Criminology
Criminaloids
"occasional criminals," people enticed into crime by environmental influences
Absurdities of Lombroso
"prostitution can be checked for giving youth sound ideas of sexual physiology" Criminals are inherently evil and are relative to the most savage rodents and beasts. Inconsistency with theories. (facial features)
1) Try to understand and be ready not just to list, but also to explain and describe criminal, violent, and retreatist subcultures and the specific features of the neighborhoods (above all in terms of opportunity structure and of integration among generations) where these subcultures may arise. Focus on Cohen's ideas about the major status problems that lower-class children face (example: the educational system, p. 94 of ch.7).
(Cloward and Ohlin) Illegitimate opportunity structure as well as legitimate ways Form of delinquent subculture depends on degree of integration in the community. In community without stable criminal structure, lower class juveniles would have no opportunity to succeed in life through criminal means than conventional means Most common form of delinquency: gangs Gangs known put into category of culture, subculture Transition of culture and differential association are why kids join gangs Beginning: Middle class was the norm, college for students became norm, soviet success led to change in education system. Peaking Urbanization increased deteriorating central city areas. Middle class America saw themselves as superior to the lower class and its delinquent tendencies. Now: The degree of social control within a community is dependent on how well the criminal element is organized. Also dependent on relationship between criminal element and the community's official leadership. Organized criminals want a safe community for them and their families just like any other family. They can use their influence as community members to control the level of police protection in their town. Cohen found that highest form of delinquency is gangs.(stealing=peer status) An environment that encourages criminal behavior. Criminal Activity: Delight in discomfort of others Versatility in acts (multiple per person) Interested in the present short run, hedonistic Hostile to outsiders (group autonomy) Everyone competes for social status - not everyone obtains it or can Middle class has clear advantage over lower class Loss of leadership from parents- can't be expected to lie to kids about there being a better future so kids are lost trying to find social status (lower class). Education not a priority Reaction Formation: Defensive mechanism to overcome anxiety especially prevalent among those who feel the unfair imbalance the most. Leads to hostility.
Moffits biosocial theory
--Life course persisters (LCP): display constant patterns of misbehavior throughout life --Adolescence-limited offenders (AL): led into offending by structural disadvantages --Maturity gap - desire for autonomy (age 12) prevented by societal limitations. ("your to young for that" ) Thus, childhood maltreatment is a "universal risk factor for anti social behavior
Differentiation
-Core element in the discovery of cause in science, generally -Method is embodied in the controlled experiment. About the establishment of cause -Starts with an experiment and controlled condition and group. Two conditions that are matched as equally as possible at Time 1. -At Time 1: Makes both the experiment and the control the same. • Random Assignment • Matching -At Time 2: Something is introduced to the experimental condition and the experimental group, at some point becomes Z (criminal behavior), which is completely different than X(non-criminal behavior). -Time 3: Differentiates criminals from non-criminals
Bourgeoisie
-Emergence of a New Class: Bourgeoisie -Market people: lived by market exchanges. (bankers, merchants, traders) -Essence of circumstance: purchase, trade, and hope to get more money. Maximize utility -Inherent uncertainty: money you put out for commodity, when you get it, it may not be all that you thought it would be -Vulnerability to theft
Beccaria
-Energized by enlightenment -Critique the existing social order the monarchy inherited space on land, guilt, immobility, the church, forms of education -Critique of law and punishment -Asymmetrical Relations to Power -Got what they got because of who they were and not what they did
Reports (Positive Criminology)
-Evidence justifies commands, and commands serve interest -Causes of behavior: why and how it happens -If we know why things happen, we have the ability to control them
A. Comte
-Father of positivism -Saw the social scientists as becoming the new moral guide for governments -Discover the laws of social statics and social dynamics -Devote themselves to resolving the alarming revolutionary constitution of modern society -Reveal laws to the multitudes so that they could accommodate themselves to the inevitability to what is -Positive spirit consolidates order
Interests
-Have a stake in the outcome of public action. -Function of their circumstances (what people do, have, live) provide different interests Ex: Chiricos son chewing tobacco
Soft (Determinism)
-Idea that humans are embedded in causal and determining influences of all kinds, historical, cultural, familiar, personal, that limit and constrain, enforce, over which we have no control. -Soft determinism says that it is not absolute -Humans are knowing, conscious, intentional agents of action, and they are subjects as well as objects. We are knowing, aware, potential, and choosing •Ex: his parents were both addicted to nicotine. 2-3 pack a day smokers. They were subjects
Four types of self control
-Impulse control -Control over the contents of the mind (suppression of unwanted thoughts) -Control over emotional and mood states -Control of performance
