Crim 1 and 2

Traditionally, about ______________ percent of all reported index crimes are cleared by arrest each year.

20

According to the Wolfgang et al study, chronic offenders account for a large amount crime but make up only _____ percentage of the population.

6

For every one murder perpetrated by a female, how many murders are perpetrated by males?

7

According to statistics in the text, approximately how many gang members are in the United States?

800,000

_________ is referred to as the unlawful attack against another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury.

Aggravated assault

Most reported crimes occur during the months of July and ______________.

August

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft is known as a ____________________.

Burglary

The masculine hypothesis, which states that most female crime is committed by more masculine females who possess male traits, was developed by

Cesare Lombroso

A sample of subjects whose behavior is followed over a period of time is referred to as a _______________.

Cohort

Which characteristics are used to predict chronic offending? A : school-attendance problems B : patterns of running away from home C : childhood sexual abuse D : all of the above

D

Most crimes occur in July and August, with the exception of murder, which occurs frequently in

December and January

The trend in overall U.S. crime rates has shown a marked _____.

Decline

Crimes are cleared in two ways: through arrest, charging, and being turned over to the court, or through _________________ means.

Exceptional

__________ crimes are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger against society.

Expressive

The ___________________ is responsible for compiling the large database of statistics known as the Uniform Crime Report.

FBI

Because of limited economic opportunities, it is possible that crime rates may _____ in the future.

Rise

___________________ is referred to as the selection of a limited number of people from a larger group for study

Sample

Of the following countries, which has the lowest crime and victimization rate?

Spain

According to recent UCR data, which statement is most accurate?

Teen crime has dropped at a rate of over three to one as compared with adult crime

A research approach that asks participants, often prisoners, to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed

a self-report survey

Elderly males (over the age of 65) are primarily arrested more often for __________, while elderly females are arrested for ___________.

alcohol-related crimes, larceny

According to the ____ hypothesis, the criminality of females is masked because of the generally benevolent and protective attitude toward women in our society.

chivalry

Wolfgang and colleagues research depicted that a small percentage of the population was responsible for a large percentage of crime. These individuals are known as:

chronic offenders

The hypothesis that teens and kids commit crime in groups more often than they act individually is known as the _____ hypothesis

co-offending

Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, especially over time, is termed

cohort research

Which of the following is not a contributing factor to inconsistent reporting in the Uniform Crime Reports?

complex compilation methods

This view holds that the best predictor of future criminality is past criminality

continuity of crime

Criminologists use _____ to create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime.

crime maps

A _______________________________ is a survey in which data about all variables related to a given population are collected in order to determine crime rates.

cross-sectional survey

A police department could use ______ to identify and target locations associated with increased random gunfire during the previous years New Years Eve holiday in order to deploy police resources to those areas

data mining

______ has been employed to help police departments allocate resources to combat crime based on offense patterns, resulting in the development of predictive policing.

data mining

If criminologists want to see the direct effect of one factor on another, such as determining whether playing violent video games will impact the aggression of players, they conduct

experimental research

Crimes that have no purpose except accomplishing the goal at hand--for instance, shooting somebody-- are called _______________.

expressive crimes

A person who continually violates the law and shapes his or her life around the concept of criminality is referred to as a passive-life criminal

false

A retroactive cohort study uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back at their early offending and other characteristics, such as education and income status

false

About 80 percent of all murders and 70 percent of all robberies involve the use of firearms

false

Burglaries occur most often in September, especially in college towns, because of the influx of new residents

false

MTF data indicate that the number of people who break the law is far lower than the number projected by official statistics

false

Minor traffic crimes are the primary data collected in Part II index crimes. This data determines the grant money and safer-streets funding allocated for cities

false

Scholars have a clear understanding regarding the relationship between the economy and crime rates

false

The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.

false

The Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.

false

The idea that females are treated more leniently than males by the criminal justice system is referred to as the cheater theory

false

The racial threat hypothesis states that as minorities increase in a population, they become more of a threat to society based on numbers and past criminal patterns

false

True experiments, using all of the elements of the scientific method, are very common in criminology

false

While boys and girls offend at drastically different rates, psychologists have found no measurable differences in their verbal abilities or visual-spatial abilities

false

Wolfgang and colleagues found that chronic offenders consist of about 36 percent of the population, but account for 92 percent of the offending

false

About two-thirds of murders and 40 percent of robberies involve a(n)

firearm

About two-thirds of all murders and 40 percent of robberies involve the use of a _____.

firearm or gun

When measured with UCR data, official statistics indicate that crime rates in inner cities and high-poverty areas are generally _______________ compared to wealthier, higher-class neighborhoods.

