Crim 1 and 2
Traditionally, about ______________ percent of all reported index crimes are cleared by arrest each year.
20
According to the Wolfgang et al study, chronic offenders account for a large amount crime but make up only _____ percentage of the population.
6
For every one murder perpetrated by a female, how many murders are perpetrated by males?
7
According to statistics in the text, approximately how many gang members are in the United States?
800,000
_________ is referred to as the unlawful attack against another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury.
Aggravated assault
Most reported crimes occur during the months of July and ______________.
August
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft is known as a ____________________.
Burglary
The masculine hypothesis, which states that most female crime is committed by more masculine females who possess male traits, was developed by
Cesare Lombroso
A sample of subjects whose behavior is followed over a period of time is referred to as a _______________.
Cohort
Which characteristics are used to predict chronic offending? A : school-attendance problems B : patterns of running away from home C : childhood sexual abuse D : all of the above
D
Most crimes occur in July and August, with the exception of murder, which occurs frequently in
December and January
The trend in overall U.S. crime rates has shown a marked _____.
Decline
Crimes are cleared in two ways: through arrest, charging, and being turned over to the court, or through _________________ means.
Exceptional
__________ crimes are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger against society.
Expressive
The ___________________ is responsible for compiling the large database of statistics known as the Uniform Crime Report.
FBI
Because of limited economic opportunities, it is possible that crime rates may _____ in the future.
Rise
___________________ is referred to as the selection of a limited number of people from a larger group for study
Sample
Of the following countries, which has the lowest crime and victimization rate?
Spain
According to recent UCR data, which statement is most accurate?
Teen crime has dropped at a rate of over three to one as compared with adult crime
A research approach that asks participants, often prisoners, to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed
a self-report survey
Elderly males (over the age of 65) are primarily arrested more often for __________, while elderly females are arrested for ___________.
alcohol-related crimes, larceny
According to the ____ hypothesis, the criminality of females is masked because of the generally benevolent and protective attitude toward women in our society.
chivalry
Wolfgang and colleagues research depicted that a small percentage of the population was responsible for a large percentage of crime. These individuals are known as:
chronic offenders
The hypothesis that teens and kids commit crime in groups more often than they act individually is known as the _____ hypothesis
co-offending
Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, especially over time, is termed
cohort research
Which of the following is not a contributing factor to inconsistent reporting in the Uniform Crime Reports?
complex compilation methods
This view holds that the best predictor of future criminality is past criminality
continuity of crime
Criminologists use _____ to create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime.
crime maps
A _______________________________ is a survey in which data about all variables related to a given population are collected in order to determine crime rates.
cross-sectional survey
A police department could use ______ to identify and target locations associated with increased random gunfire during the previous years New Years Eve holiday in order to deploy police resources to those areas
data mining
______ has been employed to help police departments allocate resources to combat crime based on offense patterns, resulting in the development of predictive policing.
data mining
If criminologists want to see the direct effect of one factor on another, such as determining whether playing violent video games will impact the aggression of players, they conduct
experimental research
Crimes that have no purpose except accomplishing the goal at hand--for instance, shooting somebody-- are called _______________.
expressive crimes
A person who continually violates the law and shapes his or her life around the concept of criminality is referred to as a passive-life criminal
false
A retroactive cohort study uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back at their early offending and other characteristics, such as education and income status
false
About 80 percent of all murders and 70 percent of all robberies involve the use of firearms
false
Burglaries occur most often in September, especially in college towns, because of the influx of new residents
false
MTF data indicate that the number of people who break the law is far lower than the number projected by official statistics
false
Minor traffic crimes are the primary data collected in Part II index crimes. This data determines the grant money and safer-streets funding allocated for cities
false
Scholars have a clear understanding regarding the relationship between the economy and crime rates
false
The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.
false
The Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.
false
The idea that females are treated more leniently than males by the criminal justice system is referred to as the cheater theory
false
The racial threat hypothesis states that as minorities increase in a population, they become more of a threat to society based on numbers and past criminal patterns
false
True experiments, using all of the elements of the scientific method, are very common in criminology
false
While boys and girls offend at drastically different rates, psychologists have found no measurable differences in their verbal abilities or visual-spatial abilities
false
Wolfgang and colleagues found that chronic offenders consist of about 36 percent of the population, but account for 92 percent of the offending
false
About two-thirds of murders and 40 percent of robberies involve a(n)
firearm
About two-thirds of all murders and 40 percent of robberies involve the use of a _____.
firearm or gun
When measured with UCR data, official statistics indicate that crime rates in inner cities and high-poverty areas are generally _______________ compared to wealthier, higher-class neighborhoods.