Evolving science of criminology
-John Laubs three eras golden age research, golden age of theory, empirical testing of dominant theories
Rationality (Classical Criminology)
-Judgment of truth; process evidence: course of action with efficient move us towards are goals or ends. Critical evidence in a rational choice of behavior, they act more or less rationally depending on how much evidence is accessed, how efficiently, how important it is to the person weighing -Process of evidence as basis for acting (choosing crime or not) -Individual Freedom
Pathology & Ubiquity and Functionality
-Pathological differences that determine criminal behavior -Pathology: untenable variant condition -Directly justifies the command of control -Clear standard of normal and healthy, ignore both ubiquity and functionality of crime -Justifies control in specific terms
Commands (Classical Criminology)
-Punishment should intrude on natural liberty as little as possible -Punishment should produce utility and can only be justified if it does (because it is an intrusion on natural liberty -To deter crime, punishment should be something a rational utility maximizing person can take into account (to weigh costs and benefits when making a rational choice
Hard (Determinism)
-Pushing a chair on the ground, it fell over. What happen had to happen. No other outcome was possible given the play forces involved. -Applies the same idea to human behavior. What happens, has to happen, because of determinant factors in the background. -B.F. Skinner: behavior is shaped by its consequences -Conceit: we are better than objects
Reports
-Statements or ideas about what is, what was, what will be, why things are, how things are, etc. -Descriptive or Explanatory of what is, what was, or what will be. -Descriptive, historical, philosophical, statistical, theoretical Ex: if you had a table of arrests of woman and men over time -Crime peaks between 18-19
evidence based criminology
-founded upon the experimental method -emphasizes randomized controlled experiments -evidence refers to scientific findings
Rational
-ideology predicates action on reports. -Reports predicates evidence for why we should do something
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
-punishment should be swift -punishment should be just severe enough to outweigh the benefit of crime -purpose of punishment is deterrence not retribution -expressed a need for a process of trial jury
Reports (Classical Criminology)
-punishments more consistently applied so as to better protect the property of the bourgeoisie. -Reports of human nature resonate who bourgeoisie is -Bourgeoisie run the world as we know it: -Masters of market place -Sensuality (maximize utility)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
-to reduce crime, the pain of the crime commission must outweigh the pleasure to be derived from the activity. -people are rational and will weigh the pain of punishment against the pleasure to be gained from crime. -opposed to cruel punishment -believe in the swift and certain doctrine
Knowing Subject
-trying to know the world, has ideas theories, descriptions about crime, law, justice, etc. -Characterized by: Circumstances, experiences, interests
Chicago School Principles
1) No Absolutes governing human behavior 2) Affect of social setting and situational values on crime (offsets positive school)
Hervey CLeckley "mask of Sanity" characteristics of psychopathic personality
1. Superficial charm and good intelligence 2. Absence of delusions, hallucinations, or other signs of psychosis 3. Absence of nervousness or psychoneurotic manifestations 4. Inability to feel guilt or shame 5. Unreliability and chronic lying 6. Ongoing anti social behavior 7. Poor judgment and inability to learn from past experience 8. Self-centered and incapacity to love 9. An impersonal, trivial, and poorly integrated sex life 10. Failure to follow a life plan
concentric zones: be able not only to list them, but to explain why this ecological division of the city is important to understand social phenomena, including crime
1.) Central Business 2.) Transitional Zone 3.) Blue collar residential 4.) Middle Income residential 5.) Commuter residential City is like a body with diffferent organs. Dominance, invasion, and succession. Dominant uses of land within the circle. When uses characteristic of the inner zone encroach on areas in the outer zone, those areas become less desirable. Eventually replacement of those zones occurs.
retrospective reading
17. ______ is the process in which the past of the labled person is reviewed and reevaluated to fit his or her current status.
Jeremy Betham
1790: Into to Principle of Morals and Legislations
Super ego
: the moral guide to right and wrong, the conscience a. Guides the ego to select strategies that are socially and ethically acceptable b. Guilt may result when the superegos dictates are not followed. The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that a poorly developed superego might result in criminal behavior.
Bobbies
A British police officer nicknamed after Peel
problem behavior syndrome
A CLUSTER OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS THAT MAY INCLUDE FAMILY DISFUNCTION.
Department of Homeland Security
A Federal umbrella agency under direct control of the executive branch that oversees all federal enforcement agencies
successful degradation ceremony
A course of action or ritual in which someone's identity is publicly redefined and destroyed and he or she is thereafter viewed as socially unacceptable.
Psychological positivism
A group of theoretical approaches that look to the personality as the cause of criminal activity.
Secondary Deviance
A norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long term consequences for the violators self identity and social interactions.
