Criminology: Exam 2

Chapter 5: -______ _____- view criminality as a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits -________- the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species -_______ _______ ______- assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people are vulnerable to crime form birth -differential susceptibility model- the belief that there is an indirect association between traits and crime -________- a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) in the blood falls below necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning -_______- male sex hormones -________- the principal male hormone -______ _______ (PMS)- condition, postulated by some theorists, wherein several days before and during menstruation excessive amounts of female sex hormones stimulate antisocial, aggressive behavior -_________- the study of brian activity -_______ ______ (CD)- a pattern of repetitive behavior in which the rights of other or social norms are violated -________ _______ _______ ______ (ADHD)- a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, along with impulsivity and hyperactivity -___________- chemical compounds that influence or activate brain functions

trait theories, sociobiology, individual vulnerability model, hypoglycemia, androgens, testosterone, premenstrual syndrome, neurophysiology, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurotransmitters

Merton's Modes of _______ -each person has his or her own concept of society's goals and his or her own degree of access to the means to attain them -some people have inadequate means of attaining success; others, who have the means, reject societal goals -Variety of social adaptations --1)_______- individuals embrace conventional social goals and also have the means to attain them, they can choose to conform. Remain law abiding --2)______- individuals accept the goals of society but are unable or unwilling to attain them through legitimate means, the resulting conflict forces them to adopt innovative solutions to their dilemma: they steal, sell drugs, or extort money. Most closely associated with criminal behavior --3)_______- gain pleasure from practicing traditional ceremonies, regardless of whether they have a real purpose to goal. the strict customs in religious orders, feudal societies, clubs, and college fraternities encourage and appeal to them --4)_______- reject both the goals and the means of society. they attempt to escape their lack of success by withdrawing, either mentally or physically, through taking drugs or becoming drifters --5)_______- individuals substitute an alternative set of goals and means for conventional ones. revolutionaries who wish to promote racial change in the existing social structure and who call for alternative lifestyles, goals, and beliefs are engaging in this. This may be a reaction against a corrupt, hated government or an effort to create alternative opportunities and lifestyles within the existing system -comes to deviant behavior it will spike during times of social disorder and will effect individual different based on their connection to social order -times of social change (positive or negative) that individuals not connected to social structure more likely to engage in deviant behavior than a person not experiencing anomie

Adaptation, conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

Development of Trait Theory -Can be subdivided into two major categories: those that stress biological makeup and those that stress psychological functioning -Began w/ Italian physician and criminologist _____ _______ -Sociobiology assumes that while social behavior is genetically transmitted, it adapts to and is shaped by existing environmental conditions -Behavior controlled by traits that are present at birth or developed soon afterwards -Possession of these traits does not guarantee that their bearer will commit crime, but given equivalent environmental conditions those who possess the suspect traits will be more likely to employ deviant or outlawed behaviors to attain their life goals and desires Contemporary Trait Theory -Each offender is considered physically and mentally unique, so there must be _______ explanations for each person's behavior -Some may have inherited criminal tendences; others may be suffering from neurological problems; still others may have blood chemistry disorders that heighten their antisocial activity Individual Vulnerability vs. Differential Susceptibility -Trait theorists today recognize that crime-producing interactions involve both personal traits (defective intelligence, impulsive personality, and abnormal brain chemistry) and environmental factors (family life, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood conditions)

Cesare Lombroso, different

_______ ________ Theory -Combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods react to social isolation and economic deprivation Focal Concerns -Lower-class has focal concern norms (trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy), street codes, passed down generation to generation -Gang Culture - membership's influence is both quick & long lasting Theory of Delinquent Subculture - Albert Cohen -Delinquent behavior of lower-class youths is actually a ______ against norms and values of middle-class US culture; experience status frustration Formation of Deviant Subcultures -Middle-class measuring rods -Lower-class boys rejected by the middle-class decision makers usually join one of the three existing subcultures: the corner boy, the college boy, or the delinquent boy Theory of Differential Opportunity - Cloward and Ohlin -Combined strain and social disorganization principles to portray a gang-sustaining criminal subculture -All opportunities for success, both illegal and conventional, are closed for the most disadvantaged youths -Young people are likely to join one of the three gang types: criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retreatist gangs

Cultural Deviance, protest

-things we consider humane or to involve humanity is nurture -nature v. nurture issue - social environment is considered -Biological - Lombroso -many theorists claim many things considered humane/inhumane relate to biological development and social and psychological development - can be subjective -some theories high levels of subjectivity ______ ______ -was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology". Placed great importance on the education of children ________ _______ _______- suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning process. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years: see cup with something in it Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7: knows water in cup Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11: taller class more water than shorter glass even though it holds the same Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up: glass half full or half empty -the ability to participate in more sophisticated forms of behavior - social and psychological traits

Jean Piaget, Cognitive Development Theory

_________'s Stages of Moral Development -6 stages are structure in three levels Pre-Conventional: values based on external events -1) Obedience and Punishment: acting to avoid punishment. max good -2) Self-Interest: further one's own interest Conventional: assessing personal consequences -3) Interpersonal Accord and Conformity: decisions based on the approval of others -4) Authority and Maintaining Social Order: judgements based on the relative rules and laws of society Post-Conventional: shared standards. rights, duties, and principals -5) Social Contract: social contract rules and laws of social good -6) Universal Ethical Principles: guided by moral principle of justice -requires psychological ability w/ morals

Kohlberg

-father of modern criminology _______ - applied scientific method/science to criminological data; biological -information you are addressing is testable sociological, psychological, and criminological -____ _____- meds to help a person relieve or do away w/ negative psychological outcomes in which criminality would be one; many good ones, hard to find correct drug/dosage -explanations only as good as data collected -follow scientific method when conducting theory -analyses of theory need correct test and/or information for it to be replicable -relationships between bio-social biology (concentric zone theory - Burgess and Park) -a lot of early studies - theories were weak and hard to predict/measure -link between biology and criminology - can be measured If use the right techniques - things change over time - retest Nature v. Nurture Debate - Galton -use twin for these studies - monozygotic preferred; separated at birth studies (take nurture out) -try to explain/measure concordance and discordance, similarities and differences in behavior in monozygotic and dizygotic twins -more concordance between _______ twins than w/ ______ twins -always look for alternative explanations -genetic testing done today

Lombroso, psych meds, identical, fraternal

Psychological View -Crime and the associations among intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior -________ View has a long history The Psychodynamic Perspective -Originated by Freud -We all carry with us the residue of the most significant emotional attachments of our childhood, which then guides our future interpersonal relationships -Human personality has a three-part structure: Id, ego, and superego -Psychodynamic tradition links crime to a manifestation of feelings of oppression and the inability to develop the proper psychological defenses and rationales to keep these feelings under control Attachment theory -Attachments are formed soon after birth, when infants bond with their mothers. Failure to develop proper attachment may cause people to fall prey to a number of psychological disorders, some of which resemble (ADHD) -As adults, they often have difficulty initiating and sustaining relationships with others and find it difficult to sustain romantic relationships. Research finds that lack of attachment predicts involvement in a broad spectrum of ________ activity.

