b. accumulation of valproic acid. c. neurotoxicity. d. desctruction of serotonin vesicles.

a. excitotoxicity.

In an/an ___________________ an investigator alters the independent variable. Select one: a. experimental study b. single-blind procedure c. clinical study d. correlational study

a. experimental study

A hypothesis for how to develop an atypical antipsychotic drug states that an antagonist for D2 receptors that quickly separates from the receptor is called the... Select one: a. fast D2-off hypothesis. b. D2 agonist-antagonist hypothesis c. D2 partial agonism hypothesis d. serotonin-dopamine hypothesis.

a. fast D2-off hypothesis.

Bioavailabilty reduced specifically for drugs orally administered may be due to: Select one: a. first-pass metabolism b. Phase II biotransformation. c. nonspecific binding. d. Phase I biotransformation.

a. first-pass metabolism.

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is: Select one: a. glutamate. b. dopamine. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin.

a. glutamate.

A serious health risk that the FDA wants to draw attention to is noted in a drugs package insert by... Select one: a. having a section with a black box bordering it. b. putting the risk at the end of the box insert where other warnings are located. c. placing serious health risk in all capital letters d. placing key concerns in red text.

a. having a section with a black box bordering it.

The most common symptom of caffeine withdrawal is: Select one: a. headache. b. depressed mood. c. irritibility. d. anxious mood.

a. headache.

If morphine is found in someone's blood, which of the following could the person have taken? Select one or more: a. heroin b. morphine c. fentanyl d. codeine e. methadone

a. heroin b. morphine d. codeine

CB2 receptors are located in the Select one: a. immune system. b. reward system. c. motor system. d. learning and memory systems.

a. immune system.

By acting on the hippocampus, a CB1 receptor agonist can... Select one: a. impair memory. b. improve contextual conditioning for cannabinoid use. c. reduce attention. d. enhance pain sensitivity.

a. impair memory.

Inhibition of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase would likely... Select one: a. increase levels of anandamide. b. decrease levels of anandamide. c. decrease levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. d. increase levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

a. increase levels of anandamide.

A compound in tobacco that inhibits monoamine oxidase is likely to: Select one: a. increase nicotine's rewarding effects. b. increase upregulation of nicotinic receptors. c. reduce desensitization of nicotinic receptors. d. inhibit biotransformation of nicotine.

a. increase nicotine's rewarding effects.

A person is taking an antidepressant that inhibits the CYP2D6 enzyme. Which of the following would be likely to occur? Select one: a. increased effects of MDMA b. decreased effects of MDMA c. decreased effects of LSD d. none of the above

a. increased effects of MDMA

The cardiovascular effects of THC consist of Select one: a. increased heart rate. b. hypertension. c. elongated heart beats. d. altered EKG patterns.

a. increased heart rate.

Inhibition of MAO would produce which of the following? Select one or more: a. increased levels of dopamine b. decreased levels of dopamine c. increased levels of serotonin d. increased levels of norepinephrine e. decreased levels of serotonin f. increased levels of acetylcholine g. decreased levels of norepinephrine

a. increased levels of dopamine c. increased levels of serotonin d. increased levels of norepinephrine

All of the following are examples of behavioral effects from low doses of a psychostimulant except: Select one: a. increased paranoid behavior. b. increased speed of a completing a task. c. increased motor activity. d. increased speed of talking.

a. increased paranoid behavior.

nociception

communication of pain sensations in the nervous system

hashish

condensed preparation of cannabis that primarily contains the trichome resins from the plant

wernicke-korsakoff's syndrome

condition caused by heavy, long-term alcohol use resulting in memory loss, false memories, poor insight, apathy, and tremor

caffeinism

condition characterized by agitation, anxiety, insomnia, and negative mood as well as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure

marijuana

consists of dried cannabis flowers, leaves, and stems compressed and rolled for smoking

extreme drinking

consuming two to three ties more alcohol than in binge drinking

binge drinking

consumption of at least five standard drinks for men and four standard drinks for women during one occasion

what plane is this

coronal

Which of the following is considered moderate drinking for men? Select one: a. up to 6 drinks per day, but no more that 14 drinks per week. b. 1 standard drink per day, but not exceeding 7 drinks per week. c. more than 2 standard drinks per day and up to 20 drinks per week. d. 2 standard drinks per day, but not exceeding 14 drinks per week.

d. 2 standard drinks per day, but not exceeding 14 drinks per week.

For identical twins, if one of the twins has schizophrenia, what is the chance that the other twin will have schizophrenia? Select one: a. 0% b. 25% c. 100% d. 50%

d. 50%

_____________ is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by severe impairments in memory, decision-making, attention, motivation, language production and comprehension, and mood regulation. Select one: a. Huntington's Disease b. Parkinson's Disease c. Epilepsy d. Alzheimer's Disease

d. Alzheimer's Disease

Why do action potentials only travel down the axon and not the other direction? Select one: a. Resting potentials change with direction of the nerve impulse. b. Sodium-potassium pumps only act in one direction. c. Action potentials do not cause depolarization. d. An area where an action potential just occurred is still in a refractory period.

d. An area where an action potential just occurred is still in a refractory period.

__________________ refers to a drug's strength of binding to a receptor. Select one: a. Antagonism b. Receptor efficacy c. Agonism d. Binding affinity

d. Binding affinity

Which of the following all belong to the monoamine class of neurotransmitters? Select one: a. Acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA b. Serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine c. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and glutamate d. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

d. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

alcohol withdrawal syndrome (delirium tremens)

alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by hallucinations, trembling, confusion, disorientation, and agitation

alcohol poisoning

alcohol-induced inhibition of autonomic system functions, including breathing, heart functioning, and the gag reflex

distilled alcoholic beverages

alcoholic beverages produced through distillation that have a higher alcohol content than beer and wine

pseudo-hallucinations

altered perception of things that are real

18th amendment

amendment to the U.S. constitution that banned the sale and distribution of alcohol

ethyl alcohol (or ethanol)

an alcohol that functions as a central nervous system depressant

wine

an alcoholic beverage, usually with 12-15 percent alcohol content, made through fermentation of fruit

beer

an alcoholic beverage, usually with 5 percent or less alcohol content, made through fermentation from certain starches such a barely, wheat, or rice

ephedra

an extract of the plant ephedra sinica that contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

kindling

an increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from alcohol

functional antagonism

an indirect or atypical means of inhibiting a receptor's activity, such as when the net effects of a receptor agonist consist of a longer inactivated receptor state and a shorter activated receptor state

methyl alcohol (or methanol)

an industrial solvent that acts as a toxin for optic nerves and can be produced during distillation process for moonshine

laudanum

an opium-containing drink intended for medical purposes

hookah

an ornately shaped and decorated water pipe assembly consisting of a charcoal-heated tobacco-holding chamber pipe connected through the water jar mouth and into the water, with tubes from the jar allowing for tobacco smoke inhalation

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

key psychoactive substance in cannabis

herbal marijuana alternatives (or synthetic marijuana)

laboratory-synthesized cannabinoid drugs

amotivational syndrome

lack of motivation to engage in productive activities possibly related to cannabis use

hallucinogens

large class of psychedelic drugs that produce hallucinations as their main pharmacological effects

rave

large organized party held in a dance club or warehouse where electronic dance music is played with a light show

coca paste

liquid paste mad from the breaking and mixing of coca leaves

Beneficial effects for cardiovasular function from alcohol are found from: Select one: a. moderate alcohol concentrations. b. moderate alchol concentrations, but no more than three days per week. c. heavy alcohol concentrations. d. low alcohol concentrations.

d. low alcohol concentrations.

In the U.S., due to the Drug Addiction Treatment act, specialized clinics are needed for prescribing: Select one: a. methamphetamine. b. buprenorphine. c. heroin. d. methadone.

d. methadone.

During long-term detoxification therapy for opioid addiction, withdrawal effects tend to be relatively: Select one: a. severe, requiring treatment. b. moderate, requiring treatment. c. severe, requiring anesthesia. d. mild.

d. mild.

Opioids constrict pupils at analgesic doses, an effect called: Select one: a. intraocular pressure. b. hypertension. c. dilation. d. miosis.

d. miosis.

The plant Papaver somniferum contains: Select one: a. synthetic heroin. b. cannabinols. c. dextromethorphan. d. naturally occurring opioids.

d. naturally occurring opioids.

Endogenous opioids are: Select one: a. neural growth factors. b. enzymes. c. proteins. d. neuropeptides.

d. neuropeptides.

Destruction of a neuron's axon terminals would affect which of the following processes? Select one or more: a. removal of waste products in the affected neuron b. neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the affected neuron c. processes that occur in the affected neuron's soma d. neurotransmitter release by the affected neuron

d. neurotransmitter release by the affected neuron

In _________ procedure, neither the participants nor the investigators know the treatment assignments for the participants.

double-blind

standard drink

drink that contains 14 grams of 100-percent alcohol; equivalent to about 2/3 fluid ounces

tension reduction hypothesis

drinking alcohol reduces stress

incentive-salience model

drug addition occurs after a shift from "liking" the effects of a drug to "wanting" the effects

pure opioid receptor agonists

drugs that act as full receptor agonists at mu opioid receptors

pure opioid receptor antagonists

drugs that act as full receptor antagonists at mu opioid receptors

mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonists

drugs that exhibit agonist actions at some opioid receptors while exhibiting antagonist actions at other opioid receptors

psychostimulants

drugs that increase psychomotor and sympathetic nervous system activity as well as improve alertness and positive mood

psychedelic drugs

drugs that induce a reality-altering experience consisting of hallucinations, sensory distortions, or delusions

partial opioid receptor agonists

drugs that produce partial agonist actions at mu opioid receptors

Eric suffers from schizophrenia. Match his symptoms to the appropriate terms. Eric used to love playing piano but now has no interest in playing Eric hears voices when no one is around Eric reports seeing little green aliens that tell him what to do Eric used to feel intense emotions when discussing his children, but now he experiences very little emotion when discussing his children

negative symptom positive symptom positive symptom negative symptom

alcohol stupor (or drunken stupor)

dulled senses and poor cognitive functioning caused by overconsumption of alcohol; also known as drunken stupor

amygdala (role in drug addiction)

during chronic use of an abused substance, it associates stimuli commonly present during drug use with the reinforcing effects of the drug; elicits physical withdrawal symptoms and a negative emotional state when drug is absent

After completion of a treatment regimen with a typical antipsychotic that produced tardive dyskinesia one might expect which of the following? Select one: a. the effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists on the nigrostriatal pathway would be increased b. the effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonists on the nigrostriatal pathway would be decreased c. a GABAA receptor positive modulator would produce increased nigrostriatal activation d. the effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists on the nigrostriatal pathway would be decreased e. the effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonists on the nigrostriatal pathway would be increased

e. the effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonists on the nigrostriatal pathway would be increased

e-cigarettes (or electronic nicotine delivery systems)

electronic nicotine vaporizers often shaped like a cigarette

hypothalamus (role in drug withdrawal)

elicits autonomic system effects associated with physiological withdrawal symptoms

2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

endocannabinoid neurotransmitter

anadamide

endocannabinoid neurotransmitter

endocannabinoids

endogenous (derived internally) neurotransmitters that activate cannabinoid receptors

alcohol dehydrogenase

enzyme that metabolizes alcohol

drug-replacement therapy

exchanging the addictive drug with a similar but less harmful drug

Influx of positively charged ions will generate an _________________

excitatory postsynaptic potential

synesthesia

experiencing sensory stimuli in an incorrect sensory modality

In a laboratory, a human participant clicks a keyboard button to obtain pills containing methamphetamine for ingestion. The rate of responding on the keyboard initially increases and then is maintained at a high rate. When sugar is substituted for methamphetamine, the rate of responding on the keyboard declines sharply and eventually ceases. Match the events from the scenario with the correct conditioning terms. decline in responding when sugar substituted for methamphetamine pressing the keyboard button methamphetamine pills

extinction response reinforcer

nicotine abstinence syndrome

nicotine withdrawal symptoms characterized by craving, irritability, anxiety, hostility, concentration difficulties, impatience, and insomnia

purposeless behavior (for psychostimulant use)

non-goal-directed behavior; may appear as habits; increased by higher doses of psychostimulants

long-term potentiation

form of synaptic plasticity important for learning and memory

Which lobe below supports decision making and movement?

frontal

what lobe controls decision making and movement

frontal

cannabinoid receptors

g-protein-coupled receptors consisting of CB1 and CB2 activated by cannabinoids

percentage alcohol (or alcohol by volume)

number of grams of alcohol found in 100 milliliters of solution

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

number of grams of alcohol in a 100 mL volume of blood

proof of alcohol

numerical value that is double the percentage of alcohol

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

integrates sensory information received from other cortical areas and mediates working memory, planning, organizing, and other upper-level cognitive activities; important for impulse control

flashback

random, short, and nondistressing memory of a previous hallucinogenic experience

ketamine

recreationally used dissociative anesthetic that is used as an anesthetic for animals

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

recurring, lengthy, and unpleasant memory from a previous hallucinogenic experience

Desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors would lead to which of the following? Select one: increased IPSPs reduced EPSPs increased EPSPs reduced IPSPs

reduced EPSPs

behavioral tolerance (to alcohol)

reduced behavioral impairment to alcohol

pharmacodynamic tolerance (to alcohol)

reduced physiological responsiveness to alcohol's pharmacological actions

thirdhand smoke

remnants from tobacco smoking gathered on material in the smoker's local environment after smoking has finished

21st amendment

repealed the 18th amendment

drive theory of drug addition

repeated drug use causes a motivation, or drive, to engage in seeking a drug's positive reinforcing effects

relapse

return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of a substance use disorder

reversible drug-induced dementia

reversible drug-induced dementia characterized by stupor and anterograde amnesia

methadone clinics

specialized clinics that prescribe and dispense methadone to patients in treatment for opioid addiction

Harvard Psilocybin Project

studies led by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert to examine effects of psilocybin in human volunteers

__________ effects are pharmacological effects that cannot be directly observed by others.

subjective

mixed stimulant-psychedelic drugs

substance that exhibits both psychostimulant effects and hallucinations

cannaninoids

substances that act on cannabinoid receptors

divided attention

sustained attention on a stimulus despite the presence of distracters

albert hoffman

swiss chemist who discovered LSD

Which nervous system division likely would be affected by the sight of a venomous snake in your bed?

sympathetic

Which lobe below is involved with auditory comprehension?

temporal

what lobe controls language and auditory information processing

temporal

alcohol priming

tendency of users to develop an urge to consume more alcohol after having one or two drinks of alcohol

blackout

term used to describe anterograde amnesia due to alcohol use

opponent-process theory of drug addition

the effects of a drug are automatically counteracted by opposing actions in the body

liquid incense (cannabinoid-enhanced electronic liquid)

vapors emitting from a synthetic cannabinoid liquid using an e-cigarette

flue curing

venting heat through a metal flue onto tobacco leaves

what is the location of this part of the brain

ventrolateral

A user of MDMA happens to be on an anxiolytic drug that is catabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme. How will this impact MDMA's effects ? Select one: a. Effects will be completely blocked b. Effects will not change c. Effects will be shorter d. Effects will last longer

d. Effects will last longer

Which structure stores contextual information related to recreational drug taking? Select one: a. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. Orbitofrontal cortex d. Hippocampus

d. Hippocampus

Which of the following would be a reasonable drug to give for treating seizures due to alcohol withdrawal? Select one: a. GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator b. GABAA receptor antagonist c. NMDA receptor agonist d. NMDA receptor antagonist

d. NMDA receptor antagonist

A treatment for smoking is developed that in treated participants produces abstinence in %20 of participants. About 32% of the participants in the control group stop smoking as well. What can be said about the treatment? Select one: a. Could be very useful under the appropriate circumstances b. Highly effective c. Moderately effective d. Not effective, potentially detrimental

d. Not effective, potentially detrimental

____________ tolerance can prevent a drug from reaching its site of action. Select one: a. Behavioral b. Conditioned c. Pharmacodynamic d. Pharmacokinetic

d. Pharmacokinetic

Since she became hooked on a drug some months ago, Leah seems to think about nothing except when she can use again and about ways she can get more the of drug. Based on this description alone, which stage of addiction is Leah most likely in? Select one: a. Withdrawal b. Intoxication c. Relapse d. Preoccupation and anticipation

d. Preoccupation and anticipation

__________ drug use refers to using a drug entirely to experience its effects. Select one: a. Abusive b. Instrumental c. Therapeutic d. Recreational

d. Recreational

Which of the following would most likely be used for calculating a Certain Safety Index? Select one: a. TD99 and ED50 b. TD99 and ED1 c. TD50 and ED50 d. TD1 and ED99

d. TD1 and ED99

What affect on reinforcing effects will the combination of an opioid agonist with an opioid antagonist have? Select one: a. There will be no competing effects since they act on different receptors. b. The antagonist will produce pain, thereby precluding someone from enjoying the reinforcing effects produced by the agonist. c. The antagonist will enhance the reinforcing effects of the agonist. d. The antagonist will reduce the reinforcing effects of the agonist.

d. The antagonist will reduce the reinforcing effects of the agonist.

punding

psychostimulant-induced stereotypy in humans

stereotypy

psychostimulant-produced purposeless behavior

psychostimulant-induced psychosis

psychotic behavior caused by psychostimulant use

miosis

pupil constriction that can occur after opioid administration

empathogen

"enhanced empathy" - usually in reference to mixed stimulant-psychedelic drugs

entactogen

"touching within" usually in reference to mixed stimulant psychedelic drugs

Drug A has an ED50=5 mg/kg, TD50=30 mg/kg, TD1=10 mg/kg, ED99=10 mg/kg, and TD99=30. What is the certain safety index?

