criminology ch 3
broken windows theory
crack down on minor offenses to reduce major crimes
classical theory often called
deterrence theory
why did beccarian's model of offending experience a rebirth in the 1960's?
due to scientific studies that showed that rehab programs had no impact on reducing recidvism
rational choice theory
explaining people's choices and behaviors emphasizes factors that go into decisions to engage or no engage in an act
what influence does an individual's behavior have those around the individual?
important variables in decisions to commit crime a strong support system (friends,family, and loved ones) influences whether or not they will engage in criminal activity
what increases the probability of becoming victims/offenders due to the type of lifestle they choose
lifestyle perspective
what does routine activities theory suggest?
motivated offenders is constant; other variables change -suitable targets: homes without fences -lack of capable guardian: absence of police/homeowner
what did the criminological studies in the late 1980'-mid 1900's discover?
official/formal sanctions have some effect on individiuals decisions to commit crime but they are unimportant compared to extralegal or informal factors
crime will decrease in situations when...
opportunities are limited costs are increased benefits are reduced
routine activities theory
presented by Cohen and Felson in 1979 three factors -motivated offender(s) -suitable target -lack of guardianship hese three factors=increase liklihood of recidivism referred as hot spots
what became the model of criminal offending became the modern framework of deterrence?
rational choice thorey
shaming strategies
shames the offender stigmatize labels
most important decision to go back to crime
the pleasure expected to get from offending
look over page 65
third paragraph
Lifestyles perspective
Risky lifestyles of offenders/victims
what are the two varieties of rational choice theory
-routine activities theory= one is built on emerging emphasis on vistimization situational choice thoery- an extension of the rational chouce persepective
Rational choice theory
Includes all traditional deterrence factors, but added: Informal factors (e.g., family, friends, employers) Benefits of the crime (e.g., payoff and pleasure/thrills of offending)
Routine activities theory
Likely opportunity for victimization, given three concepts: Motivated offender Attractive/suitable target Absence of guardianship
Various
Very similar propositions as routine activities theory, but emphasizes the risky behavior (such as hanging out at seedy bars) of offenders, as opposed to victims.
Cohen & Felson
Victimization/crime is much more likely to occur in places where the 3 elements converge in time and place, and that it is typically as individuals are going about their routine daily activities, such as going to school/work, hanging out, and so forth
Cornish & Clarke
adds extra concepts that go into individuals' decisions to engage in criminal activity; these added propositions are that the more people believe their loved ones look poorly on their behavior, the more likely be deterred; the more pleasure of the crime, the less deterred.
types of research
aggregate studies=collection of studies on a topic cross-sectional research= data collected at one point in time longitudinal studies = data collected over time scenario research or vignettes= hypothetica; scenarios
three-strikes-you're-out
assumes offender will make rational decisions becayse they will go to prison for life