Criminology Chapter 13
over billing or charging
(chiseling) usually involve ___________ for something that the customer never received
Bank of Credit and Commerce International
(investment swindles) collapse of the _____________________ is probably the most costly swindle in history, costing depositors $10 billion (until Bernard Madoff)
Bernard Madoff
(investment swindles) _________ created the world's greatest Ponzi scheme with an estimated cost to clients of $65 billion
unacceptable performance
(management fraud) concealing ______________ from stockholders
personal holdings
(management fraud) fraudulently increasing ____________ of company stock
compensation
(management fraud) fraudulently receiving increases in __________
manipulating accounts
(management fraud) retaining one's position by ____________
underreport
(tax evasion) challenging because so many citizens regularly ________ their income
underreported, taxable income
(tax evasion) the government must find that the taxpayer either _________ income or did not report __________
evade or defeat a tax payment
(tax evasion) the government must show that the taxpayer purposely attempted to ______________
government
(tax evasion) the victim is the ________
willfulness
(tax evasion) voluntary, intention violation
trust, swindles, and corporate crime
Contemporary definitions of white-collar crime are typically much broader than Sutherland's including: 2. Tax evasion, credit card and bankruptcy frauds, embezzlement, violations of ___________________________________
30%
National White-Collar Crime Center Findings: About ____ report their victimizations to law enforcement.
half of households
National White-Collar Crime Center Findings: About _____________ experience at least one form of white-collar crime victimization each year.
non-delivery and auction fraud
National White-Collar Crime Center Findings: Most often these are _____________________; there is an increase in crimes related to technology.
half of all Americans
National White-Collar Crime Center Findings: Over ________________ experience at least one form of white-collar victimization within their lifetimes.
general public
National White-Collar Crime Center Findings: The __________ views white collar crime seriously, calling for increased governmental resource allocations to combat these crimes
civil courts, recouping losses
Sutherland believed the great majority of white-collar criminals did not become the subject of criminological study because their crimes were handled by _________ and injured parties were more concerned with _________ rather than punishment of offenders.
wealthy classes,
White-collar crime involved conspiracies by members of the __________ to use their position in commerce and industry for personal gain without regard to law.
white collar crime
a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation
subprime mortgage
a home loan given to borrowers who, because of their income, wouldn't ordinarily qualify for bank loans
corporate violence
annually kills and injuries more people than all street crimes combined
influence peddling in government
become all too common for elected and appointed government officials to be forced to resign or even to be jailed for accepting bribes to use their influence
health care fraud
billing for more expensive services or procedures than provided, performing medically unnecessary services and/or misrepresenting non-covered treatments as medically necessary for purposes of obtaining insurance payments
influence peddling in business
business officials forcing those wishing to work with the company to pay a bribe or kickback to gain a contract
rational choice (greed and need), rationalization/neutralization view, cultural view, self-control view
causes of enterprise crime
magnet loaded pens
charging for bogus auto repairs, zapping cab meters with _____________
bank fraud
check kiting, check forgery, false statements on loan applicants and bank credit card fraud
management fraud
converting company assets for personal benefit
securities chiseling
corporate employees with direct
fair treatment
deprives a buyer or customer of ___________ by bending the rules of reasonable and familiar business practices
violence
enterprise crime can involve _______
white collar and green collar crime
enterprise crime refers to two categories of crime:
health care fraud
expected to rise as people live long and produce a greater demand for Medicare benefits
exploitation at the local level and state levels
fire inspectors, liquor license board members, food inspectors and any contractor thereto
Edwin Sutherland
first used the phrase "white collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful
what is produced, where it is produced, how it is produced
green crimes stem from decisions about:
normative
growing evidence that white collar crime deterrence strategies have become ________
illegal dumping
hazardous or nonhazardous materials that are discarded in an effort to avoid either disposal fees or the time and effort required for proper disposal
property, kills people
in addition to monetary losses, white-collar crime: 1. damages ______ and ______
confidence, commercial life