1

Elimination rate of a drug follows first-order kinetics and has a half-life of 45 minutes. After administration, the drug reaches a peak concentration in blood of 40 mg/dL. 90 minutes later, the concentration of the drug would be

10

If you were told that a 0.6 ounce beverage contained one standard drink of alcohol, you would conclude that the beverage was what percentage alcohol?

100%

Elimination rate of a drug follows zero-order kinetics and has an elimination rate of 10 mg/dL per hour. After administration, the drug reaches a peak concentration in blood of 40 mg/dL. 90 minutes later, the concentration of the drug would be

25

Drug A has an ED50=5 mg/kg, TD50=30 mg/kg, TD1=10 mg/kg, ED99=10 mg/kg, and TD99=30. What is the therapeutic index?

6

The graph below shows the effects of continuously administered nitrous oxide (beginning at 0 hours) on body temperature in three different groups of rats (A, B, and C). Which group of rats illustrates the concept of acute tolerance.

B

quanah parker

Comanche chief who advocated using peyote in religious ceremonies

sensitization (to alcohol)

Increase in alcohol's efficacy, especially its reinforcing effects

According to the chapter and lecture, which of the following drugs produce THC-like subjective effects? Select one or more: triazolam hydromorphone methylphenidate None of the above

None of the above

All of the following are features of a conditioned stimulus (CS) except: Select one: a. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases the future frequency of the response. b. Produces a response similar to the one produced by the unconditioned stimulus. c. The conditioned stimulus did not produce the response before pairing with the unconditioned stimulus. d. Normally developed from pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

a. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases the future frequency of the response.

When an agonist binds to a G-protein coupled receptor: Select one: a. a G-protein becomes activated. b. a G-protein repels away neurotransmitters. c. neurotransmitters enter the neuron. d. no effects occur for a G-protein.

a. a G-protein becomes activated.

When cannabis user feels stone, he may feel an altered sense of time called... Select one: a. accelerated time. b. marking time. c. pacing. d. diminished time.

a. accelerated time.

Alcohol is mostly catabolized by the enzyme: Select one: a. alcohol dehydrogenase. b. aldehyde dehydrogenase. c. dopamine-beta-dehydroxylase. d. acetaldehyde.

a. alcohol dehydrogenase.

Damage to the heart caused by chronic heavy alcohol use is called: Select one: a. alcoholic cardiomyopathy. b. alcohol associated cirrhosis. c. alcohol poisoning. d. alcoholic arrhythmias.

a. alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia consists of Select one: a. all of these. b. impaired attention. c. deficits in working memory. d. reduced reference memory.

a. all of these.

Which of the following psychostimulants have legal uses? Select one or more: a. amphetamine b. cocaine c. cathinone d. methylphenidate e. MDPV

a. amphetamine b. cocaine d. methylphenidate

If the VMAT were altered in a way that made it insensitive to psychostimulants (i.e., psychostimulant drugs could not bind to it), which of the following drugs would be expected to change in terms of their effects on dopamine levels? Select one or more: a. amphetamine b. mephedrone c. MDPV d. cocaine

a. amphetamine b. mephedrone

Amphetamine might be preferred to methyphenidate for treating ADHD in school-age children because: Select one: a. amphetamine has a longer half-life, precluding the need of taking the drug to school. b. methylphenidate is known as kiddie coke, indicating that children could become high from their medication. c. amphetamine is more effective for treating ADHD. d. amphetamine is less addictive than methylphenidate, preventing the likelihood of theft.

a. amphetamine has a longer half-life, precluding the need of taking the drug to school.

Increased activity in the _____________ is associated with fear and anxiety. Select one: a. amygdala b. nucleus accumbens c. hippocampus d. prefrontal cortex

a. amygdala

Which of the following are examples of tolerance? Select one or more: a. an individual had to increase the amount of drug taken in order to still feel a drug high. b. a physician increased the dose of a drug because a patient became unaffected by the drug. c. a smoker found herself tapping her finger after smoking several cigarettes. d. a regular drinker realized that he needed to drink even more alcohol than he used to in order feel a buzz.

a. an individual had to increase the amount of drug taken in order to still feel a drug high. b. a physician increased the dose of a drug because a patient became unaffected by the drug. d. a regular drinker realized that he needed to drink even more alcohol than he used to in order feel a buzz.

If someone is afraid to a give a presentation because he thinks the audience will not like his ideas, this is an example of... Select one: a. anxiety. b. panic. c. a fight-or-flight response. d. fear.

a. anxiety.

Methylphenidate is primarily used for the treatment of: Select one: a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. b. obesity. c. schizophrenia. d. drug addiction.

a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

If adding another drug is intended to enhance the therapeutic effects of another, then this describes a/an Select one: a. augmentation strategy. b. combined psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy. c. dual drug strategy. d. off-label strategy.

a. augmentation strategy.

The 18th Amendment: Select one: a. banned the sale and distribution of alcohol. b. banned possession of alcohol. c. eliminated the ban on the production of alcohol. d. created a tax making alcohol cost prohibitive to purchase.

a. banned the sale and distribution of alcohol.

All of the following increase neurotransmitter concentrations in the synaptic cleft except: Select one: a. blocking receptors on the postsynaptic terminal. b. inhibiting catabolic enzymes. c. increasing calcium influx. d. blocking membrane transporters.

a. blocking receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.

Which of the following statements regarding the sodium-potassium pump are true? Select one or more: a. brings 2 potassium ions in and expels 3 sodium ions out b. helps generate an action potential c. brings 3 potassium ions in and expels 2 sodium ions out d. helps maintain a neuron's resting potential

a. brings 2 potassium ions in and expels 3 sodium ions out d. helps maintain a neuron's resting potential

Which of the following statements concerning buprenorphine are accurate? Select one or more: a. buprenorphine has been shown as effective in managing pain as morphine b. buprenorphine has been shown to reduce illicit opiate use c. buprenorphine and morphine are both full mu agonists d. buprenorphine is effective for treating cocaine addiction

a. buprenorphine has been shown as effective in managing pain as morphine b. buprenorphine has been shown to reduce illicit opiate use

Based on the graph below, which of the following statements are accurate? Select one or more: a. buprenorphine is more effective than BU08028 at maintaining responding b. remifentanil has higher efficacy than buprenorphine in maintaining responding c. BU08028 isa partial agonist at opiate receptors d. remifentanil is more potent than the other drugs in maintaining responding e. buprenorphine is more potent than BU08028 at maintaining responding

a. buprenorphine is more effective than BU08028 at maintaining responding b. remifentanil has higher efficacy than buprenorphine in maintaining responding d. remifentanil is more potent than the other drugs in maintaining responding

The effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for temporarily treating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease suggests that: Select one: a. cholinergic neurotransmission is diminished in Alzheimer's disease. b. adrenergic receptors are not functioning correctly. c. damage to brain tissue has occurred from excitotoxicity. d. acetylcholinesterase is responsible for the cognitive disturbances found in Alzheimer's disease.

a. cholinergic neurotransmission is diminished in Alzheimer's disease.

A drug will more easily diffuse across cell membranes if its pKa is _________ the pH value of the local environment. Select one: a. close to b. half c. much larger than d. much smaller than

a. close to

A person who engages in a self-calming technique and then thinks of enjoyable healthy activities that he enjoys is likely undergoing: Select one: a. cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. a 12-step anonymous program. c. a behavioral therapy. d. a drug-replacement therapy.

a. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

When Sylvio started using heroin, his heart rate would drop following injection of heroin. After a few months of injecting heroin regularly, Sylvio's heart rate began to increase during the preparation of the heroin injection in the presence of the needle and spoon. The increase in heart rate is best described as part of Select one: a. conditioned tolerance b. dispositional tolerance c. pharmacodynamic tolerance d. behavioral tolerance

a. conditioned tolerance

The effective clinical dose of an antipsychotic drug... Select one: a. correlates with its binding affinity for D2 receptors. b. correlates with its binding affinity for NMDA receptors. c. is not related to any known neurological actions. d. is typically as effective as placebo.

a. correlates with its binding affinity for D2 receptors.

In a/an ________________ an investigator does not alter the independent variable. Select one: a. correlational study b. open-label study c. single-blind procedure d. experimental study

a. correlational study

Inhibiting the activity of GABA neurons that make synaptic contact with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area would likely: Select one or more: a. decrease GABA release in the ventral tegmental area. b. increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. c. increase GABA release in the nucleus accumbens. d. increase dopamine release in the basal ganglia.

a. decrease GABA release in the ventral tegmental area. b. increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential would be expected to cause: Select one: a. depolarization in a neuron. b. neurotransmission to occur. c. hyperpolarization in a neuron. d. an increase in sodium-potassium pump activity

a. depolarization in a neuron.

Which of the following were observations about reserpine that contributed to the monoamine theory of depression? Select one or more: a. depression occurred in patients treated long-term with reserpine b. people with depression exhibit low levels of monoamines c. reserpine depletes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine d. antidepressant drugs increase levels of monoamines

a. depression occurred in patients treated long-term with reserpine c. reserpine depletes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

Since an opioid drug produces euphoria, a related withdrawal effect would likely consist of: Select one: a. depression. b. confusion. c. pain sensitivity. d. restlessness.

a. depression.

Neurochemically, depression and lethargy occurring a day after using MDMA is due to Select one: a. diminished levels of dopamine and serotonin. b. toxic damage to serotonin neurons. c. diminished levels of dopamine. d. diminished levels of serotonin.

a. diminished levels of dopamine and serotonin.

Albert Hofmann is known for Select one: a. discovering LSD. b. using LSD in psychotherapy. c. finding that dimethyltryptamine is similar in structure to serotonin. d. evaluating ergot poisoning during the Salem witch trials.

a. discovering LSD.

When a green light is on, a monkey can press a lever to produce an intravenous infusion of cocaine. When a blue light is on, pressing the lever produces infusion of saline. Lever pressing occurs at a high rate in the presence of the green light and only rarely occurs in the presence of the blue light. The green light is a/an Select one: a. discriminative stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus d. positive reinforcer e. negative reinforcer

a. discriminative stimulus

A stimulus that, when present, signals the availability of reinforcement is referred to as a: Select one: a. discriminative stimulus. b. positive reinforcer. c. conditioned stimulus. d. negative reinforcer.

a. discriminative stimulus.

The passage of a drug from the bloodstream to sites in the body is called: Select one: a. distribution. b. biotransformation c. administration. d. absorption.

a. distribution.

If someone had a genetic makeup that produced an enzyme, other than aldehyde dehydrogenase, that could metabolize acetaldehyde, which of the following would likely occur? Select one: a. disulfiram would no longer be effective or would be less effective as a treatment for alcohol abuse b. naltrexone would no longer be effective or would be less effective as a treatment for alcohol abuse c. disulfiram would be more effective as a treatment for alcohol abuse d. naltrexone would be more effective as a treatment for alcohol abuse

a. disulfiram would no longer be effective or would be less effective as a treatment for alcohol abuse

Habits learned while using a drug are mediated by the: Select one: a. dorsal striatum. b. amygdala. c. thalamus. d. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

a. dorsal striatum.

The prescription form of delta-9-THC is called Select one: a. dronabinol. b. anabinol. c. cannabidiol. d. nabilone.

a. dronabinol.

The result of a frontal lobotomy was typically Select one: a. drowsiness and disorientation. b. highly aggressive behavior. c. an inability to recall long-term memories. d. a complete recovery from symptoms of schizophrenia.

a. drowsiness and disorientation.

A person prescribed a drug in order to avoid using an addictive substance is likely undergoing: Select one: a. drug-replacement therapy. b. cognitive-behavioral therapy. c. a 12-step anonymous program. d. behavioral therapy.

a. drug-replacement therapy.

Which of the following outcomes would be expected to result from inhibition of FAAH? Select one or more: a. increased stimulation of CB1 receptors b. increased levels of anandamide c. increased levels of 2-AG d. decreased levels of 2-AG e. increased appetite f. decreased appetite

a. increased stimulation of CB1 receptors b. increased levels of anandamide e. increased appetite

Which of the following might help reduce withdrawal symptoms from opiate dependence? Select one or more: a. increasing activity of the sodium-potassium pump b. administering naltrexone or naloxone c. increasing neuronal inhibition (reducing excitability of neurons) d. administering a mu receptor agonist

a. increasing activity of the sodium-potassium pump c. increasing neuronal inhibition (reducing excitability of neurons) d. administering a mu receptor agonist

The neuroprotective effects of lithium may derive from... Select one: a. inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3. b. blockade of sodium channels. c. activation of monoamine oxidase. d. antagonism of NMDA receptors.

a. inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3.

The drug disulfiram: Select one: a. inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase. b. produces psychostimulant effects. c. enhance psychostimulant-induced dopamine release from axon terminals. d. stimulates production of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide.

a. inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

Discovering that study participants learned they were given a placebo would serve as a threat to __________ validity. Select one: a. internal b. external c. face d. construct

a. internal

Ions flow through pores in a neurons membrane called: Select one: a. ion channels. b. axon channels. c. local potentials. d. EPSPs.

a. ion channels.

The first clinically used MAO inhibitor was Select one: a. iproniazid. b. moclobemie. c. phenelzine. d. tryamine.

a. iproniazid.

Drugs that permanently inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase are called... Select one: a. irreversible MAO inhibitors. b. permanent MAO destabilizers. c. MAO catabolizers. d. triple reuptake inhibitors.

a. irreversible MAO inhibitors.