Psychological, criminal

-science not correct = study not correct -biological correlate studies are very rigorous if you want them to be significant -Concentric Zone Theory - zone of highest crime, zone of poor, zone of middle class, zone of rich -Zone of ________- zone of highest crime rates b/c of people constantly coming and going -drug therapies used to treat or help psychological disorders -operate on belief of structure and function (behavioral) -______ _____- (disorder) often-inherited medical condition that occurs at or before birth -monozygotic twins are more likely than dizygotic twins to have a sibling that is concordant -monozygotic twins have a higher level of concordance than dizygotic -_______- cause surprise or confusion in (someone), especially by acting against their expectations -family studies relatively high rate of confounding factors and makes it difficult to say what is responsible -father and son highest rates of concordance -uncontrollable epilepsy - began to change their behavior -multiple explanations for most behaviors viewed as antisocial -live on healthier diet - less issues - poor diet b/c vitamins, alcohol, drugs, sugar -hypoglycemia can affect behavior - lead to changes in brain function - anxiety, mania, hallucinations, irritability, violent behavior

Transition, congenital anomaly, confound

-_______ ______- Robert Speck thought one but misdiagnosed; This XYY abnormality is often characterized by tallness and severe acne and sometimes by skeletal malformations and mental deficiency.With the discovery of the XYY abnormality in 1961, some social scientists proposed a link between the abnormality and aggressive and impulsive behavior. This "supermale" syndrome seemed confirmed when studies of prison populations showed the presence of the abnormality to be significantly higher than in the general population. -be very careful when doing type of research to note reveal identity or person -check other biological explanations of crime -father criminal, son more likely to be one -theories measurable, replicable, fit into scientific method approach -_______- is a pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules; show who is more likely to become a criminal -________ _______- Sheldon classified people according to three body types, or somatotypes: endomorphs, who are rounded and soft, were said to have a tendency toward a "viscerotonic" personality (i.e., relaxed, comfortable, extroverted); mesomorphs, who are square and muscular, were said to have a tendency toward a "somotonic" personality (i.e., active, dynamic, assertive, aggressive); and ectomorphs, who are thin and fine-boned, were said to have a tendency toward a "cerebrotonic" personality (i.e., introverted, thoughtful, inhibited, sensitive). He later used this classification system to explain delinquent behaviour, finding that delinquents were likely to be high in mesomorphy and low in ectomorphy and arguing that mesomorphy's associated temperaments (active and aggressive but lacking sensitivity and inhibition) tend to cause delinquency and criminal behaviour. Although his research was groundbreaking, it was criticized on the grounds that his samples were not representative and that he mistook correlation for causation. - criminology cannot be predicted by body type

XYY Theory, phrenology, somatotype theory

Hormonal Influences -Abnormal levels of male sex hormone ______ can produce aggressive behavior and antisocial behavior -_______ has been linked to criminality and violence -Hormones help explain the aging-out process - puberty done Premenstrual Syndrome -Females are more likely to commit suicide and to be aggressive and otherwise antisocial just before or during menstruation -A significant number of incarcerated females committed their crimes during the premenstrual phase, and at least a small percentage of women appear vulnerable to cyclical hormonal changes that make them more prone to anxiety and hostility Lead Exposure -Linked to emotional and behavioral disorders -Show to affect IQ, ability to pay attention, and academic achievement -_______ have much higher lead exposure Environmental Contaminants -Especially harmful to the brians of babies and small children because they may affect their developing nervous systems; they can be exposed to harmful chemicals even before they are born

androgens, testosterone, delinquents

Chapter 6: -______ ______- the view that anomie results when socially defined goals (such as wealth and power) are universally mandated but access to legitimate means (such as education and job opportunities) is stratified by class and statues -________ ______ _______ (IAT) the view that anomie pervades US culture because the drive for material wealth dominates and undermines social and community values -______ ______- the goal of accumulating material goods and wealth through individual competition; the process of being socialized to pursue material success and to believe it is achievable -_______ _______- envy, mistrust, and aggression resulting form perceptions of economic and social inequality -______ ______ _______ (GST)- the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality -_______ _______ ______- anger, frustration, and adverse emotions produced by a variety of sources of strain -_______ ______- values, such as toughness and street smarts, that have evolved specifically to fit conditions in lower-class environments

anomie theory, institutional anomie theory, American Dream, relative deprivation, general strain theory, negative affective states, focal concerns

Chapter 5: -_______ ______- the view that people seek to maintain a preferred level of arousal but vary in how they process sensory input. A need for high levels of environmental stimulation may lead to aggressive, violent behavior patterns -_________ (MZ) ______- identical twins; strongest genetic relationship -________ (DZ) ______- fraternal (nonidentical) twins -_________ _______- theory, originated by Freud, that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes that develop early in childhood and involve the interaction of id, ego, and superego -____- the primitive part of people's mental makeup, present at birth, that represents unconscious biological drives for food, sex, and other life-sustaining necessities. The id seeks instant gratification without concern for the rights of others -______- the part of the personality developed in early childhood that helps control the id and keep people's actions within the boundaries of social convention -________- the part of the personality representing the conscience, formed in early life by internalization of the standards of parents and other models of behavior -________ _______- Bowlby's theory that being able to form an emotional bond to another person is an important aspect of mental health throughout the lifespan -_______ _______- the view that all human behaviour is learned through a process of social reinforcement (rewards and punishment)

arousal theory, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) psychology, id, ego, superego, attachment theory, behavior theory