higher

Part I crimes are also referred to as _____________ and include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson, and _____________.

index crimes, larceny

Those unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other illegal activities known as ________ crimes.

instrumental

The belief that lower rates of criminal offending by females can be explained by their second-class standing in society is explained by

liberal feminist theory

Noncitizen adult men from Mexico, a group disproportionately likely to have entered the U.S. illegally, are ______ than U.S.-born adult men to be in a correctional setting

more than eight times less likely

If findings from the Monitoring the Future study are accurate, youth crime is

much greater than official statistics reveal

Which crime has the highest clearance rate because of arrests?

murder

A crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of conditions?

on an August day with a temperature of 80 degrees

Because of the amount of disposable income __________, crime rates may be higher.

on the first day of the month

The idea that those who offend early in life and commit more serious crimes in adolescence will continue to offend as adults is known as

persistence

One of the most important findings of the cohort studies discussed in the text is that:

persistent juvenile offenders are most likely to continue their criminal careers as adults

Selecting subjects based on their ethnic or racial background is known as ________________________.

racial profiling

Which best portrays the validity concerns that impact data-collection methods for the UCR?

reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices

Because cohort research is extremely difficult and time-consuming, another approach is to take an intact cohort from the past and collect data from their educational, family, police, and hospital records, which is known as a(n) _____ study.

retrospective cohort

A _______ is one that uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back into their early life experiences by checking their educational, family, police, and hospital records.

retrospective cohort study

The phrase the ecology of crime refers to:

season and climate

A type of survey in which criminals are surveyed to gain a true representation of criminal offending not captured by official measures such as the UCR are called _________________.

self-report surveys

The best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is

the Uniform Crime Report

The belief that as the percentage of minorities increases in a population, so does the added attention and stress placed on this group by police presence, is known as:

the racial threat hypothesis

A risk factor for future criminal offending is poor attendance in school

true

Cohort research involves studying a group of people who share common characteristics over a period of time

true

Crime maps are used to create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime

true

Data mining has been used to aid police departments allocate resources to combat crime based on offense patterns, and has led to predictive policing

true

Deviance in adolescence is fueled by a need for money and sex and is reinforced by close peer relationships

true

Generally, girls are more willing to self-report drug use than boys, with the exception of Latina girls

true

Globalization and the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs may increase the crime rate in the future, according to the text

true

Human trafficking impacts virtually every country in every region of the world

true

Kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are most at risk to repeat offending later in life

true

Mandatory sentencing and three-strikes legislation are two ways in which states combat the problem of chronic offenders

true

Most self-report studies tend to focus on juvenile offending

true

Most teens who commit crime discontinue their criminal ways by adulthood

true

Neighborhoods experiencing income inequality and resource deprivation have crime rates significantly higher than neighborhoods with greater wealth

true

One area of examination regarding race is the dissolution of family and low employment rates of minorities, and their relationship to crime

true

One way in which crimes are cleared is through arrest

true

Part I index crimes consist of eight crimes, four of which are personal crimes and four of which are property crimes.

true

Self-report data appear to be more stable than the UCR and NCVS indicate

true

Survey data derived from all age, race, gender, and income characteristics measured simultaneously is referred to as a cross-sectional study

true

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) began in 1973 and is one of the most comprehensive methods of data collection on victimization in the United States

true

The liberal feminist view focuses on womens role as second-class citizens based on economic and social positions

true

There has been a significant decline in U.S. crime rates, which are now below those of other industrial nations

true

U.S.-born adult men are incarcerated in state prisons at rates up to 3.3 times higher than are foreign-born men in the U.S.

true

When criminal complaints are found through investigation to be unfounded, they are eliminated from the actual count in the Uniform Crime Report.

true

______________ are those committed by indigent people as a result of legitimate opportunities for economic gain.

Instrumental crimes

In regard to the Uniform Crime Reports, the three areas of concern for validity and reliability issues are law enforcement, reporting practices, and _____________________ practices.

Methodological

The propensity shown in Paternoster et als study of deviant peers is that people exposed to positive attitudes toward deviant behavior are ____ likely to adapt similar behaviors themselves.

More

Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction between the two is the ability of the

NCVS to measure unreported crime

The Bureau of Justice Statistics sponsors one of the largest victim-related surveys, known as the: ______________________.

National Crime Victimization Survey.

The ________________________________ requires local law enforcement to provide a brief account of each arrest within 22 categories of crime patterns.

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

The eight serious and frequent crimes the FBI reports on annually, which include crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery, are referred to as __________________.

Part I Index Crimes

A policy in which offenders convicted of three felony offenses receive a mandatory life sentence is known as:

The three-strikes law

The FBIs __________________ is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics.

Uniform Crime Report