A semisynthetic opioid: Select one: a. is an opioid synthesized from a naturally occurring opioid. b. contains components that occur naturally and other components produced synthetically. c. is a synthetically made compound identical to the same compound produced naturally. d. is a prodrug that produces an opioid drug as an active metabolite.

a. is an opioid synthesized from a naturally occurring opioid.

All of the following describe functions for cerebrospinal fluid except: Select one: a. it increases flow to highly active neurons. b. it fills spaces in the brain. c. it provides a medium for nutrients to cells. d. it provides a protective cushion for the brain.

a. it increases flow to highly active neurons.

Which of the following areas is involved in controlling emotional behaviors? Select one: a. limbic system b. somatic system c. pituitary system d. emotional regulation system

a. limbic system

The effects produced by alcohol at different concentrations consist of: Select one: a. lower concentrations produce stimulant effects whereas higher concentrations produce depressant effects. b. all concentrations produce exclusively depressant effects. c. all concentrations produce stimulant effects. d. lower concentrations produce depressant effects whereas higher concentrations produce stimulant effects.

a. lower concentrations produce stimulant effects whereas higher concentrations produce depressant effects.

Sacha finds that her antidepressant medication results in a reduced enjoyment of sex and as a result, she stops taking the medication. What operant principle is at play here? Select one: a. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. negative reinforcement e. positive punishment

a. negative punishment

A reduction in normal behaviors, such as reduced emotional responsiveness, is called... Select one: a. negative symptoms. b. disturbed thinking. c. cognitive impairment. d. positive symptoms.

a. negative symptoms.

The central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco is: Select one: a. nicotine. b. cotinine. c. caffeine. d. Nicotiana.

a. nicotine.

Alcohol increases serotonin concentrations in the: Select one: a. nucleus accumens. b. thalamus. c. ventral tegmental area. d. cingulate cortex.

a. nucleus accumens.

Using a clinically available drug for a non-FDA-approved purpose is an example of... Select one: a. off-label use. b. experimental use. c. drug misuse. d. drug abuse.

a. off-label use.

A recreational user would likely not prefer to orally administer a psychostimulant because: Select one: a. onset of drug effects take longer compared to other administration routes. b. other components in tablet for a drug reduce passage through the blood-brain barrier. c. oral forms of drugs are usually prescribed, making them harder to obtain. d. the drug absorbs to quickly, limiting the duration of a drug high.

a. onset of drug effects take longer compared to other administration routes.

Which of the following classes of drugs is a neuropeptide? Select one: a. opioids b. cocaine c. benzodiazepines d. amphetamines

a. opioids

The most preferred route of MDMA administration is Select one: a. oral. b. intravenous. c. subcutaneous. d. inhalation.

a. oral.

If a patient with major depressive disorder improves when given a placebo, then... Select one: a. other conditions, such as meeting with clinical staff, must have led to reduced depressive symptoms. b. patients likely did not have major depressive disorder. c. the patient should still be switched to an antidepressant drug. d. patients are likely to receive medical treatment outside of the clinical study.

a. other conditions, such as meeting with clinical staff, must have led to reduced depressive symptoms.

A patient who displays mostly positive symptoms including suspiciousness would likely by identified as having... Select one: a. paranoid schizophrenia. b. residual schizophrenia. c. disorganized schizophrenia. d. catatonic schizophrenia.

a. paranoid schizophrenia.

fermentation

alcohol production using yeast cells and some type of starch such as grains or fruit

Which of the following statements concerning the graph below are true? Select one or more: a. people on methadone used illicit heroin more than people on heroin-assisted treatment b. people on methadone used illicit cocaine more than people on heroin-assisted treatment c. people on heroin-assisted treatment used illicit cocaine more than people on methadone d. people on heroin used illicit heroin more than people on methadone

a. people on methadone used illicit heroin more than people on heroin-assisted treatment

CB1 receptors are found densely located in all of the following structures except... Select one: a. periaqueductal gray. b. cerebellum. c. basal ganglia. d. cerebral cortex.

a. periaqueductal gray.

The hypothalamus controls the _____________, which releases hormones into the bloodstream. Select one: a. pituitary gland b. medulla c. corticotropic gland d. adrenal gland

a. pituitary gland

Alcohol acts as a ________________ for GABAA receptors. Select one: a. positive modulator b. agonist c. antagonist d. negative modulator

a. positive modulator

Kira experiences substantial weight gain over a period of two months after starting her antipsychotic medication. As a result, Kira stops taking the medication. What operant principle is at play? Select one: a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative punishment

a. positive punishment

Most heroin users had first used: Select one: a. prescription opioid drugs. b. hallucinogens. c. bath salts. d. marijuana.

a. prescription opioid drugs.

A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would: Select one: a. prevent a decrease in levels of acetylcholine. b. decrease activation of cholinergic receptors. c. reduce levels of dopamine. d. increase levels of norepinephrine.

a. prevent a decrease in levels of acetylcholine.

Injecting delta-9-THC directly into a brain tumor was shown to... Select one: a. prevent further growth of the tumor. b. reduce the size of the tumor. c. increase the size of the tumor. d. have no effect.

a. prevent further growth of the tumor.

Which of the following are actions of amphetamine that lead to increased synaptic dopamine? Select one or more: a. prevention of dopamine storage in vesicles b. inhibition of dopamine catabolism in the axon terminal c. inhibition of dopamine catabolism in the synapse d. reverse transport of dopamine by the dopamine transporter e. blockade of dopamine uptake by the dopamine transporter

a. prevention of dopamine storage in vesicles d. reverse transport of dopamine by the dopamine transporter e. blockade of dopamine uptake by the dopamine transporter

The majority of types of adrenoceptors: Select one: a. produce excitatory effects. b. are found on dopamine neurons. c. produce inhibitory effects. d. are ionotropic receptors.

a. produce excitatory effects.

Large quantities of which of the following chemicals might raise law enforcement suspicion of possible methamphetamine synthesis? Select one or more: a. pseudoephedrine b. MDMA c. phenylalanine d. phenylacetone e. acetate

a. pseudoephedrine d. phenylacetone

Neurotrophins bind to __________________. Select one: a. receptor tyrosine kinases b. noradrenergic receptors c. BDNF receptors d. ionotropic receptors

a. receptor tyrosine kinases

A drug that metabolized acetaldehyde would have which of the following effects? Select one or more: a. reduce effectiveness of disulfiram b. reduce levels of acetaldehyde c. inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase d. inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase e. reduce effectiveness of naltrexone for treating alcohol use disorder

a. reduce effectiveness of disulfiram b. reduce levels of acetaldehyde

Which of the following are ways that opioids produce reinforcing effects through actions on GABA neurotransmission? Select one or more: a. reduce inhibitory effects of GABA in VTA b. reduce inhibitory effects of GABA in nucleus accumbens c. block reuptake of dopamine in nucleus accumbens d. stimulate increased dopamine in striatum

a. reduce inhibitory effects of GABA in VTA b. reduce inhibitory effects of GABA in nucleus accumbens

Increasing GABA levels in the VTA might be expected to Select one: a. reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia b. increase positive symptoms of schizophrenia c. decrease EPS due to typical antipsychotics d. increase cognitive impairment in schizophrenia

a. reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia

For a patient with major depressive disorder, electrically activating the nucleus accumbens would likely... Select one: a. reduce the symptoms of depression. b. increase aggressive behavior. c. increase the likelihood of seizures. d. compromise the effectiveness of antidepressant medications.

a. reduce the symptoms of depression.

An atypical antipsychotic drug, which among many other receptor mechanisms serves as antagonist for serotonin and dopamine receptors, would likely... Select one: a. reduced MDMA's hallucinogenic and stimulant effects b. only reduce MDMA's stimulant effects c. only reduce MDMA's hallucinogenic effects d. cause no change to MDMA's effects

a. reduced MDMA's hallucinogenic and stimulant effects

Inhaling tobacco smoke floating in a room full of tobacco smokers is an example of: Select one: a. second-hand smoke exposure. b. vaping. c. third-hand smoker exposure. d. tobacco smoking.

a. second-hand smoke exposure.

Given the differences in time-concentration profiles for nicotine after smoking, oral snuff, nicotine gum, or chewing tobacco, which route of administration would likely be preferred and why? Select one: a. smoking because it produces rapid onset of effects b. oral snuff because it produces the fastest onset of effects c. chewing tobacco because it produces a slow onset of effects d. nicotine gum because it produces the highest blood concentration of nicotine

a. smoking because it produces rapid onset of effects

The salt form of cocaine is preferred for those wish to: Select one: a. snort cocaine. b. smoker cocaine. c. use coca paste. d. use crack cocaine.

a. snort cocaine.

All of the following help to maintain a neuron's resting potential except: Select one: a. sodium ions building up inside the neuron. b. closed channels for potassium. c. closed channels for sodium. d. sodium-potassium pump activity

a. sodium ions building up inside the neuron

According to Carl Hart, which of the following statements is true about crack cocaine? Select one: a. subjective/experienced effects are equivalent to injecting cocaine b. subjective/experienced effects are equivalent to snorting cocaine c. subjective/experienced effects are equivalent to oral ingestion of methamphetamine d. subjective/experienced effects are equivalent to snorting methamphetamine e. None of the above are accurate

a. subjective/experienced effects are equivalent to injecting cocaine

The smallest amount of alcohol consumed in the world is found which region? Select one: a. the Middle East. b. Europe. c. Russian Federation. d. North America.

a. the Middle East.

All of the following are ways that a neuron could be hyperpolarized except: Select one: a. the neuron receives an excitatory postsynaptic potential. b. negatively charged ions flowing through ion channels into the neuron. c. the charge inside the neuron becomes more negative. d. the neuron receives an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

a. the neuron receives an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

If a person were diagnosed with bipolar disorder and prescribed lithium, but also was taking a drug that inhibited the metabolism of lithium, which of the following statements would be accurate? Select one or more: a. the person might be at greater risk of lithium overdose b. the person might need to take a lower than normal dose of lithium c. the person might need to take a higher than normal dose of lithium d. the person would not have any issues with normal doses of lithium

a. the person might be at greater risk of lithium overdose b. the person might need to take a lower than normal dose of lithium

A individual routinely having an alcohol drink in order to relax after work would be an example of: Select one: a. the tension reduction hypothesis. b. the hypotensive hypothesis c. hormesis. d. the stress disinhibition hypothesis.

a. the tension reduction hypothesis.

Which of the following are reasons for high risk of overdose with barbiturates? Select one or more: a. tolerance to anxiolytic but not respiratory depressive effects b. low therapeutic index c. abuse potential causing individuals to consume large amounts d. tolerance to rewarding/reinforcing effects but not respiratory depressive effects

a. tolerance to anxiolytic but not respiratory depressive effects b. low therapeutic index

Chlorpromazine is a/an Select one: a. typical antipsychotic drug. b. second-generation antipsychotic drug. c. novel antipsychotic drug. d. atypical antipsychotic drug.

a. typical antipsychotic drug.

Activation of nicotinic receptors in the ______________ has been shown to increase dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. Select one: a. ventral tegmental area b. thalamus c. hippocampus d. prefrontal cortex

a. ventral tegmental area

The anorectic effects of psychostimulants make them effective for: Select one: a. weight loss. b. reducing thirst. c. nasal congestion. d. increasing heart rate.

a. weight loss.

default mode network

activity occurring in a series of brain structures during times of non-goal-directed activity or inattention

type I alcohol addiction

alcohol addiction that occurs at age 25 or older, has low genetic risk, and exhibits high psychosocial risk

type II alcohol addiction

alcohol addiction that occurs before age 25, exhibits high genetic risk, and has traits associated with poor impulse control

Match the following descriptions with the appropriate terms from the chapter. Sara has a glass of wine and then experiences an urge to consume more wine Sara goes out drinking at night rather than sleeping before her early morning shift at work Choosing to watch your favorite show now over studying and getting a good grade later Sara goes out drinking and the next day she remembers some of what happened the previous night but not all of it Sergio remembers that he went to the bar the night before, but remembers nothing of what happened at the bar or how he got home

alcohol priming impulsivity impulsivity fragmentary blackout en bloc blackout

Which of the following statements about cannabadiol is accurate? Select one: appears to increase the euphoria produced by THC appears to increase the unpleasant effects of THC appears to decrease the unpleasant effects of THC appears to increase the hunger-increasing effects of THC

appears to decrease the unpleasant effects of THC

anorectics

appetite-suppressant drugs

incentive salience

attribution of salient motivational value to otherwise neutral stimuli

How much alcohol is eliminated from the body per hour? Select one: a. 0 to 4 mL b. 10 to 14 mL c. 100 to 140 ml d. 1.4 to 2.8 mL

b. 10 to 14 mL

For a clinical study, researchers gave one group of participants a low dose of drug, another group a high dose of drug, and the final group placebo. How many treatment arms does this study have? Select one: a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2

b. 3

Which of the following statements accurately support the assertion that LSD's subjective effects are primarily mediated by 5-HT2A receptors? Select one or more: a. LSD works on 5-HT2A receptors but psilocybin does not b. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists attenuate LSD-lever responding in animals trained to discriminate LSD from vehicle c. 5-HT2A receptors have been implicated in hallucinations in schizophrenia d. The potency of serotonergic hallucinogens to produce hallucinations is correlated with the binding affinity of those compounds at 5-HT2A receptors

b. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists attenuate LSD-lever responding in animals trained to discriminate LSD from vehicle d. The potency of serotonergic hallucinogens to produce hallucinations is correlated with the binding affinity of those compounds at 5-HT2A receptors

Which of the following 5-HT receptors is not associated with LSD's effects ? Select one: a. 5-HT7 b. 5-HT3 c. 5-HT6 d. 5-HT1A

b. 5-HT3

Which of the following describe a pharmacokinetic action? Select one: a. A drug acts in the hypothalamus to reduce hunger. b. A drug is exhaled through the breath c. A drug dissolves in water, but not in physiological saline. d. A drug acts on the brain's reward pathway to produce rewarding effects.

b. A drug is exhaled through the breath

Why might an expert on nicotine pharmacology think of nicotine as a functional antagonist? Select one: a. While nicotine can activate a nicotinic receptor, ions fail to pass through the open ion channel. b. An agonist causes the receptor to have a longer period of time in a desensitized state than an activated state. c. A nicotinic receptor's ion channel cause positively charged ions to exit a neuron rather than enter it. d. Nicotine binds to the neurotransmitter site but does not activate the receptor.

b. An agonist causes the receptor to have a longer period of time in a desensitized state than an activated state.

When an agonist binds to nicotinic receptors, what happens? Select one: a. G-proteins are activated, leading to gene transcription. b. An ion channel opens for positively charged ions. c. An ion channel opens for negatively charged ions. d. G-proteins are activated, leading to the opening of ion channels.

b. An ion channel opens for positively charged ions.

All of the following are examples of the function of neurotrophins except: Select one: a. Promote survival of neurons. b. Bind to G-protein coupled receptors. c. Have effects on neurons during development. d. Promote the plasticity of neurons.

b. Bind to G-protein coupled receptors.

Which psychostimulant drug is derived from khat? Select one: a. Pseudoephedrine b. Cathinone c. Cocaine d. Amphetamine

b. Cathinone

Which of the following compounds has the shortest half-life? Select one: a. Methylphenidate b. Cocaine c. Amphetamine d. MethamphetamineWhat effect would a drug that inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase likely have if combined with cocaine?

b. Cocaine

________________ tolerance occurs as a physiological response to stimuli associated with substance use, serving to elicit actions that counteract a drug's effects. Select one: a. Behavioral b. Conditioned c. Physical d. Pharmacokinetic

b. Conditioned

The U.S. federal law that regulates sale and possession of drugs identified as controlled substances is called the: Select one: a. 21st Amendment. b. Controlled Substances Act. c. Drug Enforcement Act. d. Harrison Narcotics Act.

b. Controlled Substances Act.