Sociopath/Psychopath -character trait, nice appearance - attractive, try to gain approval or favor, act submissive, lack empathy, can be heavily into drugs/alcohol, bedwetters, torture animals as a child, yes man or woman, lack conscience, steal - larceny, focus on me, compulsive liars -personality disorder which is a got to for law enforcement -like to put themselves in an environment where they can manipulate others as they enjoy it -different levels of them -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs- an idea in psychology proposed by American Abraham Maslow 1943: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs -_____ ______- a change in knowledge attributable to experience; can be distinguished from behavioral learning on the basis that cognitive learning involves a change in the learner's knowledge whereas behavioral learning involves a change in the learner's behavior. -largely linked to specific behavior stepping stones and closely w/ moral reasoning

cognitive learning

Violence Rational? -Evidence confirms that violent criminals select suitable targets by picking people who are vulnerable and lack adequate defenses -Some targets are chosen in order to send a message rather than to generate capital -Crimes are a response to one of three types of provocations: market-related robberies emerge from disputes involving partners in trade, rivals, or generalized predators; status-based violations involve encounters in which the robber's essential character or values have been challenged; and personalistic violations flow from incidents in which the robber's autonomy or sense of values has been jeopardized Sex crime rational? -Make careful and rational decisions when engaging prostitutes, they shared their knowledge and expertise in Internet chat rooms and web forums; take precautions before engaging in outlawed public order crime Analyzing Rational Choice Theory -crime is not a random event but the product of calculation and planning, designed to provide the would-be criminal with an overall benefit, either monetary profit or emotional thrill -_______ are selfish, self-absorbed individuals who care nothing about others -Believe they can get away with crime, will try it; fear of apprehension and punishment holds them back -Potential strategies for controlling crime under this theory: situational crime prevention strategies, general deterrence strategies, specific deterrence strategies, and incapacitation strategies

criminals

Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime -Scan areas of the brain that are directly related to antisocial behavior -Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the prefrontal lobes, thalamus, medial temporal lobe, and superior parietal and left angular gyrus areas of the brain -Reduction in _______ _______ - refers to impairment of the cognitive processes that facilitate the planning and regulation of goal-oriented behavior - ADHD, conduct disorder, autism, schizophrenia, major depression, alcoholism Brain Structure -Aggressive teenage behavior may be linked to the amygdala, an of the brain processes information regarding threats and fear, and to a lessening of activity in the frontal lobe, a brain region linked to decision making and impulse control ADHD -More likely to engage in criminal behavior as adults and have CD -One view: association is direct and that hyperactivity leads to aggressive antisocial behaviors -Second view: association as being more indirect - hyperactivity results in poor school achievement; school failure leads to substance abuse and depression, conditions that have long been associated with the onset of antisocial behaviors Brain Chemistry -Abnormal levels of chemicals are associated with aggression and antisocial behavior

executive functioning

Situational Crime Prevention -Truly ________ would attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment -Criminal acts can be prevented if (a) potential targets are carefully guarded, (b) the means to commit crime are controlled, and (c) potential offenders are carefully monitored Crime Prevention Strategies -Increase the effort needed to commit crime, increase the risk of committing crime - getting caught, Reduce the rewards of crime, induce guilt: increase shame. Reduce provocation, Remove excuses for criminal behavior Evaluating Situational Crime Prevention -Hidden benefits: diffusion and discouragement -Hidden costs: displacement, extinction, and replacement General Deterrence -Would be achieved if (a) the police are effective in detecting crime and apprehending criminals, (b) judges and juries were sure to convict the guilty, who would then (c) endure harsh criminal punishments Perception and Deterrence -Perception that punishment will almost certainly be forthcoming if they dare commit crimes -Believe they will be punished, stay away from crime -Perception of punishment changes and evolves over time, shaped by a potential offender's experience and personality -Easier to discourage minor petty criminals than _______

irrational, murderers

Genetics and Crime -The genes--crime association may be direct: (1) antisocial behavior is inherited, (2) the genetic makeup of parents is passed on to children, and (3) genetic abnormality is directly linked to a variety of antisocial behaviors -May also be indirect: genes are related to some personality or physical trait linked to antisocial behavior Parental Deviance and Crime -Criminal tendencies inherited, children of criminal parents more _______ to become law violators Adoption Studies -Studies of adopted youths have found that the biological father's criminality strongly predicted the child's criminal behavior even if the adopting parent was noncriminal -Biological father and adoptive father both criminal, probability that the youth would engage in criminal behavior greatly increased Twin Behavior -Research confirms a significant correspondence of twin behavior in activities ranging from frequency of sexual activity to crime -MZ twins reared apart, who have never met, show that their behavior is nearly _______ -MZ twins are closer than DZ twins in such a crime-relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills Is Crime Inherited -_____% heritable; some calculate that the influence of genes on deviant behaviors may be as high as 85% -Genetic influences appear strongest for chronic offenders Still highly debated

likely, identical, 50

Intelligence and Criminality -Early criminologists maintained that many delinquents and criminals have average intelligence and that low IQ causes their criminality. -These proponents of ______ theory argued that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior -proponents of ______ theory argued that environmental stimulation from parents, relatives, social contacts. schools, peer groups, and innumerable others accounts for a child's IQ level and that low IQs may result from an environment that also encourages delinquent and criminal behavior. -Today IQ and crime are associated; lower = more crime, higher, less crime; still debated Mental Disorders and Crime -criminologists have connected antisocial behavior to mental instability and turmoil. -Offenders may suffer from a wide variety of mood and/or behavior disorders rendering them histrionic, depressed, antisocial, or narcissistic.

nature, nurture

Social Structure Theory and Public Policy -Social structure theory has significantly influenced public policy -Help lower-class individuals by giving them opportunities -Improve the community structure in inner-city high-crime areas -Broken windows theory - needs community policing -biology, sociology, and psychology of crime -> large bodies of theoretical ideas between the relationship of crime, criminality, and criminogenic -early theories can easily been understood -criminogenic- factors purported (alleged) to be associated w/ crime in general as well as specific CJ theories. (of a system, situation, or place) causing or likely to cause criminal behavior -early biological theories credited to Lombroso - how can we use scientific method to enhance the veracity of the variables that are involved - independent/dependent variables -make sure variables are rational, reasonable, and measurable -tend to look at biology first -most powerful tool is statistics and methods that have been approved in the past to measure certain relationships -biology requires the greatest _______ b/c statistics and data need to be precise -research methodology and science to accurately measure variations in social structure that can be measure by physiology -early research need to determine if relatable and why

precision

-children highly susceptible to manipulation in their environment -more susceptible than others influenced by outside forces in which they have little or no control - need self-control and social-control -Emile Durkheim - ______ ______: things that shape behavior and have no control over them but can identify them -people impacted by groups - personality of others, family, parents' jobs, schools, religion, friend -can shape behavior in direction more likely you to crime and criminality or out it -behavioral psychology- primarily related to reinforcement and how that reinforcement is developed and applied -Stanford-Binet - IQ test, average around 100 -less intelligent more likely to be involved in crime and have learning disabilities Anomie Theory is a Strain Theory -Emile Durkheim (father) and Robert Merton (fine-tuned the theory) - important sociological and psychological theory -social change happens then so does behavioral change -Merton: social structure some degree influences the opportunities a person has or does not have; can be measured -anomie- persons in times of social change (positive or negative) that individuals not connected to social structure more likely to engage in deviant behavior than a person not experiencing this

