Criminal Courts Ch 9-14

In general, how many peremptory challenges are available to attorneys in noncapital cases when choosing a jury?

---> a) 4-6 b) 10-12 c) 16-20 d) 25-30

Which amendment requires the federal government to take a case forward by means of a grand jury indictment?

---> a) Fifth Amendment b) Sixth Amendment c) Eighth Amendment d) Fourteenth Amendment

For what reason were jurors initially not allowed to take notes?

---> a) Most jurors were illiterate. b) Trials were so short it was deemed unnecessary. c) Judges did not trust jurors to take accurate notes. d) Paper was not readily available.

How many U.S. Supreme Court justices must vote to hear a case for it to be heard?

---> a) four b) five c) six d) seven

Which of the following is not an intermediation sanction?

---> a) increased greatly b) decreased greatly c) decreased slowly d) stayed about the same

Which of the following is not one of the six principles for problem-solving courts identified by the Center for Court Innovation?

---> a) parental involvement b) focus on individualized justice c) emphasis on accountability d) collaboration between professionals

Which of the following principles is embraced by many problem-solving courts?

---> a) restorative justice b) deterrence c) incapacitation d) crime prevention

Domestic violence victims whose cases were handled through specialized courts are generally dissatisfied with their experiences.

False

Each state court of last resort is required to have nine justices.

False

Every defendant has an inherent right to appeal his or her case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

False

Jury summons have high return rates.

False

Many states did not provide trials by jury until that portion of the Bill of Rights was incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment.

False

Most jury trials result in acquittal.

False

Research on gender bias in sentencing suggests that judges do not take offenders' family circumstances into consideration when making pretrial release and sentencing decisions.

False

Teenage defendants tend to receive harsher sentences than young adults.

False

With the exception of the Ninth Circuit, each of the 13 Circuit Courts of Appeals is staffed by nine justices.

False

A sentence of death does not necessarily mean that the offender will be executed.

True

Even though the process of restorative justice is different from more traditional punishment, the outcomes are often quite similar.

True

In many states, defendants who plead guilty forfeit their right to appeal their case.

True

In the United States, 31 states and the federal government have statutes that authorize the death penalty.

True

Monetary fines are most frequently used in conjunction with some other punishment.

True

Overcharging is one concern regarding plea bargains.

True

Sentence agreements reduce the judge's discretion.

True

The defendants' right to file an interlocutory appeal is very limited.

True

The focus of domestic violence courts differs significantly from that of other problem-solving courts.

True

The initial appearance serves to advise the suspect why he or she is being detained and to explain what the suspect's rights are.

True

In which decade did problem-solving courts really begin to become popular?

a) 1930s b) 1950s c) 1970s ---> d) 1990s

If a prisoner successfully appeals for habeas review, what happens next?

a) A trial is held to determine a new sentence. ---> b) The constitutionality of the confinement is reviewed by the court. c) The case is sent to a lower court for retrial. d) The prisoner is essentially set free.

What amendment to the Constitution give defendants the right to refrain from testifying at trial?

a) First Amendment b) Third Amendment ---> c) Fifth Amendment d) Sixth Amendment

Which of the following is true of drug treatment courts?

a) They are less formal than traditional courts. b) They are nonadversarial. c) They generally exclude violent offenders. ---> d) All of these are true of drug treatment courts.

What ruling came from the suit filed by Edward Bushell, filed in England in 1670?

a) Verdicts must be given by jurors. b) Jurors cannot be bribed. ---> c) Juries must not be coerced. d) Juries can be overruled by a judge.

What is issued if the U.S. Supreme Court decides to hear a case?

a) a subpoena b) a warrant c) an appeal ---> d) a writ certiorari

Which of the following justifications views punishment as a means to repair the harm and injury caused by the crime?

a) deterrence b) incapacitation c) rehabilitation ---> d) restorative justice

Which primary classification of punishment places emphasis on deterrence of future offenses?

a) due process model b) crime control model c) retributive model ---> d) utilitarian model

The jury selection process is designed to achieve two goals: to ensure that a fair cross section of the community is included as potential jurors and to ______.

a) give the defendant the greatest opportunity for acquittal b) provide the lowest likelihood of conviction c) provide the highest likelihood of conviction ---> d) permit the seating of individual jurors who are unbiased with regard to the case on which they serve

Jurors who vote to utilize jury nullification are said to be voting with their ______.

a) heads ---> b) consciences c) wallets d) feet

Why did some states create intermediate appellate courts?

a) increasing numbers of appeals declined by state supreme courts ---> b) increasing numbers of appeals c) decreasing judges on state supreme courts d) a mandate by the U.S. Supreme Court

Under which system of sentencing does the judge sentence the offender to a required minimum sentence, as required by the legislature for certain offenses?

a) intermediate sentencing b) determinate sentencing ---> c) mandatory sentencing d) sentencing guidelines

Under which system of sentencing does the judge sentence the offender, taking into consideration nonbinding suggestions created by legislative commissions?

a) intermediate sentencing b) determinate sentencing c) mandatory sentencing ---> d) sentencing guidelines

What is required of verdicts in six-person juries?

a) majority verdicts b) Six-person juries are unconstitutional. c) Five of the six jurors must agree. ---> d) unanimous verdicts

Which of the following is an alternative to indictment by a grand jury?

a) petty indictment b) due process indictment c) bill of charge ---> d) information

Which of the following did not lead to the increase in popularity of domestic violence courts?

a) policy changes leading to higher arrest rates for domestic violence ---> b) proliferation of feminism in the 1990s c) changes in attitudes toward domestic violence d) increasing dissatisfaction with the responses to domestic violence

Domestic violence courts focus almost entirely on ______.

a) rehabilitation of offenders b) mediation between offenders and victims c) restitution for victims ---> d) the safety of the victims

Why can't prosecutors appeal a not guilty verdict?

a) the fair prosecution clause b) the judicial clause ---> c) the double jeopardy clause d) the appellate clause

What is the name of the process that occurred during the Middle Ages in which a defendant would perform some dangerous task to prove his or her innocence?

a) trial by fire ---> b) trial by ordeal c) trial by torture d) trial by endurance

Defendants are entitled to a trial by a jury for all ______.

a) trials b) felonies ---> c) cases that may result in imprisonment of more than 6 months d) cases that may result in any imprisonment

Restorative justice focus on which of the following pair of concepts?

a) victim and harm ---> b) harm and repair c) offender and punishment d) offender and restitution

Charges filed against a defendant are outlined in an information or a(an) ______.

a) warrant b) subpoena ---> c) indictment d) booking sheet

Lay witnesses may testify to all of the following except what?

a) what was said to them ---> b) why the defendant committed the crime c) the events that they witnessed d) what they may have smelled

According to research, under which circumstances do jurors tend to allow personal biases and other irrelevant considerations to cloud their judgment?

a) when the juror and defendant are of different racial groups b) when the juror and defendant are of the opposite sex c) when the evidence presented is strong ---> d) when the evidence presented is weak