Activation of which type of receptors appears most important for the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants? Select one: a. Cholinergic receptors b. Dopamine receptors c. Serotonin receptors d. Noradrenergic receptors

b. Dopamine receptors

Drug A has an ED50 of 5 mg/kg and Drug B has an ED50 of 100 mg/kg. Which of the following statements are accurate? Select one or more: a. Drug A is more effective than Drug B b. Drug A is 20 times more potent than Drug B c. Drug B is more effective than Drug A d. Drug B is safer than Drug A e. Drug A is safer than Drug B

b. Drug A is 20 times more potent than Drug B

Drugs A and B produce similar types of effects. Drug A has an ED50 value of 10 mg/kg and Drug B has an ED50 value of 5 mg/kg. What can be said about these drugs? Select one: a. Drug A is more potent than Drug B. b. Drug B is more potent than Drug A. c. Drug B will have a safer therapeutic index. d. Drug A will have a safer therapeutic index.

b. Drug B is more potent than Drug A.

_____________ transmission is a series of events that begin at the axon hillock and travel down the length of an axon. Select one: a. Chemical b. Electrical c. Polarized d. Ionic

b. Electrical

________________ is the process by which a drug leaves the body. Select one: a. Distribution b. Elimination c. Absorption d. Biotransformation

b. Elimination

Cannabinoid receptors are Select one: a. ionotropic receptors. b. G-protein coupled receptors. c. monotropic receptors. d. TRK receptors.

b. G-protein coupled receptors.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is: Select one: a. serotonin. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine. d. glutamate.

b. GABA.

What effect would a drug that inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase likely have if combined with cocaine? Select one: a. Greater norepinephrine levels would increase agitation produced by cocaine. b. Greater effects associated with dopamine, such as paranoia. c. The psychostimulant effects of cocaine would be reduced. d. Cocaine would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.

b. Greater effects associated with dopamine, such as paranoia.

What effect would a CB1 receptor antagonist cause if administered directly to the thalamus and spinal cord? Select one: a. Reduced hunger. b. Increased pain sensitivity. c. Improved immune system functioning. d. Depression.

b. Increased pain sensitivity.

Monkeys were trained to discriminate 3 mg/kg THC from vehicle and then tested with varying doses of THC and a synthetic cannabinoid called JWH-018. Concerning the figure below, which of the following statements are accurate? a. THC is more potent than JWH-018 at producing THC-like subjective effects b. JWH-018 produces THC-like subjective effects c. JHW-018 is more potent than THC at producing THC-like subjective effects d. JWH-018 failed to produce THC-like subjective effects

b. JWH-018 produces THC-like subjective effects c. JHW-018 is more potent than THC at producing THC-like subjective effects

Which of the following describes a psychoactive drug? Select one: a. John feels better after rubbing an oral gel on his sore tooth. b. John feels less depressed after taking his antidepressant medication. c. John's headache pain is gone after taking a pain-relieving drug. d. None of these answers describes a psychoactive drug.

b. John feels less depressed after taking his antidepressant medication.

Nitric oxide differs from dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in which of the following ways? Select one or more: a. NO neurotransmission terminated by reuptake transporter b. NO released immediately c. NO not stored in vesicles d. NO neurotransmission terminated by MAO e. NO packaged in vesicles via VMAT

b. NO released immediately c. NO not stored in vesicles

_____________ tolerance consists of a reduced responsiveness to a drug at the drug's site of action. Select one: a. Behavioral b. Pharmacodynamic c. Conditioned d. Pharmacokinetic

b. Pharmacodynamic

Why do some users use cocaine while consuming alcohol? Select one: a. Cocaine dampens the depressant effects of alcohol, allowing the stimulant effects of alcohol to become more prominent. b. The combination produces greater rewarding effects than using either compound alone would have produced. c. Alcohol slows the biotransformation of cocaine, prolonging cocaine's effects. d. Alcohol improves the absorption of cocaine.

b. The combination produces greater rewarding effects than using either compound alone would have produced.

Why might an opioid with substantial lipid solubility be a preferred recreational substance to an opioid with poor lipid solubility? Select one: a. The poor lipid solubility drug will be metabolized more quickly. b. The poor lipid solubility drug passes more slowly through the blood-brain barrier. c. The poor lipid solubility drug is rapidly eliminated from the body.

b. The poor lipid solubility drug passes more slowly through the blood-brain barrier.

Which of the following time-concentration curve parameters would be affected if the minimum effective concentration was increased? Select one or more: a. Cmax b. Therapeutic range c. tmax d. Elimination rate e. Duration of action

b. Therapeutic range e. Duration of action

For a tricyclic antidepressant drug, the term tricyclic refers to Select one: a. number of times during the day the drug should be taken. b. a chemical structure. c. number of compounds originally discovered in this class of drugs. d. number of neurotransmitters it enhances the levels of.

b. a chemical structure.

Using one medication to adjust the effects of another medication is called Select one: a. dual prescription therapy. b. a combination drug strategy. c. off-label drug use. d. co-therapeutic drug use.

b. a combination drug strategy.

High mortality rates with drug addiction due to factors other than drug overdose tend to be related to all of the following except: Select one: a. risky decision making. b. a genetic predisposition for health problems. c. unhealthly lifestyle. d. drug use causing physiological disorders, such as heart disease.

b. a genetic predisposition for health problems.

A stimulus that occurred after a behavior and increased the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is called: Select one: a. an operant stimulus. b. a reinforcer. c. a conditioned stimulus. d. extinction.

b. a reinforcer.

Delta-9-THC has a long elimination rate due to... Select one: a. slow metabolism in the liver. b. accumulation in body fat. c. a slow ability to leave the brain through the blood-brain barrier. d. long occupancy of cannabinoid receptors.

b. accumulation in body fat.

A decreased responsive to a drug's effects after single administration of a drug is called: Select one: a. pharmacodynamic tolerance. b. acute tolerance. c. desensitization. d. behavioral tolerance.

b. acute tolerance.

Which of the following might be ways to attenuate the effects of a nerve gas that works by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase? Select one or more: a. administer a drug that stimulates acetylcholine receptors b. administer a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors c. administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholine release d. administer a drug that increases acetylcholine release

b. administer a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors Correct c. administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholine release

Question 1 Correct 1.00 points out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following scenarios would be expected to reduce neurotransmitter release? Select one or more: a. administration of a drug that promotes exocytosis b. administration of a drug that blocks calcium channels from opening c. administration of a drug that blocks neurotransmitter reuptake d. a genetic mutation that increases the frequency of calcium channels opening e. a genetic alteration that decreases the number of catabolic enzymes in the axon terminal f. administration of a drug that blocks sodium channels from opening

b. administration of a drug that blocks calcium channels from opening f. administration of a drug that blocks sodium channels from opening

Which of the following represent examples of pharmacodynamic actions of a drug? Select one or more: a. alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol into acetaldehyde b. amphetamine increases release of the neurotransmitter dopamine c. donepezil inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase d. cocaine is rapidly absorbed from membranes in the lungs after smoking e. cocaine blocks reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine f. cocaine is broken down into multiple metabolites including benzoylecgonine

b. amphetamine increases release of the neurotransmitter dopamine c. donepezil inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase e. cocaine blocks reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine

The benzodiazepine binding site is located on Select one: a. an alpha subunit of the NMDA receptor. b. an alpha subunit of the GABAA receptor. c. a beta subunit of the NMDA receptor. d. a beta subunit of the GABAA receptor.

b. an alpha subunit of the GABAA receptor.

A quicker treatment response for bipolar disorder has been shown to occur by combining an antipsychotic drug with... Select one: a. an anxiolytic drug. b. an antidepressant drug. c. a psychostimulant drug. d. lithium.

b. an antidepressant drug.

Hyperprolactinemia occurs from Select one: a. agonism of D1 receptors. b. antagonism of D2 receptors. c. antagonism of NMDA receptors. d. antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors.

b. antagonism of D2 receptors.

All of the following are features of dimethyltryptamine except Select one: a. agonist for sigma-1 receptors. b. antagonist for NMDA receptors. c. found in certain plants. d. made in the body.

b. antagonist for NMDA receptors.

The first-line treatments for anxiety disorders are Select one: a. anticonvulsants. b. antidepressant drugs. c. barbiturates. d. benzodiazepines.

b. antidepressant drugs.

Many of the symptoms of physical withdrawal from a drug are due to changes in: Select one: a. the integration of sensory information in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. b. autonomic nervous system function. c. nucleus accumbens activity. d. pairing of stimuli in the amygdala.

b. autonomic nervous system function.

The following indicate that barbiturates have abuse potential except Select one: a. in human laboratory studies, humans prefer barbiturates just as much as morphine. b. barbiturates reduce stress, thereby serving as negative reinforcers. c. human participants rate barbiturates highly on liking scales. d. nonhuman primates self-administer barbiturates.

b. barbiturates reduce stress, thereby serving as negative reinforcers.

In major depressive disorder, the amygdala appears to... Select one: a. be underactive. b. be overactive. c. have a larger volume. d. have a smaller volume.

b. be overactive.

The use of applied behavior analysis principles to analyze and develop strategies to treat drug addiction is called: Select one: a. drug-replacement therapy. b. behavioral therapy. c. a 12-step anonymous program. d. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

b. behavioral therapy.

A carcinogen found in cannabis is... Select one: a. broncodialate. b. benzanthracene. c. benztropine. d. ethylelecene.

b. benzanthracene.

Which of the following are reasons for preferring benzodiazepines over barbiturates? Select one or more: a. benzodiazepines are more effective at treating OCD b. benzodiazepines have a larger therapeutic index c. barbiturates take longer to produce therapeutic effects d. benzodiazepines produce therapeutic effects at doses that have fewer side effects

b. benzodiazepines have a larger therapeutic index d. benzodiazepines produce therapeutic effects at doses that have fewer side effects

The psychostimulant compound found in coffee is : Select one: a. theophylline. b. caffeine. c. cocaine. d. theobromine.

b. caffeine.

Metabolic processes following the consumption of alcohol that cause a build of acetaldehyde are likely to: Select one: a. produce depressant effects. b. cause noxious affects. c. inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity. d. enhance the effects of alcohol.

b. cause noxious affects.

Those who fail to develop an addiction to tobacco despite long-term use are referred to as: Select one: a. tobacco resistant. b. chippers. c. desensitizers. d. slow metabolizers.

b. chippers.

The first marketed benzodiazepine drug was Select one: a. clonazepam. b. chlordiazepoxide. c. alprazolam. d. diazepam.

b. chlordiazepoxide.

The most important criteria below for a drug that may act in the brain is: Select one: a. able to alter neurotransmission. b. crosses the blood-brain barrier. c. administered orally. d. highly potent.

b. crosses the blood-brain barrier.

High levels of cortisol can cause Select one: a. elevated activity in the amygdala. b. damage to the hippocampus. c. damage to the hypothalamus. d. diminished activity in the prefrontal cortex.

b. damage to the hippocampus.

A reduced firing rate of mesolimbic neurons would likely cause: Select one or more: a. decreased dopamine release in the hypothalamus b. decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens c. an increase in heart rate. d. reduced control of movement. e. decreased reinforcing effects. f. an increased sensitivity to pain.

b. decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens e. decreased reinforcing effects.

A decrease in brain glutamate levels would be expected to do which of the following? Select one or more: a. decreased expression of NMDA receptors b. decreased firing of neurons expressing glutamate receptors c. decreased inhibition of neurons expressing glutamate receptors d. decreased stimulation of NMDA receptors

b. decreased firing of neurons expressing glutamate receptors d. decreased stimulation of NMDA receptors

Inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase would produce which of the following? Select one or more: a. increased serotonin levels b. decreased norepinephrine levels c. decreased dopamine levels d. increased norepinephrine levels

b. decreased norepinephrine levels

Most evidence for a genetic basis of schizophrenia points to the... Select one: a. dopamine transporter gene. b. disrupted schizophrenia 1 gene. c. Finnish schizophrenia gene. d. serotonin transporter gene.

b. disrupted schizophrenia 1 gene.

All of the following are found from typical antipsychotic drug treatment except... Select one: a. effectiveness for positive symptoms. b. effectiveness for negative symptoms. c. risk of extrapyramidal side effects. d. little efficacy for cognitive impairment.

b. effectiveness for negative symptoms.

After the activation of a G-protein, the sequence of signaling events consists of: Select one: a. second messenger, effector enzyme, protein kinase substrate protein. b. effector enzyme, second messenger, protein kinase, substrate protein. c. substrate protein, protein kinase, second messenger, effector enzyme. d. effector enzyme, protein kinase, second messenger, substrate protein.

b. effector enzyme, second messenger, protein kinase, substrate protein.

The difference between the electrical charge within a neuron and the electrical charge of the environment immediately outside the neuron is called a/an: Select one: a. hyperpolarization b. electrical potential c. excitatory postsynaptic potential d. electrical transmission

b. electrical potential

A cannabinoid produced naturally in the body is called a/an Select one: a. anandabinoid. b. endocannabinoid. c. neural-derived cannabinoid. d. pseudocannabinoid.

b. endocannabinoid.

The process of producing alcohol using yeast and some type of starch such as grain or fruit is called: Select one: a. distillation. b. fermentation. c. biotransformation. d. alcohol by volume.

b. fermentation.

Which of the following would be preferred for the treatment of OCD? Select one: a. diazepam b. fluvoxamine c. zolpidem d. lorazepam

b. fluvoxamine

In which circumstances would the parasympathetic system be activated? Select one: a. following the sight of a Grizzly bear while hiking b. following a large meal c. while driving in bumper to bumper traffic d. during an argument with your significant other

b. following a large meal

Alarm is the first stage in Select one: a. posttraumatic stress disorder. b. general adaptation syndrome. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. a fight-or-flight response

b. general adaptation syndrome.

Opioid agonists acting in the nucleus accumbens increase dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens by: Select one: a. binding to opioid receptors on dopamine axon terminals. b. inhibiting GABA neurons that terminate on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. c. inhibiting opioid neurons which terminate in the ventral tegmental area. d. by inhibiting glutamate neurons which no longer inhibit GABA neurons acting on dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens.

b. inhibiting GABA neurons that terminate on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area.

Methylphenidate increases dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft by: Select one: a. activating dopamine receptors. b. inhibiting dopamine membrane transporters. c. inhibiting monoamine oxidase. d. increasing dopamine synthesis.

b. inhibiting dopamine membrane transporters.

Which of the following might be expected to reduce stress-related problems? Select one or more: a. inhibitor of the enzymes that metabolize cortisol b. inhibitor of ACTH c. inhibitor of CRF d. promoter of ACTH synthesis e. inhibitor of the enzymes that metabolize CRF

b. inhibitor of ACTH c. inhibitor of CRF

The antiemetic effects of antipsychotic drugs derive from Select one: a. blockade of dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. b. interrupted signalling from the chemoreceptor trigger zone to the area postrema. c. antagonism of dopamien receptors in the hypothalamus. d. activating pathways from the amygdala to the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

b. interrupted signalling from the chemoreceptor trigger zone to the area postrema.

The first antidepressant drug was Select one: a. fluoxetine. b. iproniazid. c. imipramine. d. pentobarbital.

b. iproniazid.

A fully synthetic compound: Select one: a. is developed through a chemical synthesis process. b. is not derived from a naturally occurring opioid. c. is made in a laboratory. d. can be identical to a naturally occurring opioid but is made entirely in a laboratory.

b. is not derived from a naturally occurring opioid.