social forces

-_____% of glucose in body devoted to brain activity -theories used to detect and or analyze antisocial behaviors - can be treated -chemicals can influence behavior - criminal behavior - androgen, testosterone -steroids can cause violence and irreversible damage to liver and kidneys; can be used for legitimate reasons as well like cortisone shots Alcoholism and Criminal Behavior -depress central nervous system, reduces inhibitions, and can trigger feelings or invincibility -alcohol abuse more common among inmates in prison than the general population -about 1/2 of all inmates said they were drinking before landing in prison -1/3 of all arrests are for alcohol related crimes -involuntary intoxication can serve as an excuse to remove criminal liability Psychoanalytic Theory - Freud -his theories can be hard to apply -referred to as a stage theory - look at human development in stages -stage theories only as accurate as the information that has been gathered and measured -tend to be somewhat general - easy to use but not very accurate -> doesn't explain why or what or how

25

-________ theory- argues that criminals are primitive savages who are evolutionarily backward compared to normal citizens. According to Lombroso, born criminals possess an array of stigmata or markers that may be considered putative evidence of their criminality. -modern researchers look at DNA studies and look at genetic markers in some way predict criminality -_______- the study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable. Developed largely by Sir Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it was increasingly discredited as unscientific and racially biased during the 20th century, especially after the adoption of its doctrines by the Nazis in order to justify their treatment of Jews, disabled people, and other minority groups -_______ _____ _____- is the collective name for a series of experiments performed by psychologist Albert Bandura to test his social learning theory. Between 1961 and 1963, he studied the behavior of children after they watched an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The most notable variation of the experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the adult model rewarded, punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll. The social learning theory proposes that people learn largely through observation, imitation, and modeling. It demonstrates that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished, but they can also learn from watching someone else being rewarded or punished. These studies have practical implications, such as providing evidence of how children can be influenced by watching violent media.

Atavism, eugenics, bobo doll experiment

_________ ______ Views of Crime -Human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolution -Competition for scarce resources has influenced and shaped the human species -If such behavior patterns are inherited, impulsive behavior becomes intergenerational, passed down from parents to children Evolution of gender and crime -Instinctual drives control behavior. The urge to procreate influences male violence. Those individuals who possess the traits associated with a high-mating-effort strategy are also more likely to engage in antisocial conduct. Also likely to produce offspring who are also prone to criminal behaviors -physiological correlates are highly valued -> testable, replicated, influence each other? -late 19th century - spiritual theories, demonology - dismissed as not valid or replicable -_______ v. _______- The Court upheld a statute instituting compulsory sterilization of the unfit "for the protection and health of the state." -________v. _______- transorbital lobotomies -genetic markers that people carry w/ them are unique

Evolutionary Theory, Buck v. Bell, Freeman v. Watt

Strain Theories -View crime as a direct result of frustration and anger among the lower socioeconomic classes -Strain proliferates in disorganized areas because legitimate avenues for success are all but closed -Relieve strain, may achieve goals through deviant methods Theory of Anomie - Robert _____ -applied the sociological concepts 1st identified by ______ in his theory of anomie -two elements of culture produce potentially anomie conditions: (1) culturally defined goals and (2) socially approved means for obtaining them Social Adaptions -Argues that each person has his or her own concept of society's goals & his or her own degree of access to the means to attain them -Variety of Social adaptions: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion Evaluation of Anomie Theory -Tested successfully; still leaves some unanswered questions -Social inequality leads to perceptions of anomie -Social conditions, not individual _________, produce crime Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT) - Messner and Rosenfeld -Anomie pervades American culture b/c institutions that might otherwise control the exaggerated emphasis on financial success, such as religious or charitable institutions, have been rendered powerless or obsolete -Social institutions have been undermined in three ways: noneconomic functions and roles have been devalued; when conflict emerges, noneconomic roles become subordinate to and must accommodate economic roles; economic language, standards, and norms penetrate noneconomic realms -High american crime rates can be explained by the interrelationship of culture and ________

Merton, Durkheim, personalities institutions

-most common methods for DNA testing: PCR, mitochondrial DNA, STR (short tandem repeats) -_______- which are sometimes referred to as microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are accordion-like stretches of DNA containing core repeat units of between two and seven nucleotides in length that are tandemly repeated from approximately a half dozen to several dozen times -DNa testing is big w/ sex crimes -biological testing: blood typing - more general -> placed in blood type category - too many to decipher to one person -when does DNA become nonviable?: contaminated, not done as soon as possible -scientific tests on murder victims never close -excreter in SA: excrete blood type in body fluids; small % -DNA most likely used in _______ cases than criminal cases -one of the main research studies w/ DNA is noncrime related like genetics -expanding area of science - new and better tests coming out all the time that are more sensitive or accurate -genetic presupposition to crime? - exposed to high levels of lead (paint/water pipes), old/unknown toxic waste sites, radiation contamination

STR, paternity

-______ ______- Dan White was an American politician who assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, on Monday, November 27, 1978, at City Hall. White was convicted of manslaughter for the deaths of Milk and Moscone. White served five years of a seven-year prison sentence. Less than two years after his release he returned to San Francisco, and later died by suicide. --At the trial, White's defense team argued that his mental state at the time of the killings was one of diminished capacity due to depression. They argued that he was therefore not capable of premeditating the killings, and thus was not legally guilty of first-degree murder. Forensic psychiatrist Martin Blinder testified that White was suffering from depression and pointed to several behavioral symptoms of that depression, including the fact that White had gone from being highly health-conscious to consuming sugary foods and drinks. When the prosecution played a recording of White's confession, several jurors wept as they listened to what was described as "a man pushed beyond his endurance." Many people familiar with City Hall claimed that it was common to enter through the window to save time. A police officer friend of White claimed to reporters that several officials carried weapons at this time and speculated that White carried the extra ammunition as a habit that police officers had. The jury found White guilty of voluntary manslaughter rather than first-degree murder. Outrage within San Francisco's gay community over the resulting seven-year sentence sparked the city's White Night riots; general disdain for the outcome of the court case led to the elimination of California's "diminished capacity" law. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, a critic of forensic psychiatry, gave a speech to a large audience in San Francisco in June 1979 calling the White verdict a "travesty of justice" which he blamed on the diminished capacity defense