in addition to monetary losses, white-collar crime: 2. destroys ________ and saps the integrity of ___________
destruction, environment, community, society
in addition to monetary losses, white-collar crime: 3. has potential for devastating _________ to the _______, faith in _______ and fabric of _______
corporate, white collar criminal
in the past, it was rare for a ________ or _________ to receive a serious criminal penalty
illegal wildlife exports
include the smuggling of wildlife across national borders
embezzle company funds, company, organization
individual's use of their positions to __________________ or appropriate company property for themselves and the _______ or the __________ is the victim
white collar influence peddling
individuals holding important institutional positions sell power, influence, and information
green crimes
involve a wide range of actions and outcomes that harm the environment
exploitation
involves forcing victims to pay for services to which they have a clear right
illegal logging
involves harvesting, processing, and transporting timber or wood products in violation of existing laws and treaties
white collar chiseling
involves regularly cheating people or organizations by deception or deceit
influence peddling
involves using institutional positions to grant favors and sell information to those not entitled to it
extent of harm
it is difficult to judge the __________ to victims
law enforcement agencies
local prosecutors pursue white-collar criminals more vigorously if they are part of a team effort involving a network of ________________; however, relatively few prosecutors participate in interagency task forces
prevailing myth
many white collar criminals avoid prosecution and those that are prosecuted receive lenient punishments
business related bribery
not unique to the US
US Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division
now vigorously pursuing increased jail time for violators as well as more punitive financial penalties
white collar exploitations, monetary or in-kind
occurs when an individual abuses their power or position in an organization to coerce people into making payments (___________) to them for services to which they are already entitled
illegal fishing
occurs when ships sign on to their home nation's rules but then choose to ignore their scope and boundary, or operate in a county's waters without permission or on the high seas without a flag
administrative departments and agencies
on the federal level, detection and enforcement of white-collar crime is primarily in the hands of _________________
4,000
only ___ tax fraud investigations in 2006
white collar swindles
people use their business position to trick others out of their money
moral ambiguity
perception of white collar crime is clouded by __________
professional chiseling
pharmacists subs low-cost generic drugs for more expensive ones
kickbacks and self referrals
prohibited by federal law
prison sentences
public displeasure has led to a backlash that is resulting in more frequent use of prison sentences
exploitation in private industry
purchasing agents, fraudulent contracts for work never performed, steering work to
payola
routine practice in the record industry of paying radio stations
false accounting entries and fraudulently inflated assets and revenues
some subprime lenders, in order to stave off regulators, engaged in __________________________________; manipulated loan portfolios, and engaged in insider trading, and corporate fraud
stings and swindles, chiseling, individual exploitation of institutional position, influence peddling and bribery, embezzlement and employee fraud, client fraud, corporate crime
some types of white-collar crime are:
real estate values, increasing
subprime lenders made risky loans assuming that ___________ would always be __________; however sales slowed down, defaults increased
financial crisis
the collapse of the subprime mortgage system led to _________ in 2008-2009
illegal polluting
the intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the biosystem that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life
the IRS lacks the money to enforce the law
the majority of major tax cheats are not prosecuted because:
state-funded technical assistance offices
the number of ________________ to help local prosecutors has increased significantly
white collar client fraud
theft by a client from an organization that advances credit to its clients or sometimes reimburses them for services rendered
blue collar pilferage
theft of company property
Business Enterprise, free market system
these crimes of __________ are linked and often overlap; they taint and corrupt the _____________
US Sentencing Commission
voted to increase penalties for high dollar fraud and theft offenses
fraud
while subprime mortgages can help first time home buyers of limited means, they also have been the source of ______ by bother borrowers and lenders
non dangerous
white collar criminals are often considered ___________ offenders because they are respected older citizens who have families to support
upper class
Contemporary definitions of white-collar crime are typically much broader than Sutherland's including: 1. offenses of those who are not members of the _________