An opium-containing drink intended for medical purposes that became popular in 17th-century Europe was called: Select one: a. narcosis. b. laudanum. c. opioid. d. brandy.

b. laudanum.

In order to passively diffuse through the blood-brain barrier, a drug must: Select one: a. water soluble, uncharged, and relatively large. b. lipid soluble, uncharged, and relatively small. c. water soluble, charged, and relatively small. d. lipid soluble, charged, and relatively small.

b. lipid soluble, uncharged, and relatively small.

The greatest cause of death linked to tobacco smoking is: Select one: a. heart disease. b. lung cancer. c. throat cancer. d. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

b. lung cancer.

Olds found that electrodes placed near the __________________ produced greater reinforcing effects than other places in the brain that he inserted the electrode. Select one: a. hippocampus b. medial forebrain bundle c. hypothalamus d. nucleus accumbens

b. medial forebrain bundle

The term "psychedelic" means... Select one: a. sounds become shapes. b. mind expanding. c. creating new reality. d. colorful reality.

b. mind expanding.

The types of acetylcholine receptors consist of: Select one: a. cholinergic and adrenergic. b. muscarinic and nicotinic. c. nicotinic and cholinergic. d. acetylcholinesterase and acetic acid.

b. muscarinic and nicotinic.

Severe flu-like symptoms associated with autonomic nervous regularities from taking antipsychotic medication are referred to as... Select one: a. neuroleptic withdrawal syndrome. b. neuroleptic malignant syndrome. c. emesis. d. hyperprolactinemia.

b. neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Which of the following processes would be affected if sodium channels became unresponsive and did not open in response to voltage changes? Select one or more: a. ability of the neuron to become depolarized around dendrites and soma b. neurotransmitter release c. likelihood that a neuron could become hyperpolarized d. propagation of the action potential e. resting potential

b. neurotransmitter release d. propagation of the action potential

After a night of heavy MDMA usage, which of the following would be expected the next day? Select one or more: a. next day administrations of MDMA would be more effective b. next day administrations of methamphetamine would be less effective c. next day administrations of methamphetamine would be more effective d. next day administrations of MDMA would be less effective

b. next day administrations of methamphetamine would be less effective d. next day administrations of MDMA would be less effective

If rats in the Siegel et al. (1982) experiment had developed dispositional (pharmacokinetic) tolerance to the effects of heroin, which of the following would be the expected outcome? Select one: a. lowest overdose rate in animals in the saline-treated group b. no difference in overdose rates between animals administered heroin in the heroin-associated versus novel environment c. higher overdose rate in animals administered heroin in the heroin-associated versus novel environment d. higher overdose rate in animals administered heroin in the novel versus heroin-associated environment

b. no difference in overdose rates between animals administered heroin in the heroin-associated versus novel environment

All of the following disorders involving anxiety are at least partly mediated by amygdala except Select one: a. panic disorder. b. obsessive compulsive disorder. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. social phobia.

b. obsessive compulsive disorder.

Third-generation antipsychotic drugs generally act as Select one: a. D2 fastoff drugs. b. partial D2 receptor agonists. c. partial agonists for 5-HT2A receptors. d. inverse antagonists for 5-HT2A receptors.

b. partial D2 receptor agonists.

Buspirone is an anxiolytic drug that acts by Select one: a. negative modulation of NMDA receptors. b. partial agonism of 5-HT1A receptors. c. antagonism of 5-HT2C receptors. d. positive modulation of GABAA receptors.

b. partial agonism of 5-HT1A receptors.

A/An _____________ has some efficacy for activating receptors, but that efficacy is less than a full agonist. Select one: a. competitive antagonist b. partial agonist c. antagonist d. positive modulator

b. partial agonist

For people who consume caffeine chronically, evidence of tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and difficulty reducing or ceasing caffeine intake despite a stated desire to quit suggests: Select one: a. that caffeine produces strong effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels. b. that caffeine may produce a substance use disorder. c. that caffeine may have other pharmacological effects that have yet to be studied. d. that caffeine use should be a controlled substance.

b. that caffeine may produce a substance use disorder.

A new drug was given a schedule V classification. This indicates: Select one: a. the drug has no abuse potential and has medical uses. b. the drug has relatively low abuse potential and has medical uses. c. the drug has no abuse potential and does not have medical uses. d. the drug has high abuse potential and does not have medical uses.

b. the drug has relatively low abuse potential and has medical uses.

Which of the following describe conditions that facilitate an action potential? Select one or more: a. opening of ion channels that allow influx of negatively charged ions b. the neuron receives an EPSP c. sodium channels open. d. the neuron receives an IPSP

b. the neuron receives an EPSP c. sodium channels open.

If a neuroscientist described a structure as more lateral to a particular area, this means that: Select one: a. the structure is anterior to the area. b. the structure is further out to the side of the brain. c. the structure is below the area. d. the structure is closer to the midline of the brain.

b. the structure is further out to the side of the brain.

A smoking cessation study using contingency management assigns some participants randomly to the contingent voucher group (the group that receives vouchers contingent on evidence of abstinence) and other participants to the control group that receives no vouchers. The contingent voucher group exhibits high levels of abstinence whereas the control group exhibits low levels of abstinence. Which of the following statements about this study is accurate? Select one: a. abstinence-contingent vouchers are ineffective at promoting smoking cessaiton b. the study is confounded by the failure to deliver vouchers non-contingently in the control group c. the contingent delivery of vouchers decreased smoking d. participation in a smoking cessation study can be helpful in reducing smoking

b. the study is confounded by the failure to deliver vouchers non-contingently in the control group

All of the following are features of models of drug addiction except: Select one: a. they attempt to characterize compulsive drug use. b. they allow identifying the type of disorder a person has. c. they can be used to form hypotheses and further drug addiction research. d. they are based on scientific research.

b. they allow identifying the type of disorder a person has.

One of the first measures taken to treat opioid overdose in an emergency room is: Select one: a. to determine whether the opioid was an illegal substance. b. to determine if ventilation support should be given. c. to determine why the patient was using an opioid.

b. to determine if ventilation support should be given.

The most likely reason for administering a psychostimulant drug through an intravenous injection is: Select one: a. due to the drug failing to absorb through other administration routes. b. to quickly experience the drug's reinforcing effects. c. to reduce the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. d. to reduce hunger for the treatment of weight loss.

b. to quickly experience the drug's reinforcing effects.

Requiring more consumption of caffeinated drinks to become alert in the morning is likely an example of: Select one: a. sensitization. b. tolerance. c. impulsitivity. d. behavioral inhibition.

b. tolerance.

Signs of depression along with relatively less severe mania is referred to Select one: a. euthymia. b. type II bipolar disorder. c. type I bipolar disorder. d. type III bipolar disorder.

b. type II bipolar disorder.

A barbiturate that is only effective for 30 minutes would be classified as... Select one: a. long-acting barbiturate. b. ultrashort-acting barbiturate. c. short-acting barbiturate. d. intermediate acting barbiturate.

b. ultrashort-acting barbiturate.

The graph below shows the number of drug choices made by current methamphetamine users in an experiment in which participants could choose between drug (amphetamine or methamphetamine) and money ($5 of $20). Which of the statements below is accurate based on the figure? Select one or more: a. when the money alternative was $20, the dose of amphetamine or methamphetamine was an important determinant of the number of drug doses b. when the money alternative was $5, the dose of amphetamine or methamphetamine was an important determinant of the number of drug doses c. participants made more choices of drug when the alternative was $5 compared to when the alternative was $20 d. methamphetamine use makes participants unable to choose money over drugs

b. when the money alternative was $5, the dose of amphetamine or methamphetamine was an important determinant of the number of drug doses c. participants made more choices of drug when the alternative was $5 compared to when the alternative was $20

purposeful behavior (for psychostimulant use)

behavior that is goal directed; increased by lower doses of psychostimulants

goal-directed behavior

behavior that occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviors in order to achieve a desired goal

During chronic drug abuse, which structure forms associations between stimuli commonly present during drug use and the reinforcing effects of the drug? Select one: a. Thalamus b. Dorsal striatum c. Amygdala d. Nucleus accumbens

c. Amygdala

hormesis

beneficial effects produced by low doses of a toxic substance

caffeinated alcoholic beverage

beverage made by mixing energy drinks with alcohol

Which of the following statements are true regarding alcohol's actions at GABAA receptors? Select one or more: bind to the same site as barbiturates bind to a site distinct from that of barbiturates and benzodiazepines bind to the same site as benzopdiazepines Enhance the influx of chloride ions produced by GABA

bind to a site distinct from that of barbiturates and benzodiazepines Enhance the influx of chloride ions produced by GABA

Match the following patterns of drinking with the category to which they belong. Juan (male) does not drink regularly but when he attends social parties he often drinks 6-9 alcoholic drinks. Hazel (female) consumes 1 glass of wine every evening with dinner Hazel (female) consumed 1 glass of wine each evening with dinner except on Sundays and Wednesdays

binge drinking moderate drinking light drinking

methylecgonidine

by-product of the freebase synthesis process for cocaine that is harmful to the heart, lungs, and liver

Approximately what percentage of people have schizophrenia? Select one: a. 5% b. 10% c. 1% d. 15%

c. 1%

Which cannabinoid compound is made naturally in the body? Select one: a. anrachidonic acid. b. cannabinol. c. 2-arachidonoylglycerol. d. endocannabidiol.

c. 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

A patient with schizophrenia is normally first diagnosed around age Select one: a. 40. b. 30. c. 20. d. 10.

c. 20.

A person with 34 ml of alcohol in their system would have 0 ml of alcohol within ________ hours. Select one: a. 0-1 hours b. 1-2 hours c. 3-4 hours

c. 3-4 hours

The greatest amount of freebase nicotine that can be absorbed form a tobacco product is: Select one: a. 100 percent. b. 25 percent. c. 50 percent. d. 75 percent.

c. 50 percent.

Which of the following describe a pharmacodynamic action? Select one: a. A drug binds to another drug in the body. b. A drug enters the liver and is quickly metabolized. c. A drug binds to a neuron and alters the neuron's activity. d. A drug is injected in the arm and later enters the bloodstream.

c. A drug binds to a neuron and alters the neuron's activity.

The steps in pharmacokinetics normally occur in what sequence? Select one: a. Elimination, distribution, metabolism, absorption b. Absoprtion, metabolism, elimination, distribution c. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination d. Distribution, elimination, metabolism, absorption

c. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

How might an unconditioned stimulus be described? Select one: a. A stimulus that rewards an unlearned behavioral response. b. A stimulus that cannot produce any behavioral effects. c. An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented. d. A stimulus that signals when an unlearned behavioral response will receive a reward.

c. An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented.

How might an unconditioned stimulus be described? Select one: a. A stimulus that rewards an unlearned behavioral response. b. A stimulus that signals when an unlearned behavioral response will receive a reward. c. An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented. d. A stimulus that cannot produce any behavioral effects.

c. An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented.

______________ is the process of converting a drug into one or more metabolites. Select one: a. Nonspecific binding b. Distribution c. Biotransformation d. Active transport

c. Biotransformation

Drug A has a Kd=100, Drug B has a Kd=10, Drug C has a Kd=5, and Drug D has a Kd = 1. Which drug has the greatest receptor affinity? Select one: a. Drug C b. Drug B c. Drug D d. Drug A

c. Drug D

The first amphetamines were derived from: Select one: a. methamphetamine. b. Catha edulis. c. Ephedra sinica. d. cocaine.

c. Ephedra sinica.

_________ validity refers to how well study findings generalize beyond the study conditions. Select one: a. Face b. Internal c. External d. Construct

c. External

Which section of the forebrain has been implicated in controlling feelings of thirst and hunger? Select one: a. Cerebral cortex b. Thalamus c. Hypothalamus d. Basal ganglia

c. Hypothalamus

If a pharmacologist needed to develop a drug with a rapid absorption time, which of the following routes might she choose? Select one: a. Intramuscular b. Oral c. Inhalation d. Sublingual

c. Inhalation

What action does cocaethylene have on dopamine neurotransmssion? Select one: a. Inhibits dopamine reuptake through vesicular transporters b. Inhibits monoamine oxidase c. Inhibits dopamine reuptake through membrane transporters d. Is an agonist for dopamine receptors

c. Inhibits dopamine reuptake through membrane transporters

Joakim consumed a cup of coffee in order to feel more alert. Which of following describes this type of drug use? Select one: a. Drug abuse b. Recreational use c. Instrumental use d. Drug misuse

c. Instrumental use

_____________ validity refers to the control of variables with potential to influence a dependent variable. Select one: a. Construct b. External c. Internal d. Confound

c. Internal

Which of the following DOES NOT describe misuse of a therapeutic drug? Select one: a. Marie consumed cough syrup to cope with a stressful day at work. b. Tyrone consumed cough syrup to enhance the effects of alcohol. c. Juanita consumed cough syrup to reduce her cold symptoms. d. Ben consumed cough syrup to experience hallucinations.

c. Juanita consumed cough syrup to reduce her cold symptoms.

A user is unlikely to feel the effects of LSD soon after administering it... Select one: a. LSD's active metabolite is entirely responsible for LSD's hallucinogenic effects. b. the user needs time to ready her mind for LSD's effects. c. LSD requires 60 minutes for peak absorption after oral administration. d. LSD's physiological effects occur long before its hallucinogenic effects.

c. LSD requires 60 minutes for peak absorption after oral administration.

__________________ consists of a resistant or slower conditioning process that occurs from using a familiar stimulus as the neutral stimulus. Select one: a. Stimulus discrimination b. Classical conditioning c. Latent inhibition d. Incentive salience

c. Latent inhibition

18. Which monoamine oxidase enzyme is found mostly in the brain? Select one: a. MAOD b. MAOA c. MAOB d. MAOC

c. MAOB

_____________ is the study of how genes support the function of neurons. Select one: a. Somatics b. Functional genomics c. Neurogenetics d. Epigenetics

c. Neurogenetics

By serving as a positive modulator for GABAA receptors, alcohol has all of the following actions except: Select one: a. Binds to a site different from the site that GABA binds to. b. Increases the length of GABAA receptor activation. c. Prevents downregulation of GABAA receptors. d. Increase the flow of chloride ions into the neuron.

c. Prevents downregulation of GABAA receptors.

Based on the figure below, which of the following statements is accurate? Select one or more: a. CDP is anxogenic b. drug 1 is anxiolytic c. TPA023 is anxiolytic d. drug 2 is anxiolytic e. TPA023 is anxiogenic f. CDP is anxiolytic g. drug 2 is anxiogenic h. Drug 1 is anxiogenic

c. TPA023 is anxiolytic f. CDP is anxiolytic g. drug 2 is anxiogenic h. Drug 1 is anxiogenic

A pharmacologist developed a drug that acts a negative allosteric modulator. Which of the following describes the most likely outcome for the proposed drug? Select one: a. The drug will counteract the effects of an antagonist b. The drug will prevent activation of G-proteins c. The drug will weaken, but not prevent, the effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter d. The drug will block neurotransmission e. The drug will strengthen the effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter

c. The drug will weaken, but not prevent, the effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter

Which of the following statements accurately support the assertion that LSD's subjective effects are primarily mediated by 5-HT2A receptors? Select one or more: a. LSD works on 5-HT2A receptors but psilocybin does not b. 5-HT2A receptors have been implicated in hallucinations in schizophrenia c. The potency of serotonergic hallucinogens to produce hallucinations is correlated with the binding affinity of those compounds at 5-HT2A receptors d. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists attenuate LSD-lever responding in animals trained to discriminate LSD from vehicle

c. The potency of serotonergic hallucinogens to produce hallucinations is correlated with the binding affinity of those compounds at 5-HT2A receptors d. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists attenuate LSD-lever responding in animals trained to discriminate LSD from vehicle

cathinone

psychostimulant derived from the leaves of catha edulis

For chewing coca leaves, why might inhabitants of coca plant regions also place lime in their mouths? Select one: a. Lime produces effects similar to cocaine, thus adding to the effects. b. The leaf dissolved in the mouth better, improving its texture. c. They found that the effects of the leaf were greater when they did this. d. Lime dramatically improved the taste of the coca leaves.

c. They found that the effects of the leaf were greater when they did this.