Twinkie Defense

DNA -discovered in 1869 by Swiss researcher Friedrich Miescher -well researched field but not done -most studies trying to discover genetic predisposition for diseases or other possible issues and whether it can be attributed to the environment -Human Genome Project - was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. ... Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021 -DNA double helix discovered by ______ and _______ 1953 -______ ________- He was the first person convicted of rape and murder using DNA profiling -______ ______ _______- British geneticist known for developing techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes -________- agreement and consistency; similar behaviors -_______- lack of agreement or consistency; different behaviors

Watson, Crick, Colin Pitchfork, Sir Alec Jefferys, concordance, discordance

Crime and Mental Illness -The most serious forms of mental illness are psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (manic-depression), which affect the mind and alter a person's ability to understand reality, think clearly, respond emotionally, communicate effectively, and behave appropriately -Others exhibit illogical and incoherent thought processes and a lack of insight into their own behavior. -there is a body of research showing that people who suffer from severe mental illness and distress seem to be more ______ than members of the general population and that punishment may do little to reduce their criminal offending. Is the link valid -Only a small minority of seriously mentally ill people commit violent crimes. But people with serious mental illness are significantly more likely to commit violent crimes than are people who are not seriously mentally ill. -However, closer examination shows that serious mental illness is a crime risk mainly when that illness is accompanied by other _____ factors, such as alcoholism or unemployment.

antisocial, risk

Social Structure Theory -______ behavior is a direct result of destructive social forces on human behavior -_____ forces--not individual traits--that cause crime -lack the social support and economic resources available to more affluent members of society Economic Structure and American Society Living in Poverty -More prone to depression, less likely to have achievement motivation, and are unable to put of immediate gratification for future gain; kids living in poverty may drop out before graduation b/c the rewards for educational achievement are in the distant future Child Poverty -Function of parental education and employment, race/ethnicity, and other factors associated with economic insecurity -Less likely to achieve in school and to complete schooling -More likely to suffer form health problems and to receive inadequate health care Minority Group Poverty -Poverty felt most acutely by minority group members -Less economic and social chances Problems of the Lower Class -Distrust of social institutions like schools, government agencies, and the police -Scenes of inadequate housing and health care, disrupted family lives, underemployment, and despair. The Truly Disadvantaged -Live in areas where family, schools, and housing have declined -No social control -Rarely come into contact w/ the actual source of their oppression, they direct their anger and aggression at those with whom they aer in close and intimate contact, such as neighbors, businesspeople, and landlords -Lack self-confidence, self-doubt common

antisocial, social

Biochemical Conditions and Crime -Trait theorists believe that biochemical conditions, including both that are genetically predetermined and those that are acquired through diet and environment, influence ______ behavior -Biochemical factors that have been linked to criminality: diet, sugar intake, hypoglycemia, hormonal influences, premenstrual syndrome, lead exposure, and environmental contaminants Diet -Improper diet can cause chemical and mineral imbalance and can lead to cognitive and learning deficits and problems, and these factors in turn are associated with antisocial behaviors -Oversupply or undersupply of certain chemicals and minerals (caffeine, sodium, mercury, potassium, calcium, amino acids, and iron) can lead to depression, hyperactivity, cognitive problems, memory loss, or abnormal sexual activity Sugar -Aggression levels are associated with sugar intake - more sugar = ________, more likely to be convicted for violence in adulthood Hypoglycemia -symptoms : irritability, anxiety, depression, crying spells, headaches, and confusion -Linked to outbursts of antisocial behavior and violence High levels have been found in groups of habitually violent and impulsive offenders

antisocial, violent

The Behavioral Perspective: Social Learning Theory -People alter their behavior in accordance with the response it elicits from others. -_______ is supported by rewards and extinguished by negative reactions or punishments. -The branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology is social learning theory. -People learn to act aggressively when, as children, they ______ their behavior after the violent acts of adults. -Although social learning theorists agree that mental or physical traits may predispose a person toward violence, they believe a person's violent tendencies are activated by factors in the environment Social learning and violence -Behavior modeling is learned from three principal resources: family interactions, environmental experience, mass media -Factors that contribute to violent or aggressive behavior: an event that heightens arousal, aggressive skills, expected outcomes, consistency of behavior with values Cognitive Theory -Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and William James -explain antisocial behavior in terms of mental perception and how people use information to understand their environment. -people who use information properly, who are better conditioned to make reasoned judgments, and who can make quick and reasoned decisions when facing emotion-laden events are best able to avoid antisocial behavior choices. In contrast, crime-prone people may have cognitive deficits and use information incorrectly when they make decisions.

behavior, model

Punishment and Deterrence -According to general deterrence theory, if the certainty severity or speed of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning increase, crime rates should decline _______ of Punishment -Believe they will get caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. Believed certainty of punishment rather than severity is the key to deterring criminal behaviors ________ of Punishment -Believe they will be punished severely for a crime will forgo committing criminal acts _______ of Punishment -More rapidly punishment applied and the more closely it is linked to the crime, the more likely it is to serve as a deterrent Evaluating General Deterrence -rationality- If the benefits of crime are exaggerated, the law's deterrent effect may be deflated. Not all people rational or are in a rational state when committing crime -compulsion- Many offenders act compulsively and are therefore unlikely to be deterred by the future threat of punishment -system effectiveness- American legal system not very effective. About half of all crimes are reported to police, and police make arrests in only about 20% of reported crimes. Deterrent effective of the law is minimal -criminals discount punishments- Know someone who scored big or won't get caught twice for the same crime -some offenders--and some crimes--are more "deterrable" than others

certainty, severity, swiftness

Mental scripts -One reason for this faulty reasoning is that people may be relying on mental scripts learned in _______ that tell them how to interpret events, what to expect, how they should react, and what should be the outcome of the interaction -Some may have learned improper scripts because as children they had early, prolonged exposure to violence -Violence becomes a stable behavior because the scripts that emphasize aggressive responses are repeatedly rehearsed as the child matures. Personality and Crime -The way we behave is a function of how our personality enables us to interpret life events and make appropriate behavioral choices. -Surveys show that traits such as impulsivity, hostility, narcissism, hedonism, and aggression are highly correlated with criminal and antisocial behaviors. Psychopathic/Antisocial Personality -Some people lack affect, cannot empathize with others, and are short-sighted and hedonistic. -high ________ appears to enhance their destructive potential, while intelligence may mediate the criminality of most other offenders. -antisocials tend to continue their criminal careers long after other offenders burn out or age out of crime. The cause of antisocial personality disorder -a sociopathic personality may be formed by experiencing an unstable parent, parental rejection, lack of love during childhood, and inconsistent discipline. -antisocial personality is passed down genetically and inherited. -psychopathy is related to abnormal brain structures.