higher
Part I crimes are also referred to as _____________ and include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson, and _____________.
index crimes, larceny
Those unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other illegal activities known as ________ crimes.
instrumental
The belief that lower rates of criminal offending by females can be explained by their second-class standing in society is explained by
liberal feminist theory
Noncitizen adult men from Mexico, a group disproportionately likely to have entered the U.S. illegally, are ______ than U.S.-born adult men to be in a correctional setting
more than eight times less likely
If findings from the Monitoring the Future study are accurate, youth crime is
much greater than official statistics reveal
Which crime has the highest clearance rate because of arrests?
murder
A crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of conditions?
on an August day with a temperature of 80 degrees
Because of the amount of disposable income __________, crime rates may be higher.
on the first day of the month
The idea that those who offend early in life and commit more serious crimes in adolescence will continue to offend as adults is known as
persistence
One of the most important findings of the cohort studies discussed in the text is that:
persistent juvenile offenders are most likely to continue their criminal careers as adults
Selecting subjects based on their ethnic or racial background is known as ________________________.
racial profiling
Which best portrays the validity concerns that impact data-collection methods for the UCR?
reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices
Because cohort research is extremely difficult and time-consuming, another approach is to take an intact cohort from the past and collect data from their educational, family, police, and hospital records, which is known as a(n) _____ study.
retrospective cohort
A _______ is one that uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back into their early life experiences by checking their educational, family, police, and hospital records.
retrospective cohort study
The phrase the ecology of crime refers to:
season and climate
A type of survey in which criminals are surveyed to gain a true representation of criminal offending not captured by official measures such as the UCR are called _________________.
self-report surveys
The best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is
the Uniform Crime Report
The belief that as the percentage of minorities increases in a population, so does the added attention and stress placed on this group by police presence, is known as:
the racial threat hypothesis
A risk factor for future criminal offending is poor attendance in school
true
Cohort research involves studying a group of people who share common characteristics over a period of time
true
Crime maps are used to create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime
true
Data mining has been used to aid police departments allocate resources to combat crime based on offense patterns, and has led to predictive policing
true
Deviance in adolescence is fueled by a need for money and sex and is reinforced by close peer relationships
true
Generally, girls are more willing to self-report drug use than boys, with the exception of Latina girls
true
Globalization and the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs may increase the crime rate in the future, according to the text
true
Human trafficking impacts virtually every country in every region of the world
true
Kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are most at risk to repeat offending later in life
true
Mandatory sentencing and three-strikes legislation are two ways in which states combat the problem of chronic offenders
true
Most self-report studies tend to focus on juvenile offending
true
Most teens who commit crime discontinue their criminal ways by adulthood
true
Neighborhoods experiencing income inequality and resource deprivation have crime rates significantly higher than neighborhoods with greater wealth
true
One area of examination regarding race is the dissolution of family and low employment rates of minorities, and their relationship to crime
true
One way in which crimes are cleared is through arrest
true
Part I index crimes consist of eight crimes, four of which are personal crimes and four of which are property crimes.
true
Self-report data appear to be more stable than the UCR and NCVS indicate
true
Survey data derived from all age, race, gender, and income characteristics measured simultaneously is referred to as a cross-sectional study
true
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) began in 1973 and is one of the most comprehensive methods of data collection on victimization in the United States
true
The liberal feminist view focuses on womens role as second-class citizens based on economic and social positions
true
There has been a significant decline in U.S. crime rates, which are now below those of other industrial nations
true
U.S.-born adult men are incarcerated in state prisons at rates up to 3.3 times higher than are foreign-born men in the U.S.
true
When criminal complaints are found through investigation to be unfounded, they are eliminated from the actual count in the Uniform Crime Report.
true
______________ are those committed by indigent people as a result of legitimate opportunities for economic gain.
Instrumental crimes
In regard to the Uniform Crime Reports, the three areas of concern for validity and reliability issues are law enforcement, reporting practices, and _____________________ practices.
Methodological
The propensity shown in Paternoster et als study of deviant peers is that people exposed to positive attitudes toward deviant behavior are ____ likely to adapt similar behaviors themselves.
More
Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction between the two is the ability of the
NCVS to measure unreported crime
The Bureau of Justice Statistics sponsors one of the largest victim-related surveys, known as the: ______________________.
National Crime Victimization Survey.
The ________________________________ requires local law enforcement to provide a brief account of each arrest within 22 categories of crime patterns.
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
The eight serious and frequent crimes the FBI reports on annually, which include crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery, are referred to as __________________.
Part I Index Crimes
A policy in which offenders convicted of three felony offenses receive a mandatory life sentence is known as:
The three-strikes law
The FBIs __________________ is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics.
Uniform Crime Report