Carjacking
A perpetrator forces a driver from their vehicle and steals it
Neurotic
A person less seriously ill
Psychopath / sociopath / antisocial personality
A personality disorder in which, due to inadequate childhood socialization, an individual never developed a full range of adult personality.
Palmistry
A pseudoscience that claims to be able to read personality characteristics on the basis of lines on the palm of the hand.
Physiognomy
A pseudoscience that measures facial and other body characteristics and their relationship to personality.
Positivism
A scientific or quantitative approach to criminology that searches for pathology, uses the scientific method, and suggest therapy.
latent trait
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, present at birth or soon after, that makes some people crime prone over the life course
commitment to conformity
A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements
Pyramid scheme
A system used to gain trust and profits believed to be legal, where others lose money
Restorative justice
A view of justice that focuses on the needs of victims, the community, and offenders, and focuses on non punitive strategies to heal the wounds caused by crime
Fencing
A way of disposing of stolen goods through another person
Two principles Positivist school was built on
Acceptance of social determinism (free will not determined by choice but by causative factors beyond the control of the person) Application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminology
turning points
According to LAUB and SAMPSON, the life events that alter the development of a criminal career.
Fraud
Acquiring anothers property through deception or cheating
The Durham test states that the defendant?
Act was caused by his or her mental illness.
abstainers
Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path that places then outside the norm for their age group
Bait and switch
Advertising a product for sale at a certain price and changing either the price or make up of the product for sale
Differential Social Organization Focus on Sutherland's final version of the theory and his explanation of criminal behaviour, and be able to explain why this approach is considered a "general theory of crime".
All behavior is learned. 1.) Criminal behavior is learned 2.) Learning takes place in interaction with others (direct vs indirect methods of communication) 3.) Learning takes place within intimate social groups 4.) Learning process can be complex or simple. Two basic things are learned- techniques for criminal behavior and the definitions (values, motive, drives rationalizations, attitudes) supporting each behavior. 5.) Teachers of criminal acts describe the benefits of law breaking 6.) Criminal behavior often occurs when there is an excess of definitions favoring the behavior. Excess could mean intensity. Absence of the alternative. 7.) Associations providing the learning of criminal behavior vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. 8.) Involves same mechanisms in any other learning 9.) Economic disadvantage - behavior not explained by economical needs and values. Noncriminal behavior is based off same needs and values.
allergic reactions verse crime
Allergic reactions may cause brain swelling Impede higher faculties, reduce sense of morality May reduce learning during childhood, contribute to delinquency, adult crime
peacemaking
An approach that considers punitive crime control strategies to be counter productive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crimes
Nature versus. Nature controversy
An attempt to examine whether crime is inherited by nature or learned by nature.
Retribution
An eye for an eye
Detached Neutrality
As knowing subjects, is in interval element in the construction of knowledge. That knowledge is a human construction, we are culturally constructed by circumstances, interests, and experiences
Self Report surveys
Ask people to report their own criminal activities
Durham decision
Asserted that individuals are not guilty if their acts are the product of mental disease or defect.
Elements of social bond
Attachment, commitment, belief, involvement
psychometry
Attempt to measure personality.
Inchoate crimes
Attempts,criminal solicitation and conspiracy
Personality
Attitudes, beliefs, habits and behaviors with other characteristics that develop an individual through social interaction with others
Pathology
Basis of Cause -Seem to be in pathological differences -One word that mobilizes positive criminology, is Cause
Cesare Lombroso
Biological characteristics, atavistic traits
So mato Somatotypes
Body types as described by Sheldon endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph.
Federal law enforcement
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms amongst many others
NCVS
Bureau of the census for the Bureau of Justice Statistics, estimates the total number of crimes committed in the U.S. using data survey from sample of housing units
Policy Implications of Biological Theories
C. Ray Jeffrey's proposed biologically based crime prevention program Pre- and post-natal care Monitoring children through development Neurological examinations Biological research in prisons and treatment facilities
What was not acceptable for classical school?
Capital punishment - led to subversion of law
1) What is "anomie" in Merton's work? Why is anomie so important in explaining criminal and deviant behaviour in American society? Be sure you understood and can describe Merton's five modes of adaptation and their implications for deviant and criminal behavior. Focus on the "innovation" form of adaptation.
Certain goals are emphasized throughout society sometimes they are too strongly stressed. Legitimate ways to achieve these goals are also emphasized. This is important in understanding why there is criminal and deviant behavior in American society because it explains the frustration of lower class individuals and people in subcultures who are unable to attain the goals expected of them by traditional American society. In turn, gangs are created and a different social structure is created among sub-cultures where different values that are more criminally centered are what drives individuals. Individuals are unnable to reconcile their aspirations with their limited opportunities. Social conditions do change for better or for worse. Modes of adaptation: conformity (cultural goals +and institutionalized means +) Innovation Cult. + Inst. - most common (end justifies the means) Ritualism Cult. - Inst. + keeping the job instead of achieving success Retreatism Cult - Inst - Rebellion +/-, +/- (substitution of new goals and means)
Biological roots of human agressions
Charles Darwin, and Konrad Lorenz
This theory claims that some males have been a preselected to make lower parental investment than women by speaking numerous partners.