childhood, intelligence

Rational Choice Theory -Most crimes involve thought and planning designed to maximize personal gain and avoid capture and punishment Development of Rational Choice Theory -Roots in _______ criminology developed by Cesare Beccaria and Bentham; crime is rational and can be prevented by punishment that is swift, severe, and certain -Gary Becker- except for a few mentally ill people, criminals behave in predictable or rational way when deciding to commit crime. Engage in a cost-benefit analysis of crime, weigh what they expect to gain against the risks they must undergo and the costs they may incur, like prison. It is a rational behavior -Could convince that their actions would bring severe punishment, only the totally ________ would be willing to engage in crime Concepts of Rational Choice -law-violating behavior is the product of careful thoughts and planning -People are self-interested and will be willing to violate the law after considering both personal factors (money, revenge, thrills, entertainment) and situation factors (target availability, security measure, police presence) Evaluating the Risks of Crime -Before committing crime, the reasoning criminal evaluates the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of expected punishment, the potential value or benefit of the criminal enterprise, her ability to succeed, and the need for criminal gain -Decision to commit crime is enhanced by the promise of easy gain with low risk -Decision to ______ crime is reached when the potential criminal believes that the risk outweigh the rewards: stand a good chance of getting caught and punished; fear the consequences of punishment; risk losing the respect of their peers, damaged reputations, and feelings of guilt or shame; risk of apprehension outweighs the profit and/or pleasure of crime -If the rewards are great, the perceived risk small, and the excitement high, the likelihood of their committing additional crime increases

classical, irrational, forgo

Collective Efficacy -Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration, where people know one another and develop interpersonal ties develop _____ _______ -Three forms: informal social control, institutional social control, and public social control ______ Social Control -Control mechanisms include direct criticism, ridicule, ostracism, desertion, and physical punishment -Most important group that has this is the family ________ Social Control -Schools, afternoon programs, churches, businesses, stores, and social service and volunteer organizations -When effective, crime rates can decline -Encourage informal social control _______ Social Control -Police - effect presence, cracking down on hot spots and strictly enforcing the law at a neighborhood level, sends a message that the area will not tolerate deviant behavior The Effects of Collective Efficacy -Children are less likely to become involved with deviant peers and engage in problem behaviors -The more interconnected and organized the community, the lower the crime rate

collective efficacy, informal, institutional, public

-early studies were overtly general -Criticism of bio-social theory- racist theory bc indicates race is a significant factor in criminal behavior -research methodology needs to be sound -# different biological theories and focus on a variety of variables that impact behavior - biochemical, neurological, genetic, evolutionary -_____ ______ ______- suggests that offenders make rational choices and thus choose targets that offer a high reward with little effort and risk -______ ______ ______- theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. Is the most talked about of the learning theories of deviance; learned like any other behavior and would say you are a compilation of things and groups associated w/ which pushes or pulls you away from crime -______ ______ ______- proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial.

crime opportunity theory, Differential Association Theory, social control theory

Chapter 6: -______ _______- process whereby values, beliefs, and traditions are handed down from one generation to the next -_______ _______- a value system adopted by lower-class youths that is directly opposed to that of the larger society -______ _______- a form of culture conflict experienced by lower-class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society -______-______ ______ ____- the standards by which authority figures, such as teachers and employers, evaluate lower-class youngsters and often prejudge them negatively -_______ _______- irrational hostility evidenced by young delinquents, who adopt norms directly opposed to middle-class goals and standards that seem impossible to achieve -________ _______- the view that lower-class youths, whose legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals

cultural transmission, delinquent subculture, status frustration, middle-class measuring rods, reaction formation, differential opportunity

The Social Ecology School -community disorder, community fear, siege mentality, community change, and poverty concentration -associates community deterioration and economic decline with crime rates Community Disorder -Social disorganization such as residential instability (a large number of people moving in and out), family disruption, and changing ethnic composition -Criminals look for residential instability and disadvantage, b/c these neighborhoods are the ones with lower social control and a correspondingly lower risk of ______ Community Fear -Fear _______, quality of life deteriorates -Fear is based on experience: people living in areas with especially high crime rates are the ones most likely to experience fear Siege Mentality -Definition: outside world is considered an enemy bent on their destruction -Live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting -Often results in expanding mistrust of social institutions, including LE, business, govt., and schools Community Change -Communities change, neighborhood deterioration precedes increasing rates of crime and delinquency

detection, increases

Social Disorganization Theory -Links crime rates to neighborhood _______ characteristics -Crime rates are highest in transient, mixed-use (where residential and commercial property exist side by side), and changing neighborhoods in which the fabric of social life has become frayed -Localities unable to provide essential services, such as education, healthcare, and proper housing, and as a result, they experience significant levels of unemployment, single-parent families, and families on welfare The Work of Shaw and McKay -Linked life in transitional slum areas to the inclination to commit crime -Transitional areas, successive changes in population composition, disintegration of traditional cultures, diffusion of divergent cultural standards, and gradual industrialization dissolve neighborhood culture and organization ________ Zones -Distinct ecological (how one interacts w/ their environment) areas had developed in the city, forming a series of nine concentric zones and there were stable and significant interzone difference in crime rates -Areas with the most crime were the transitional inner-city zones; zones farthest from the city's center had lower crime rates -Zone 1 was inner city, 2 was zone of transition, 3 working class neighborhood, 4 middle class/upper middle class w/ low crime rates, 5 suburbs - wealthy and more advantages-better security, less strains -zone of transition has the highest crime rates; crime rates decrease as you go out The Legacy of Shaw and McKay -Still used after 75 years -Crime is a constant fixture in areas of poverty, regardless of residents' racial or ethnic identity

ecological, Concentric

Social Structure and Crime -Root cause of crime can be traced directly to the socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society -Driven to crime and substance abuse to cope with their economic plight -Lower-class kids are exposed to a continual stream of violence, they are more likely to engage in violent acts themselves Easier to mix with deviant peers and become a part of gangs May deal drugs, steal cars, or commit armed robberies for profit Interracial differences in the crime rate could be significantly reduced by improving levels of educaiton, lowring levels of poverty, ending racial segregation in housing and neighborhood makeup, and reducing the extent of male unemployment among minority populations Social Structure Theories -A person is the product of his or her _________ -View the cause of crime through the lens of poverty, income inequality, hopelessness, and despair -Social influences must influence or control behavior -Includes social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory -Socially isolated people, living in disorganized neighborhoods, are likely to experience crime-producing social forces