Why are psychostimulant drugs also referred to as sympathomimetics? Select one: a. They increase the activity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. b. They invoke feelings of sympathy. c. They increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. d. They produce rewarding effects.

c. They increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Potassium ions will exit a neuron during a resting potential through open channels due to: Select one: a. electrostatic attraction. b. sodium-potassium pump activity c. a concentration gradient. d. hyperpolarization.

c. a concentration gradient.

Experiencing a moment of pleasant images that a person remembered from a ... Select one: a. a symptom of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. b. a synesthetic experience. c. a good trip. d. a flashback.

c. a good trip.

Based on the pharmacological actions of early antidepressant drugs, researchers have hypothesized that... Select one: a. inactivity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons causes depressive mood. b. the destruction of monoamine synaptic vesicles causes depressive mood. c. a monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency causes depressive mood. d. monoamine oxidase inhibition causes depressive mood.

c. a monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency causes depressive mood.

Feeling depressed after time passes since taking a drug that producing rewarding effects would likely be an example of: Select one: a. a physical withdrawal symptom. b. behavioral tolerance. c. a psychological withdrawal symptom. d. sensitization.

c. a psychological withdrawal symptom.

Administering a CB1 receptor agonist directly into the cerebellum would likely cause... Select one: a. memory impairment. b. reduced attention. c. a sense of accelerated time. d. increased hunger.

c. a sense of accelerated time.

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala would likely result in Select one: a. reinforcing effects. b. memory loss. c. a strong fear response. d. drug-seeking behavior.

c. a strong fear response.

A Certain Safety Index is: Select one: a. a therapeutic index calculated from a high percentage TD value and a high percentage ED value. b. a therapeutic index of 10 or greater. c. a therapeutic index calculated from a low percentage TD value and a high percentage ED value. d. a therapeutic index of 100 or greater.

c. a therapeutic index calculated from a low percentage TD value and a high percentage ED value

After nasal inhalation, cocaine molecules move from nasal membranes into blood circulation, which is an example of what aspect of pharmacokinetics? Select one: a. metabolism b. distribution c. absorption d. excretion

c. absorption

An increased risk of suicide when first taking an antidepressant drug may be due to Select one: a. increase in adverse effects. b. onset of anxiety. c. activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. d. blockage of serotonin membrane transporters.

c. activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors.

Caffeine is an antagonist for ______________ receptors. Select one: a. dopamine. b. histamine. c. adenosine. d. acetylcholine.

c. adenosine.

The adrenal gland releases cortisol after the pituitary gland releases Select one: a. hydrocortisol. b. melatonin. c. adrenocorticotropic hormone. d. prolactin.

c. adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Men may be diagnosed with depressive disorder less often than women due to exhibiting... Select one: a. no substance abuse. b. no changes in body weight. c. aggression. d. sadness.

c. aggression.

A/An _____________ refers to a drug that activates a neurotransmitter receptor. Select one: a. antagonist b. positive modulator c. agonist d. partial agonist

c. agonist

Deciding not to go to a party because of a belief that those at the party will laugh about you or that you may embarrass yourself is an example of Select one: a. specific phobia. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. agoraphobia. d. panic disorder.

c. agoraphobia.

Some atypical antipsychotic drugs produce a severe decline in white blood cell counts referred to as... Select one: a. neuroleptic-associated immune syndrome. b. neuroleptic malignant immune system disorder. c. agranulocytosis. d. QT interval prolongation.

c. agranulocytosis.

A/An _______________ is a substance that binds to site on a receptor and causes a conformational change in the receptor, but neither activates nor prevents activation of the receptor. Select one: a. partial agonist b. agonist c. allosteric regulator d. antagonist

c. allosteric regulator

Which of the following might be a reason that amphetamines would be preferred over cocaine as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of ADHD? Select one: a. amphetamine's duration of action is shorter b. amphetamine is less likely to be abused c. amphetamine's duration of action is longer d. amphetamine is less effective and therefore safer e. amphetamine is less potent and therefore safer

c. amphetamine's duration of action is longer

When a typical antipsychotic drug is prescribed, physicians commonly also prescribe... Select one: a. a benzodiazepine drug. b. a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic. c. an anticholinergic drug. d. a psychostimulant drug.

c. an anticholinergic drug.

The primary mechanism of action for a typical antipsychotic drug is Select one: a. agonism of D2 receptors. b. antagonism of NMDA receptors. c. antagonism of D2 receptors. d. antagonism for 5-HT2A receptors.

c. antagonism of D2 receptors.

A common treatment for bipolar disorder consisting of combining a/an ____________ drug with an antidepressant drug. Select one: a. anxiolytic b. proconvulsant. c. antipsychotic d. anticholinergic.

c. antipsychotic

bad trip

disturbing true hallucinations, psychotic episodes, negative emotional states, altered perceptions of time, and out-of-body sensations

Drug A has a binding affinity that is higher (i.e., a lower ki value) at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors than dopamine D2 receptors and acts as an antagonist at both receptors. Which of the following classifications would be most appropriate for Drug A? Select one: a. hallucinogen b. typical antipsychotic c. atypical antipsychotic

c. atypical antipsychotic

In one group of rats, marijuana is administered prior to a maze task and performance in the maze is impaired but with repeated pre-maze administrations of marijuana, the performance in the maze returns to pre-marijuana levels. In a second group of rats, marijuana is also given repeatedly but only after exposure to the maze task. When the second group of rats is tested in the maze task after marijuana administration, they show large impairments in performance. The explanation for this difference is that ____________ developed in the first group of rats. Select one: a. pharmacodynamic tolerance b. conditioned tolerance c. behavioral tolerance d. cross tolerance

c. behavioral tolerance

All of the following are naturally occurring opioids except: Select one: a. morphine. b. thebaine. c. buprenorphine. d. codeine.

c. buprenorphine.

Which of the following ways does cocaine increase levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft? Select one or more: a. blocking dopamine autoreceptors. b. inhibiting monoamine oxidase. c. by blocking the dopamine membrane transporter. d. by stimulating dopamine synthesis.

c. by blocking the dopamine membrane transporter.

Endocannabinoids bind to... Select one: a. THC receptors. b. anandamide receptors. c. cannabinoid receptors. d. endocannabinoid receptors.

c. cannabinoid receptors.

Which of the following are reasons for which tricyclic antidepressants are called "tricyclic"? Select one or more: a. three-fold action on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine b. three-fold reduction in depressive symptoms c. chemical structure d. three-fold action on depressive symptoms (prevention, reduction, and recurrence)

c. chemical structure

The first antipyschotic drug that was discovered was Select one: a. clozapine. b. haloperidol. c. chlorpromazine. d. chlordiazepoxide.

c. chlorpromazine.

The elimination rate for nicotine is shorter for: Select one: a. smokeless tobacco users. b. nonsmokers. c. chronic tobacco users. d. e-cigarette smokers.

c. chronic tobacco users.

In schizophrenia, functional outcomes... Select one: a. consists of a patient's ability to separate reality from fantasy b. are a patients willingness to take antipsychotic medications c. consist of the capabilities a patient has to perform normal everyday activities. d. include a patient's self-reported number of hallucinations or other psychotic behaviors

c. consist of the capabilities a patient has to perform normal everyday activities.

Finding that someone who was dependent on the opioid heroin required high doses of opioid replacement drug methadone would serve as an example of: Select one: a. behavioral tolerance. b. pharmacodynamic tolerance. c. cross tolerance. d. conditioned tolerance.

c. cross tolerance.

Increasing firing of dopamine neurons originating in the substantia nigra might be expected to Select one: a. increase positive symptoms of schizophrenia b. increase cognitive impairment in schizophrenia c. decrease EPS due to typical antipsychotics d. reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia

c. decrease EPS due to typical antipsychotics

Which of the following is an opioid drug used as a cough suppressant? Select one: a. somniferum b. hydrocodone c. dextromethorphan d. morphine

c. dextromethorphan

The two neurotransmitters most implicated in the symptoms of schizophrenia are... Select one: a. dopamine and serotonin. b. GABA and glutamate. c. dopamine and glutamate. d. serotonin and GABA.

c. dopamine and glutamate.

A long-time user of a substance who experiences an intense desire to seek and use the substance is likely experiencing: Select one: a. physical drug dependence. b. significant social and occupational difficulties. c. drug cravings. d. relapse.

c. drug cravings.

The concentration of drug in a person's blood falls from 110 mg/dL to 55 mg/dL in 30 min and from 55 mg/dL to 27.5 mg/dL in the next 30 min. Which of the following statements is accurate? Select one: a. elimination rate of the drug appears to follow zero-order kinetics b. the half-life of the drug is one hour c. elimination rate of the drug appears to follow first-order kinetics d. absorption rate of the drug is fast e. absorption rate of the drug is slow

c. elimination rate of the drug appears to follow first-order kinetics

Tobacco craving in a chronic user is likely to occur when: Select one: a. exposed to a totally novel environment. b. currently smoking. c. encountering stimuli typically associated with smoking. d. all of these answers are correct.

c. encountering stimuli typically associated with smoking.

A normal mood state in bipolar disorder is referred to as Select one: a. residual bipolar disorder. b. intermittant bipolar disorder. c. euthymia. d. type IV bipolar disorder.

c. euthymia.

Blocking glutamate NMDA receptors on GABA neurons in the VTA would be expected to Select one: a. exacerbate typical antipsychotic-induced EPS b. diminish typical antipsychotic-induced EPS c. exacerbate positive symptoms of schizophrenia d. diminish positive symptoms of schizophrenia

c. exacerbate positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A positive allosteric modulator: Select one: a. can activate receptors. b. prevents neurotransmission. c. facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter at receptors. d. has a weak binding affinity for receptors.

c. facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter at receptors.

For someone exhibiting prodromal features of schizophrenia, schizophrenia may develop from... Select one: a. reading fantasy novels. b. a genetic trigger at a certain stage of development. c. factors such as stress. d. a physical injury.

c. factors such as stress.

A drug eliminated in half-lives follows: Select one: a. second-order kinetics. b. linear kinetics. c. first-order kinetics. d. zero-order kinetics.

c. first-order kinetics.

A drug that blocked the norepinephrine transporter would be expected to: Select one: a. prevent storage of norepinephrine in synaptic vesicles. b. increase the synthesis of norepinephrine. c. increase levels of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. d. reduce the synthesis of dopamine.

c. increase levels of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft.

Inhibition of the anandamide transporter would be expected to do which of the following? Select one or more: a. not affect levels of 2-AG b. decrease levels of FAAH c. increase synaptic levels of 2-AG d. increase synaptic levels of anandamide

c. increase synaptic levels of 2-AG d. increase synaptic levels of anandamide

Which of the following would be expected with administration of a psychostimulant such as amphetamine or cocaine? Select one or more: a. pupil constriction b. increased salivation c. increased heart rate d. decreased heart rate e. dry mouth f. pupil dilation

c. increased heart rate e. dry mouth f. pupil dilation

If alcohol were consumed after taking a barbiturate Select one: a. it would increase the rewarding effects but not the respiratory depressant effects of the barbiturate. b. it would cancel the barbiturate effects c. it would strengthen the barbiturate effects d. there would be no additional effects.

c. it would strengthen the barbiturate effects

An increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from chronic alcohol use is called: Select one: a. alcohol poisoning. b. alcohol epilepsy. c. kindling. d. Type I alcohol addiction.

c. kindling.

According to the Carl Hart talk, which of the following statements is true about drug use? Select one: a. most people who use drugs meet the criteria for substance use disorder b. the fact that people use drugs at all qualifies as criteria for substance use disorder c. many people who use drugs do not meet criteria for substance use disorder d. it is critical to prevent initial drug use because initial drug use inevitably leads to substance use disorders e. only a very small minority of people ever try illegal drugs

c. many people who use drugs do not meet criteria for substance use disorder

Cannabis used for treating medical conditions is referred to as... Select one: a. therapeutic cannabis. b. therapeutic hashish. c. medical cannabis. d. liquid incense.

c. medical cannabis.

Historically, the earliest uses of opium consisted of using as a: Select one: a. means to feel euphoria. b. way to spark philospohical discussions. c. medicine. d. way to prepare soldiers for battle.

c. medicine.

Which of the following are not approved for the treatment of ADHD? Select one or more: a. amphetamine b. methylphenidate c. methylone d. mephedrone e. methamphetamine

c. methylone d. mephedrone

Blood alcohol concentration indicates the: Select one: a. proof of an alcoholic beverage consumed. b. percentage of alcohol consumed per unit of time. c. number of grams of alcohol per 100 mL of blood. d. amount of alcohol that has accumulated in a particular organ, such as the liver.

c. number of grams of alcohol per 100 mL of blood.

Common routes for using a psychostimulant drug recreationally consist of all of the following except: Select one: a. intravenous. b. inhalation. c. oral. d. insufflations.

c. oral.

Finding that chronic administration of nicotine reduced the number of nicotinic receptors in the brain would be an example of: Select one: a. conditioned tolerance. b. pharmacokinetic tolerance. c. pharmacodynamic tolerance. d. sensitization.

c. pharmacodynamic tolerance.

Contingency management for the treatment of substance abuse relies on which of the following principles? Select one or more: a. positive punishment for drug use b. negative reinforcement for abstinence c. positive reinforcement for abstinence d. negative punishment for drug use

c. positive reinforcement for abstinence d. negative punishment for drug use

In schizophrenia, the addition of abnormal behaviors such as hallucinations are considered... Select one: a. behavioral symptoms. b. psychiatric symptoms. c. positive symptom d. negative symptoms.

c. positive symptom

A quick decision on how to respond to a fear stimulus is made in the Select one: a. thalamus. b. amygdala. c. prefrontal cortex. d. hippocampus.

c. prefrontal cortex.

An immediate decline in being afraid after realizing that a loud noise you heard is not a threat is due to a signal produced by the Select one: a. amygdala. b. thalamus. c. prefrontal cortex. d. hippocampus.

c. prefrontal cortex.

Leptin may... Select one: a. promote sleep. b. improve immune system functioning. c. reduce feelings of hunger. d. cause reduced metabolism.

c. reduce feelings of hunger.

Opioids produce _____________ effects by activating mu receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Select one: a. extinguishing b. aversive c. reinforcing d. pain-relieving

c. reinforcing

A return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of a substance use disorder is called: Select one: a. dependence. b. craving. c. relapse. d. early remission.

c. relapse.

The term blackout is more technically known as: Select one: a. alcohol poisoning. b. divided attention. c. reversible drug-induced dementia. d. alcohol stupor.

c. reversible drug-induced dementia.

An adenosine receptor agonist would be expected to produce which of the following effects? Select one or more: a. alertness b. anxiety c. sedation d. dilation of coronary blood vessels

c. sedation d. dilation of coronary blood vessels

A drug that might counteract the effects of a barbiturate would likely Select one: a. serve as an antagonist for NMDA receptors. b. block calcium channels. c. serve as an antagonist for GABAA receptors. d. serve as a positive modulator for GABAA receptors.

c. serve as an antagonist for GABAA receptors.