environment

Chapter 4: -_______: an effect that occurs when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions -__________: an effect that occurs when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice -______ ________: a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefits -_______ ________: occurs when a relatively more severe penalty will produce some reduction in crime -________ _________: refers to situation in which the threat of punishment can reduce but not eliminate crime -_______ ________: the view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts -_______: repetition of criminal behavior -_________ _______: the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses -________: the concentration of police resources on particular problem areas, such as street-level drug dealing, to eradicate or displace criminal activity -_______ ________: the view that police canter crime by using every strategy possible and also by directly interacting with offenders and communicating clear consequences if they engage in criminal activity

extinction, replacement, general deterrence, marginal deterrence, restrictive (partial) deterrence, specific deterrence, recidivism, incapacitation effect, crackdowns, focused deterrence

Specific Deterrence -Theory suggests that people can "learn from their ______" and that those who are caught and punished will perceive greater risk than those who have escaped detection -Many offenders will recidivate; the effect of incarceration on rearrest sometimes appears to be minimal Toughen punishment -more punishment works for some and doesn't work for others. evidence is mixed Why is evidence mixed? -Punishment may breed deviance than deterrence -Stigma of harsh treatment labels people and helps lock offenders into a criminal career instead of convincing them to avoid one -The effect of punishment is negligible in neighborhoods where almost everyone has a criminal record Incapacitation -Designed to reduce crime by taking known criminals out of circulation, which denies them the opportunity to commit further offenses. The effectiveness of incapacitation strategies is hotly debated -May have done more _____ than good

mistakes, harm

-_______ twins are wanted more by researches -# of biological theories not proven but data to suggest there is a relationship -______ ______ _____- the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. --can be stimulated in a # of ways that can change behavior -physiological factors - lead poisoning, brain damage - physical or PTSD, radiation -engage in certain types of crime - brain chemistry changes - feel good when commit crime -there is a link between psychology and crime, but it can be hard to find -certain types of offenders respond well to psychological intervention - but hard to do w/ serial killers or serial rapists -sociopaths and psychopaths brain chemistry is different -use psych-meds to change behavior -certain types of antisocial behavior do not respond to intervention -______ ______- is a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort; shock therapy -Chicago School - Concentric Zones (Shaw and McKay), relationship between social environment and crime, Flint Michigan w/ Lead

monozygotic, autonomic nervous sytem, aversion therapy

Chapter 5: -______ ______- the view that intelligence is not inherited but is largely a product of environment. Low IQ scores do not cause crime but may result from the same environmental factors -______ ______- a condition in which the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances -________ ______ _______ (ODD)- a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior, during which a child often loses his or her temper, often argues with adults, and often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults' requests or rules -__________- a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting inappropriate responses -_______ ________- an emotional disturbance in which moods alternate between periods of wild elation and deep depression -________ ________ ________- programs, such as substance abuse clinics and mental health associations, that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crime -_________ ________ ________- programs that provide treatment such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they have violated the law

nurture theory, mood disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, primary prevention programs, secondary prevention programs

Structuring Crime -the decision to commit crime, regardless of its substance, is structured by (a) where it ______ and (b) the characteristics of the ______ -Choosing the place of crime: criminals seem to carefully choose where they will commit their crime, choose familiar places - know their way around, target residential areas of family members -Choosing Targets: decline in value due to oversupply or obsolescence are avoided; do research before hand to find better targets; easier entry more likely to occur -Getting away: lay out escape before they commit the crime -Personality, age, status, risk, and opportunity seems to influence the decision to become a _______; place, target, and techniques help to structure ______ Crime Rational? -Rational approach to size up and deal with their victims, create elaborate/brilliant plans to commit crime Drug use rational? -at its ______ it is -begin taking drugs when they believe the benefits of substance abuse outweigh its costs -Street-level drug dealers also display rationality when they employ defensive measures to limit exposure to police, business models Hate crime rational? -Three factors seem to trigger these events: an incident that leaves on group with a grievance against another, a definable target group held responsible for the deed, and publicity sufficient to make the event know to a broad public. All these are signs of _________

occurs, target, criminal, crime, start, rationality

Offense-Specific/Offender-Specific -Crime is said to be offense-specific because criminals evaluate the characteristics of targets to determine their suitability -______-specific: escape routes, entry points/exits, presence of occupants, neighbors who may notice, police patrol effectiveness -______-Specific: necessary skills to commit the crime, need for $ or valuables, available resources to commit the crime, fear of expected apprehension and punishment, physical ability -Crime is an event; criminality is a personal trait Structuring Criminality -crime is offender-specific because criminals evaluate their own skills, motivations, and needs before committing a specific crime -peers and guardianship-Effective monitoring by parents reduces the likelihood kids will commit crime. Girls more likely to experience parental supervision than boys; boys more likely to engage in antisocial behavior -need for excitement and thrills- May engage in illegal behavior b/c they love the excitement and the buzz that the crime can provide; risker the act - more attractive it becomes -economic need/opportunity- way to make quick, easy money -competence and experience- Risk of detection, arrest, and punishment diminishes as burglars, robbers, and auto thieves become more competent at their craft. Experienced criminals profit more for each crime they commit so they can perpetrate fewer crimes, leaving them less exposed to detection and arrest

offense, offender

Strain Theories Relative Deprivation Theory -Neighborhood-level income inequality is a significant predictor of neighborhood crime rates - rich and poor division create an atmosphere of envy and mistrust -Criminal motivation fueled both by perceived humiliation and by the perceived right to humiliate a victim in return General Strain Theory (GST) - Robert Agnew -Try to explain why individuals who feel stress and strain are likely to commit crime Multiple Sources of Strain -Negative affective states - anger and frustration that emerge in the wake of destructive social relationships. Produced by: failure to achieve positively valued goals, disjunction of expectations and achievements, removal of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli. -These strains are independent of each other but can ______ Consequences of Strain -Strain increases the likelihood of experiencing negative emotions such as disappointment, depression, fear, and anger Evaluating GST -Able to predict crime and deviance within a number of different cultures and nations; cross-cultural validity -As levels of strain increase, so does involvement in antisocial activities; as strain levels decrease, so do individual crime rates

overlap

Chapter 4: -______ _____ ______ (choice theory): the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act, Beccaria and Bentham -______-______: the view that an offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of a particular criminal act -_______ ______: the view that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit the criminal act -______: men who solicit sex workers -_________ _______ _________: a method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings -________ _______: the principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individuals have to commit crime -_____ _______: people who serve as guardians of property or people -________: an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another -__________: an effect that occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations -________: an effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets

rational choice theory, offense-specific, offender specific, johns, situational crime prevention, defensible space, crime discouragers, diffusion, discouragement, displacement