Which of the following are side effects of SSRI treatment that could reduce compliance? Select one or more: a. reduction of depressive symptoms b. increased energy levels c. sexual dysfunction d. reduced ability to feel happiness or sadness in response to happy or sad events, respectively

c. sexual dysfunction d. reduced ability to feel happiness or sadness in response to happy or sad events, respectively

Otto Loewi's experiment involving transferring fluid from around the heart of one frog to around the heart of another frog demonstrated that: Select one: a. that neuronal communication can occur outside of the brain. b. acetylcholinestase catabolizes acetylcholine. c. that communication between neurons involves a chemical means of transmission. d. that the mesolimbic dopamine pathway affects heart rate.

c. that communication between neurons involves a chemical means of transmission.

The difference between Type I and II bipolar disorder concerns Select one: a. the duration of periods of mania b. the duration of periods of depression c. the degree of mania experienced d. the degree of depression experienced

c. the degree of mania experienced

Having a drug with a high receptor affinity suggests that: Select one: a. the drug will strongly activate the receptor. b. the drug will strongly block the receptor. c. the drug will outcompete drugs with lower affinities for the receptor. d. the drug will large value for a dissociation constant.

c. the drug will outcompete drugs with lower affinities for the receptor.

Analyzing the amount of psychoactive drug in brain tissue would allow a researcher to determine: Select one: a. the drug's active transport through the blood-brain barrier b. the amount of biotransformation that took place. c. the drug's bioavailability d. the drug's pKa

c. the drug's bioavailability

Finding that someone has a hand tremor after smoking a cigarette is a likely indication that: Select one: a. this is the person's first cigarette of the day. b. the person has been consuming coffee while smoking. c. the person is a naive tobacco user. d. the person is long-time tobacco user.

c. the person is a naive tobacco user.

Many of the health risks with cannabis use suggests that... Select one: a. endocannabinoids may be an endogenous risk factor for cancer. b. delta-9-THC may cause cancer. c. the vehicle for delta-9-THC can be harmful. d. cannabinoid compounds other than delta-9-THC may increase cancer risk.

c. the vehicle for delta-9-THC can be harmful.

Exocytosis refers to: Select one: a. the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes. b. the release of a neurotransmitter from a receptor back into the synaptic cleft. c. the way that stored neurotransmitters can be released into the synaptic cleft. d. the influx of calcium caused by depolarization from an action potential.

c. the way that stored neurotransmitters can be released into the synaptic cleft.

The following is true for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine except: Select one: a. part of the same synthesis pathway. b. the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase prevent their synthesis. c. they are amino acid neurotransmitters. d. the receptors are metabotropic.

c. they are amino acid neurotransmitters.

The primary reason for Otto Loewi conducting his experiment was: Select one: a. to determine if electrical stimulation could be used to reinforce behavior. b. to determine if stimulation of the vagus nerve could affect heart rate. c. to determine if neurotransmission was electrical or chemical. d. to determine if acetylcholine was a neurotransmitter.

c. to determine if neurotransmission was electrical or chemical.

Transitioning from an acute to a chronic smoker most likely depends on : Select one: a. one's previous experience using addictive substances. b. one's socioeconomic status. c. tolerance to negative subjective effects. d. one use of caffeinated products.

c. tolerance to negative subjective effects.

A hallucinogenic experience is called a Select one: a. psychedelic dance. b. experience. c. trip. d. voyage.

c. trip.

Haloperidol is a/an... Select one: a. second-generation antipsychotic drug. b. atypical antipsychotic drug. c. typical antipsychotic drug d. novel antipsychotic drug.

c. typical antipsychotic drug

A mid-brain structure close to the base of the brain and close to the cortex would be described as (think of viewing a coronal section of the brain) Select one: a. ventromedial b. dorsomedial c. ventrolateral d. dorsolateral

c. ventrolateral

sativex

cannabinoid medication that consists of one to one ratio of cannabidiol and THC

phytocannabinoids

cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants

medicinal cannabis

cannabis used for treating medical conditions such as cancer, weight gain, pain, intraocular pressure, and autoimmune diseases

holiday heart syndrome

cardiac arrhythmias occurring after an acute heavy drinking episode

Match the dose-effect curves to the different opiate drugs. (most potent to least potent) blue curve: orange curve: gray curve:

carfentanyl fentanyl heroin

nicotine

central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco

propeptide

chain of amino acids containing one or more peptides

nitrosamines

chemicals shown to produce cancerous tumor growth

Which of the following is not true about the cerebral cortex? Select one: a. The cerebral cortex is found on the surface of the brain. b. The cerebral cortex has features called gyri and sulci. c. The cerebral cortex is located in the forebrain. d. The cerebral cortex includes the cerebellum.

d. The cerebral cortex includes the cerebellum.

If a drug severely depressed the functioning of the medulla, which of the following might be likely to occur? Select one: a. The person may have an increase in heart ratE. b. The person may have motor tremor. c. The person may have constricted pupils. d. The person may stop breathing.

d. The person may stop breathing.

Which of the following statements are true about substitution treatments such as methadone and buprenorphine? Select one or more: a. The substitution drugs involve the same health risks as the drugs of abuse b. The flaw with substitution approaches is that they are ineffective at reducing use of the abused drug c. The flaw with substitution approaches is that they do not treat the underlying character issues that lead to drug abuse in the first place d. The substitution drugs work similarly to the drugs of abuse e. The substitution drugs involve lower health risks than the drugs of abuse

d. The substitution drugs work similarly to the drugs of abuse e. The substitution drugs involve lower health risks than the drugs of abuse

For the statement, acetaminophen (Tylenol) is an analgesic drug, what is the trade name? Select one: a. The trade name is not provided b. Acetaminophen c. Analgesic d. Tylenol

d. Tylenol

Where are the somas for mesolimbic dopamine neurons found? Select one: a. Nucleus accumbens. b. Hypothalamus. c. Substantia Nigra. d. Ventral tegmental area.

d. Ventral tegmental area.

Gary feels physically sick and has sense of dread after having not taken heroin since the previous day. Based on this description alone, which stage of the addiction cycle is Gary most likely in? Select one: a. Preoccupation and anticipation b. Intoxication c. Relapse d. Withdrawal

d. Withdrawal

The pharmacological effects of opium are derived from: Select one: a. morphine and desomorphine. b. heroin and its active metabolite morphine. c. codeine and a minor contribution from thebaine. d. a combination of morphine, codeine, and thebaine.

d. a combination of morphine, codeine, and thebaine.

Tooth decay from methamphetamine use is caused by all of the following except: Select one: a. damage to gums from inhaled chemicals. b. reduced saliva. c. preferential for sugary drinks. d. accumulation of methamphetamine on teeth.

d. accumulation of methamphetamine on teeth.

Amphetamine's effects on neurotransmission occur for the following neurotransmitters except: Select one: a. norepinephrine. b. serotonin. c. dopamine. d. acetylcholine.

d. acetylcholine.

Alcohol may affect the endocannabinoid system by: Select one: a. limiting tetrahydrocannabinol absorption through the intestines. b. acting on the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. c. having direct actions on tetrahydrocannabinol. d. acting on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.

d. acting on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.

According to the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, which of the following actions would be expected to treat both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Select one: a. agonism of dopamine D2 receptors b. positive allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors c. positive allosteric modulation of dopamine D2 receptors d. agonism of NMDA receptors e. antagonism of NMDA receptors

d. agonism of NMDA receptors

The primary pharmacological action of salvinorin A is Select one: a. an agonist for 5-HT2A receptors. b. an antagonist for NMDA receptors. c. an antagonist for muscarinic receptors. d. an agonist for kappa opioid receptors.

d. an agonist for kappa opioid receptors.

In addition to caffeine, all of the following is used in energy drinks except: Select one: a. theobromine. b. kola nut. c. yerba mate. d. atropine.

d. atropine.

All of the following are features of behavioral therapy except: Select one: a. uses behavior analytic principles to characterize drug addiction. b. may use community reinforcers to compete with drug reinforcers. c. uses contingency management approaches. d. attempts to alter one's decision making during drug cravings.

d. attempts to alter one's decision making during drug cravings.

Nicotine may improve: Select one: a. coordination. b. cardiovascular function. c. breathing. d. attention.

d. attention.

A pure opioid receptor antagonist: Select one: a. cannot counteract an agonist for opioid receptors. b. binds to all opioid receptors but only fails to activate one type of opioid receptor. c. is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. d. binds to but does not activate opioid receptors.

d. binds to but does not activate opioid receptors.

All of the following will reduce neurotransmitter release except: Select one: a. increasing activity of catabolic enzymes inside the axon terminal. b. blocking calcium channels c. disrupting neurotransmitter synthesis. d. blocking membrane transporters.

d. blocking membrane transporters.

A _______________ binds to the same site as a neurotransmitter, prevents a neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor, and fails to activate the receptor. Select one: a. negative modulator b. noncompetitive antagonist c. partial agonist d. competitive antagonist

d. competitive antagonist

Bob takes Ritalin for his ADHD and experiences stimulant effects, including elevated heart rate, when he takes the Ritalin. After a few months on Ritalin, Bob's heart rate increases when he sees a pill of Ritalin in the morning. The sight of a pill of Ritalin is a/an Select one: a. positive reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. discriminative stimulus d. conditioned stimulus e. unconditioned stimulus

d. conditioned stimulus

On which parts of a neuron are EPSPS generated by input from other neurons likely to occur? Select one or more: a. axon terminal b. myelin sheathing c. Nodes of Ranvier d. dendrites e. axon hillock

d. dendrites

For a rapid speed of onset, users prefer to administer an opioid drug: Select one: a. intravenously and intramuscularly. b. subcutaneously and intravenously. c. sublingually and by inhalation. d. intravenously and by inhalation.

d. intravenously and by inhalation.

In clinical trials for an antidepressant drug, depressed participants in the placebo control group often... Select one: a. quit a clinical study soon after the study begins b. can tell that they were given a placebo. c. continued to worsen until medication must be given. d. develop clear improvements in their depressive symptoms.

d. develop clear improvements in their depressive symptoms.

The reason why an identical twin does not while her other twin does have schizophrenia is likely due to... Select one: a. the length of time of engaging in imaginary play as children. b. a willingness not to engage in paranoid thoughts. c. one's medication history d. differences in how genes are expressed.

d. differences in how genes are expressed.

A process that separates alcohol from a fermented mixture in order to provide a concentrated alcohol solution is called: Select one: a. osmosis. b. filtration. c. fermentation. d. distillation.

d. distillation.

The hypothesis stating that positive symptoms arise from excessive dopamine release in the limbic system is called the... Select one: a. hypofrontal hypothesis. b. serotonin-dopamine hypothesis. c. glutamate hypothesis. d. dopamine hypothesis.

d. dopamine hypothesis.

Which of the following would likely block the methamphetamine-like subjective effects of MDMA? Select one: a. serotonin receptor antagonist b. glutamate receptor antagonist c. inhibitor of methamphetamine metabolizing enzymes d. dopamine receptor antagonist

d. dopamine receptor antagonist

A person prescribed a drug in order to avoid using an addictive substance is likely undergoing: Select one: a. a 12-step anonymous program. b. behavioral therapy. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. d. drug-replacement therapy.

d. drug-replacement therapy.

Tobacco smoking can cause pulmonary diseases such as : Select one: a. ischemia. b. gastrointestinal disorder. c. hypertension. d. emphysema.

d. emphysema.

Beverage alcohol is: Select one: a. methanol. b. isopranol. c. ethylene. d. ethanol.

d. ethanol.

Learning that a clinical trial examined the effects of a drug only in Cacausion males would serve as a threat to ______________ validity. Select one: a. internal b. face c. predictive d. external

d. external

Tremor, muscle rigidity, and involuntary movements caused by antipsychotic drugs are called... Select one: a. negative symptoms. b. Parkinson's disease c. motor inhibition syndrome. d. extrapyramidal side effects.

d. extrapyramidal side effects.

Beer and wine are made through the process of: Select one: a. titration. b. distillation. c. perculation. d. fermentation.

d. fermentation.

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the reinforcing effects of opioid agonists is: Select one: a. substance P. b. neurotensin. c. serotonin. d. glutamate.

d. glutamate.

MDMAs effects on monoamine neurotransmission at a low dose consists of Select one: a. greater dopamine release than serotonin release. b. no effects on dopamine or serotonin release. c. reduced dopamine and serotonin release. d. greater serotonin release than dopamine release.

d. greater serotonin release than dopamine release.

A/An _______________ is a presynaptic receptor that is activated by neurotransmitters different from those released from the axon terminal. Select one: a. autoreceptor b. axon terminal receptor c. postsynaptic receptor d. heteroceptor

d. heteroceptor

Reduced concentrations of endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus are associated with... Select one: a. thirst. b. reward. c. fever. d. hunger.

d. hunger.

The _____________ elicits autonomic system effects associated with physiological withdrawal symptoms. Select one: a. medula b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. amygdala d. hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

If a person is given a medication to weaken the short-term withdrawal effects from an addictive substance, the person is likely: Select one: a. in a 12-step anonymous program. b. undergoing behavioral therapy. c. being treated for the preoccupation and anticipation phase of drug addiction. d. in a detoxification step of a treatment program.

d. in a detoxification step of a treatment program.

Which of the following effects was proposed as why atypical antipsychotics are better than classical antipsychotics in treating the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia? Select one: a. decreased DA in the nucleus accumbens b. decreased glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex c. blockade of DA receptors in the prefrontal cortex d. increased DA in prefrontal cortex

d. increased DA in prefrontal cortex

Alcohol's indirect inhibition of vasopressin may lead to the following effects except: Select one: a. impaired cognition. b. lower blood pressure. c. increased urination. d. increased body temperature.

d. increased body temperature.

Tolerance to the following effects occurs from regular cannabis use except... Select one: a. accelerate time passage. b. memory impairment. c. motor coordination. d. increased heart rate.

d. increased heart rate.

The activation of opioid receptors on a neuron: Select one: a. increase neuronal activity. b. stabilize a high rate of action potentials. c. stop sodium-potassium pump activity. d. inhibit neuronal activity.

d. inhibit neuronal activity.

The effectiveness of cannabis for certain autoimmune diseases may be due to Select one: a. reduction of inflammation. b. effects that THC has on microglial cells. c. lowering of nausea. d. inhibition of immune system functioning.

d. inhibition of immune system functioning.

By inhibiting NMDA receptors, phencyclidine Select one: a. increases pain. b. produces cataplexy. c. produces anxiety. d. inhibits memory.

d. inhibits memory.

During the stages of drug addiction, the first stage of addiction is: Select one: a. preoccupation and anticipation. b. dependence. c. novelty seeking. d. intoxication.

d. intoxication.

Drug molecules will reach the brain fastest via which of the following routes? Select one: a. sublingual b. inhalation c. oral d. intravenous

d. intravenous

Peak absorption for nicotine from smoked cigarettes occurs after 7 minutes, whereas peak absorption for nicotine inhaling e-cigarette vapor occurs after 20 to 30 minutes. This suggests that: Select one: a. the puff duration of cigarettes must differ from e-cigarettes. b. e-cigarettes must have less nicotine content than real cigarettes. c. the heating levels for lit cigarettes and e-cigarettes must be different. d. nicotine absorption occurs mostly in the lungs for cigarette smoke and mucous membranes for e-cigarette vapor.

d. nicotine absorption occurs mostly in the lungs for cigarette smoke and mucous membranes for e-cigarette vapor.

During the U.S. congressional hearings on tobacco, tobacco company CEOs claimed that: Select one: a. tobacco has health benefits that are not fully appreciated. b. purported health risks from tobacco are due to other lifestyle choices. c. the tobacco industry is too big to fail. d. nicotine is not addictive.

d. nicotine is not addictive.

LSD may be added to a postage stamped and licked because Select one: a. saliva from the tongue is neccesary to help slowly absorb the drug. b. the glue from the stamp improves absorption in the mouth. c. users can easily hide the drug, which is an illicit substance. d. only very small amounts are needed to produce effects.

d. only very small amounts are needed to produce effects.

Opioids action on __________ receptors in the body. Select one: a. serotonin b. dopamine c. melatonin d. opioid

d. opioid

The time an absorbed opioid drug takes to enter the brain is affected by: Select one: a. the affinity of the drug for opioid receptors. b. the formulation of the drug used. c. whether or not the drug is synthetic or semisynthetic. d. passage through the blood-brain barrier.

d. passage through the blood-brain barrier.

Following months of chronic alcohol consumption, Gerry has increased levels of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that breaks alcohol down into acetaldehyde. This is an example of Select one: a. behavioral tolerance b. cross tolerance c. pharmacodynamic tolerance d. pharmacokinetic tolerance

d. pharmacokinetic tolerance

Cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants are called Select one: a. endocannabinoids. b. trichobinoids. c. ethnocannabinoids. d. phytocannabinoids.

d. phytocannabinoids.

Benzodiazepines act as ________________ for GABAA receptors. Select one: a. partial agonists b. antagonists c. agonists d. positive modulators

d. positive modulators

Experimental vaccines for psychostimulant addiction: Select one: a. catabolize psychostimulant drugs. b. prevent absorption of psychostimulant drugs. c. prevent psychostimulants from blocking dopamine membrane transporters. d. prevent a psychostimulant from crossing the blood-brain barrier.

d. prevent a psychostimulant from crossing the blood-brain barrier.

A compound that blocked vesicular transporters would likely: Select one: a. cause a decrease in calcium influx. b. prevent reuptake. c. increase the activity of postsynaptic receptors. d. prevent the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles.

d. prevent the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles.

Taking an antidepressant drug that is catabolized by the same enzyme for caffeine would: Select one: a. reduce absorption of caffeine. b. diminish the pharmacological effects of caffeine. c. shorten the elimination rate for caffeine. d. prolong the effects of caffeine.

d. prolong the effects of caffeine.

All of the following are examples of why vesicular storage of neurotransmitters is important except: Select one: a. protects neurotransmitter from destruction by enzymes. b. provides mechanism for immediate release of neurotransmitters. c. prevents premature release of neurotransmitters. d. provides a protected area for neurotransmitter synthesis to occur.

d. provides a protected area for neurotransmitter synthesis to occur.

The nicotine abstinence syndrome primarily consists of : Select one: a. paranoia and delusions. b. increased pain sensitivity. c. physical withdrawal symptoms. d. psychological withdrawal symptoms.

d. psychological withdrawal symptoms.

Paranoia, agitation, and auditory hallucinations produced by psychostimulants is referred to as: Select one: a. schizohprenia. b. formication. c. stereotypy. d. psychostimulant-induced psychosis.

d. psychostimulant-induced psychosis.

A genetic mutation that decreased levels of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase would produce which of the following results? Select one: a. increased glutamate-mediated excitation of neurons b. increased GABA-mediated inhibition of neurons c. decreased glutamate-mediated excitation of neurons d. reduced GABA-mediated inhibition of neurons

d. reduced GABA-mediated inhibition of neurons

Glial scars may impair recovery from brain injury because: Select one: a. they prevent axons from re-growing. b. interneurons make inhibitory connections with damaged neurons. c. oligodendrocytes fail to myelinate re-growing axons. d. regenerating axons may be unable to regain previous connections through the site of injury.

d. regenerating axons may be unable to regain previous connections through the site of injury.

Chronic use of barbiturates produces tolerance for anxiolytic effects but not for their Select one: a. reinforcing effects. b. anesthetic effects. c. hypnotic effects. d. respiratory depression effects.

d. respiratory depression effects.

The initial phase of an opioid agonist's positive subjective effects is called a: Select one: a. high. b. euphoria. c. nod. d. rush.

d. rush.

Destruction of afferent neurons would affect which of the following? Select one or more: a. autonomic activity b. heart rate and blood pressure c. motor output d. sensory stimulation

d. sensory stimulation

Which of the following would result in the most effective reinforcement? Select one: a. cocaine eaten in food b. orally administered Ritalin c. snorted cocaine d. smoked cocaine

d. smoked cocaine

A motor disorder that affects muscles primarily around the mouth or other parts of face is called... Select one: a. extrapyramidal dyskinesia. b. acute dystonia. c. cardiovascular dementia. d. tardive dyskinesia.

d. tardive dyskinesia.

fetal alcohol syndrome

disorder characterized by physical and neurological abnormal development

All the following are reasons that the effects of MDMA may be different in a party setting than a laboratory setting except Select one: a. an Ecstasy tablet may not contain MDMA. b. users often take other substances in addition to Ecstasy. c. a user may be on psychoactive medications. d. the chemical structure of MDMA will be different for clandestinely synthesized MDMA.

d. the chemical structure of MDMA will be different for clandestinely synthesized MDMA.

A new drug given a schedule I classification suggests: Select one: a. its adverse effects outweigh its potential medical uses. b. the drug is too new to know about its medical uses. c. the drug produces a high similar to other schedule I substances. d. the drug is only used as a drug of abuse.

d. the drug is only used as a drug of abuse.

Saltatory conduction describes: Select one: a. the influx of sodium. b. the taking of an electrical charge reading during an action potential. c. rapid change in potential occurring during an action potential. d. the jumping of action potentials from one node to another.

d. the jumping of action potentials from one node to another.

Describing someone as intoxicated implies: Select one: a. the person is experience withdrawal effects from a drug. b. the person is engaging in drug seeking behavior. c. the person is unresponsive due to a drug overdose. d. the person currently appears to be impaired by a drug's effects.

d. the person currently appears to be impaired by a drug's effects.

Discovering that someone has glial scars means suggests that: Select one: a. the person has a disease that affects myelin around axons. b. the person had neurons that did not form correctly during neural development. c. the person has a history of drug abusE. d. the person had a past traumatic brain injury.

d. the person had a past traumatic brain injury.

Users are less likely to inhale cigar smoke due to : Select one: a. using flue-curing in the production process. b. having a pH close to neutral. c. greater nicotine content compared to cigarette smoke. d. the process of air-drying tobacco leaves.

d. the process of air-drying tobacco leaves.

Polydrug use refers to: Select one: a. the use of drugs that produce active metabolites. b. using the same substance through multiple administration routes. c. taking a much larger dose of a drug than usual. d. the use of multiple substances.

d. the use of multiple substances.

A perception of images or sounds that are not real is a Select one: a. quasi-hallucination. b. real hallucination. c. pseudo-hallucination. d. true hallucination.

d. true hallucination.

Reversing the direction of the dopamine membrane transporter will cause: Select one: a. increased storage of dopamine in synaptic vesicles. b. dopamine to be pushed away from the synaptic cleft. c. dopamine to be retrogradely transporter to the neuron's soma. d. unstored dopamine in the axon terminal to be expelled into the synaptic cleft.

d. unstored dopamine in the axon terminal to be expelled into the synaptic cleft.

Administering an opioid receptor antagonist for an opioid-addicted user is likely to cause: Select one: a. no effects. b. reinforcing effects. c. antidepresant effects. d. withdrawal effects.

d. withdrawal effects.

impulsivity

decision making without reflecting adequately on the consequences of those decisions

acute tolerance

decreased responsiveness to a drug's effects after single administration of drug

cannabis use disorder

defined by the DSM-5 as cannabis use meeting the criteria for a substance use disorder

rapid detoxification

detoxification process lasting as long as 10 days and using opioid antagonist administration in a treatment facility

ultra-rapid opioid detoxification

detoxification process lasting as long as 2 days and using opioid antagonist administration in a hospital setting

long-term opioid detoxification

detoxification process that lasts approximately 180 days and occurs by prescribing an opioid receptor agonist or a partial opioid receptor agonist to replace the illicit opioid drug

short-term opioid detoxification

detoxification process that lasts as long as 30 days and usually uses opioid receptor agonists

rate-dependent effects

differing effects of a drug depending on the rate of behavior prior to drug administration

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

hallucinogen known as acid, window pane, and blotter

dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

hallucinogenic compound found in certain South American plants and produced endogenously

trip

hallucinogenic experience

Rank the factors below in terms of risk for developing schizophrenia from highest risk to lowest risk. highest risk second highest risk third highest risk

having a monozygotic twin with schizophrenia having a dizygotic twin with schizophrenia having a non-twin sibling with schizophrenia

herbal incense

herbal marijuana alternative that involves smoking herbs or tobacco sprayed with a synthetic cannabinoid

good trip

highly pleasant sensory distortions and pseudo-hallucinations

what plane is this

horizontal

fragmentary blackout (or brownout)

incomplete memories from a period of alcohol intoxication

metabolic tolerance (to alcohol)

increase in liver alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes resulting in an increased rate of alcohol metabolism

Because tobacco may contain MAO inhibitors, smoking tobacco can be expected to do which of the following? Select one or more: increase norepinephrine levels increase dopamine levels decrease glutamate levels increase GABA levels decrease dopamine levels decrease serotonin levels increase glutamate levels

increase norepinephrine levels increase dopamine levels

upregulation

increased production of proteins

Correlational and experimental studies vary in that in correlational studies, there is no manipulation of the __________ variable.

independent

vaping

inhaling vapor from an e-cigarette

dabbing

inhaling vapors emitted from a flame-heated hashish oil and butane mixture (the "dab") that was dabbed onto the end of a glass or titanium rod

Influx of negatively charged ions will generate an _______________

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

alcohol cardiomyopathy

low cardiac output from enlargement of the heart and dilation of heart chambers caused by heavy and chronic alcohol use

psilocybin

main psychoactive constituent in hallucinogenic mushrooms belonging to the genus Psilocybe

disulfiram

medication used for treating alcohol addiction that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and dopamine B-hydroxylase

cotinine

metabolite of nicotine

acetaldehyde

metabolite produced from enzymatic conversion of alcohol with alcohol dehydrogenase

disease model

model that characterizes drug addition as a disease

cocaine

psychostimulant derived from the leaves of erythroxylon coca

____________ effects are pharmacological effects that can be directly observed by others.

objective

Which lobe below is involved with vision?

occipital

what lobe controls vision

occipital

cannabis withdrawal disorder

occurrence of physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms in the absence of cannabis

multiple organ failure

occurs due to hyperthermia from MDMA use resulting in seizures, muscle breakdown, kidney failure, and blood vessel blockade

semisynthetic opioids

opioid drugs synthesized from morphine or codeine

dextromethorphan

opioid receptor drug used in cough suppressant that in large enough doses can produce psychedelic effects

fully synthetic opioids

opioids not derived from morphine, codeine, or any other naturally occurring opioid

opioid overdose

overdose from opioid use in the form of severe respiratory depression, accompanied by weakness, weak pulse, bluish color to lips and skin, inability to talk, and potentially, unconsciousness

Which lobe below is important for processing touch information and contains the somatosensory cortex?

parietal

what lobe processes touch information

parietal

tar

particles released from burning tobacco

cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)

peptide neurotransmitter that is produced after psycho-stimulant transmission

accelerated time (cannabis use)

perceived faster passage of time associated with cannabis use

true hallucination

perception of images or sounds that are not real

modal object completion

perception of object boundaries inferred from incomplete representations of the object

Match the following descriptions to the appropriate clinical diagnosis For the last 3 years your best friend has been in a depressed mood most every day, eats very little each day, and cannot sleep well. For the last 21 days your best friend has been in a depressed mood, sleeps a lot, has gained weight, has low levels of energy, and complains of feeling worthless Your friend has started taking an SSRI for depression. After several weeks, you notice that your friend seems to be confused often, is short-tempered with you and others, and can't sit still for long After a break up your friend does not want to go out and sleeps most of the day, each day, for a week. For the last three days your best friend has been in a depressed mood, sleeps a lot, has gained weight, has low levels of energy, and complains of feeling worthless

persistent depressive disorder major depressive disorder no diagnosis no diagnosis

C-1021T polymorphism

polymorphism that causes low expression of dopamine B-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine.

contact high

positive subjective effects from secondhand exposure to cannabis smoke

detoxification

process aimed at ceasing drug intoxication reducing withdrawal symptoms

associative learning

process by which an organism learns associations between stimuli or between behaviors and stimuli

reinforcement

process in which the resulting consequence from a response increases the frequency of future responses

detoxification

process that uses an opioid agonist or antagonist to reduce withdrawal symptoms

salvinorin a

psychoactive compound found in Salvia divinorum, referred to as magic mint or diviner's sage

opioids

psychoactive substances that elicit pharmacological effects by acting on opioid receptors

caffeine

psychostimulant compound and a member of the xanthine chemical class

Eric begins using cocaine as a teenager. When he goes to college, Eric also begins drinking alcohol. Eric finds that he does not enjoy taking cocaine after drinking alcohol and his use of cocaine after drinking alcohol declines in frequency. Eric continues using cocaine frequently on nights that he does not drink alcohol. Match the conditioning terms to terms from the scenario. subjective effects of alcohol decline in frequency of using cocaine after drinking alcohol

s-delta extinction

what plane is this

sagittal

models of drug addition

scientific attempts to characterize and explain compulsive drug use

dissociative anesthetics

sedative pain-relieving drugs that produce feelings of disconnectedness from the body and have depressant and stimulant effects

secondhand smoke

smoke exhaled from a smoker or smoke released from a burning tobacco product

chippers

smokers who fail to develop an addiction to tobacco

Match the following descriptions to the appropriate term. Chester cannot register for any classes that involve presenting material in front of the class due to extreme fear of public speaking and his concern that he will be ridiculed by audience members. Jerome excessively washes his hands (15-20 times per instance) to reduce stress related to concerns about germs After experiencing an assault, Christian reacts to loud noises with a high heart rate and blood pressure and rapid breathing. Sonya worries about her grades, her future job, losing family members, and nuclear war on a nearly daily basis

social anxiety disorder obsessive compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder generalized anxiety disorder

out-of-body experience

the sensation of floating above one's body or even viewing one's body as if one is separate from it

polydrug use

the use of multiple substances, normally with the intention of achieving a specific effect

cognitive-behavioral therapies (for alcohol dependence)

therapies that seek to improve an individual's cognitive and behavioral skills toward changing problem alcohol use

cognitive-behavioral therapies

therapies that teach drug-addicted individuals to identify and reduce urges to use a substance

behavioral therapies

therapies that use the principles of applied behavior analysis to analyze and develop strategies for treating drug addiction

nicotine replacement therapy

therapy that consists of using a non-tobacco nicotine product to minimize symptoms

cannabis

three varieties of plants that contain naturally occurring psychoactive cannabinoids

cigar

tightly rolled bundle of dried tobacco leaves wrapped in a leaf

Henry started taking opiate medication when he felt back pain from back surgery and the pain was eliminated or reduced. Over time, the pain-reducing effects of opiate medication diminished for Henry. Match the conditioning terms below with the correct events in the scenario. diminished pain-reducing effects of opiate medication: back pain:

tolerance negative reinforcer

acute tolerance (to alcohol)

tolerance that occurs when alcohol's behavioral effects are weaker for declining BACs than for inclining BACs

meth mouth

tooth decay caused by methamphetamine use

emphysema

type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by irreversible lung damage

hangover

unpleasant experience that may occur after alcohol consumption

disinhibition

weakening of behavioral control