-some counties lower/higher rates of suicide compared to average - connectives to social structure -adaptation to social structure happens in varying degrees - some outside the norm - some extremely violent homicide, property crime, suicide -social institutions - religion, schools, family, economy, friends -Durkheim the greater your attachment to social order less likely to engage in deviant behavior -main social institution over people committing suicide is _______ - more religious - provides protection against a wide variety of negative social behaviors - did make a difference -society's stronger ties to catholicism lower suicide rates when compared to other forms of religion -sin if commit suicide - negative towards surviving family - so why they don't do it -Merton indicated that stronger connection social order less likely to deviant acts -people do't have equal access to opportunities - based on conformity (partially) -find why someone commits crime and see how it can be prevented -Lombroso - looked for born criminals - did not find - poor research methodology

religion

-______ ______ _____- the view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders -______ _____- proposes that crowds exert a hypnotic influence on their members. The hypnotic influence, combined with the anonymity of belonging to a large group of people, results in irrational, emotionally charged behavior -______ ______ ______- emphasizing theories and how the aspects of the theories change as you get older -Marvin Wolfgang found low IQ scores and crime are related -________ _______- provides explanations for development, human behavior, and psychopathology. It identifies methods to make predictions about treatment outcome. It emphasizes unconscious motives and desires, and highlights the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality. Suggests that criminal tendencies are a function of disturbances in early human development that lead to mental instability and mood disorders, such as conduct, anxiety and bipolar (also known as manic-depression) disorder

routine activity theory, contagion theory, life course theory, psychodynamic theory

Biological correlates of crime -neurotransmitters impact behavior - too much or too little -two main ones are _______ and ______ -mentally ill- function of neurotransmitters are not right -people that are lacking dopamine , craving will be there - addicts, criminals -medicine that changes biology is dangerous -physiological and psychological addiction -other types of genetics involve fetal alcohol syndrome - alcohol damages fetal genetics - irreversible -asbestos and lead based paints can create genetic issues, brain damage - especially developing fetuses, and engage in criminal behavior -environmental toxins can impact ________ of people -1960s-80s lots of old chemical sites -> start developing cancers, behavior issues, more likely to engage in criminal behavior

serotonin, dopamine, generations

Chapter 5: -______ _______ ______- the view that human behavior modeled through observation of human social interactions, either directly from observing those who are close form intimate contact, or indirectly through the media. Interactions that are rewarded are copied, while those that are punished are avoided -_______ ______- the process of learning behavior (notably, aggression) by observing others. Aggressive models may be parents, criminals in the neighborhood, or characters on television or in movies -_______ _______- psychological perspective that focuses on the mental processes by which people perceive and represent the world around them and solve problems -_________-________ ______- theory that focuses on how people process, store, encode, retrieve, and manipulate information to make decisions and solve problems -__________- the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another -_______ ________- combination of traits, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, hedonism, and inability to empathize with others, that make a person prone to deviant behavior and violence; also referred to as sociopathic or psychopathic personality -_______ _______- the view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior

social learning theory, behavior modeling, cognitive theory, information-processing theory, personality, antisocial personality, nature theory

Chapter 6: -______- the anger, frustration, and resentment experienced by people who believe they cannot achieve their goals through legitimate means -_______ ______ _______- branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms -________- a set of values beliefs, and traditions unique to a particular social class or group within a larger society -________ ________- areas undergoing shifts in population and structure, usually form middle-class residential to lower-class mixed-use -______ _______ ______- an interdisciplinary approach to the study of interdependent social and environmental problems that cause crime -_______ _______- as working class and middle-class families flee inner-city poverty-ridden areas, the most disadvantaged population is consolidate in urban ghettos -_______ ______- social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust, including intervention in the supervision of children and maintenance of public order -______ ______- a concept in which more cohesive communities in high levels of social control and social integration foster the ability for kids to use their wits to avoid violent confrontations and to feel safe in their own neighborhood. Adolescents with high levels of this are less likely to resort to violence themselves or to associate with delinquent peers

strain, cultural deviance theory, subculture, transitional neighborhoods, social ecology school, concentration effect, collective efficacy, street efficacy

Chapter 6: -______ _____- grouping according to social strata or levels. American society is considered stratified on the basis of economic class and wealth -______ ______- segments of the population whose members are at a relatively similar economic level and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle -______ ______- the assumed societal privileges that benefit Caucasians and provide them with opportunities not available to non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances -______ _____ _____ (BLM)- a movement whose aim is to reduce institutional violence and perceived systematic racism toward black people -______ ___ ______- a separate lower-class culture, characterized by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions such as schools, government agencies, and the police, that is passed from one generation to the next; family disorganization, physical deterioration, and social deterioration; Oscar Lewis -________- the lowest social stratum in any country, whose members lack the education and skills needed to function successfully in modern society -______ ______ ______- the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime -______ _______ _______- branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment -______ ______- branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between people's goals and the means available to obtain them

stratified society, social classes, white privilege, Black Lives Matter, culture of poverty, underclass, social structure theory, social disorganization theory, strain theory

Evaluation of Trait Theory -Critics find some of these theories racist and faulty -trait theory seems to divide people into criminals and noncriminals on the basis of their makeup, ignoring self-reports that indicate that almost everyone has engaged in some type of illegal activity. -Contemporary trait theories instead maintain that some people carry the potential to be violent or antisocial, and antisocial behavior occurs when these preexisting tendencies are triggered by environmental conditions. -crime runs in families -DNA ______ to individual if you have enough DNA in the sample - needed protein based body fluids in the beginning -______ _____ _____- most reliable test early on; amplifies DNA in labs -> methods for DNA to be replicated in a lab setting - measure and compare -as genetic material gets smaller your potential error grows -careful w/ DNA evidence to keep from contamination -_______ _____- is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria. The mitochondria are organelles found in cells that are the sites of energy production. The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, are passed from mother to offspring. More genetic material but more narrow use -DNA testing raises the expectations of jurors and people - always expected to have DNA incases that are violent but generally is not always there

unique, polyermase chain reaction, mitochondrial DNA