Cheater theory
Cesare Beccaria
Citizens and states have a "social contract" and pleasure, pain and punishment prevent others from committing crime
Laws
Codified rules or norms of a society
supranational criminology
Comprising the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried
Secret Service
Counterfeit money investigations along with Executive protection and a Uniformed division
Strain Theory
Crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they an use to obtain them legally. •Cause of anti-social behavior •Assumption of individual is normal and in the social norm •A set of factors and motivations that puts the individual outside •Merton's definition of Strain -A gap between expectation and payoff -Anomie is the consequence of strain •The lack of limits -2 payoffs •Extrinsic Payoff •Intrinsic Payoff
General Strain Theory (Agnew)
Crime rates are not tied to socioeconomic class but rather caused by strain-producing events like: - Failure to Achieve Positive Stimuli - Positively Valued Stimuli Removed - Introduction of negative stimuli
Criminal Families in genetics
Criminal families: :The Juke family - Richard L. Dugdale :The Kallikak family - Henry H. Goddard
In his study of juice, Robert Dugdale found?
Criminality is inherited.
Atavism
Criminality is the result of primitive urges that survived the evolutionary process Atavistic individuals are throwbacks to a more primitive biological state
Rational choice theory
Criminals rationally choose both the crime and the target
critical criminologists
Criminologists who believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity
structural theorists
Critical criminologist who believe the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an effective manner
instrumental theorists
Critical criminologist who view the law and justice system as serving the interests of the upper classes
life course persisters
Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood
Cesare Lombroso
Developed concept of atavism, criminaloids, and also believed criminal behavior among women derived from atavistic foundations, while criminal women examined masculine features and mannerisms
What was not the perspective of the classical school?
Did not give rise to theories of criminal behavior.
The M'Naghten rule states that the defendant
Did not know what he or she was doing was wrong.
Social Control Theory (Hirschi)
Does not explain why people commit crime but why people do not commit crime. 4 Social bonds promote socialization and conformity: - Attachment (to Parents, School, Peers) - Commitment - Involvement - Belief
Self control deficiencies
Drug abuse School failure Alcoholism Unwanted pregnancy Money management Poor eating habits & obesity Cigarette smoking Delinquency and criminality
preemptive deterrence
Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement
Phishing
Emails sent looking for information that look real and require a response, to steal personal or banking information
Circumstances (Positive Criminology)
Emergence of bourgeoisie as a controlling power -Economically -Socially -Politically -Ideology Elevating control as a goal
criminal career
Engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behaviors into adulthood. A pattern of persistent offending across the life course
Criminology as Ideology (Knowing Subject)
Ex: Young woman 19, vs. Old Man. -Each experience and circumstances, shape them differently. Forms of processing of knowing will reflect. -Idea in Ideological terms: provide leavers to action (if this is the way things are, maybe we should be doing this) -Knowledge generally reflects a particular set of circumstances and interests -Ideas have roots and consequences
Self- Control Theory
Explain all varieties of criminal behavior and all the social and behavioral correlates of crime
Differential Association (Sutherland)
Explains how people learn to commit crime. Believes that criminal behavior is learned by individuals from other persons that are in an intimate personal group.
General Theory of Crime:Self-Control (Hirschi and Gottfredson)
Explains the tendency to commit all crimes. When the need for momentary pleasure and immediate gratification outweighs long-term interest, crime occurs. Crime is a function of poor self-control.
Institutional Anomie Theory (Messner & Rosenfeld)
Explains why United States have higher violent crime rates compared to other nations. Believes that the economy is the dominant institution in the United States and other institutions are devalued and are accommodated by other institutions.
Anomie/Strain Theory (Merton)
Explains why crime rates in the United States are particularly high. also why crime rates are high in lower socioeconomic classes Emphasizes the importance of goals that people believe are worth striving for and accepted ways to attain those desired goals. There is disparity between these two elements which causes strain.
Means of study (lombroso)
Extensive Data collection/tests. Similar to Criminal anthropology. "Aimed at irrefutably demonstrating the hypotheses that he championed, without exercising the methodological caution that was already beginning to characterize scientific research in his day" relied on anecdotal evidence rather than sound evidence Lombroso wrote newspaper articles that read like essays for scientific journals, and scientific papers that read like newspaper articles
Research in behavioral genetics found support for a crime gene.
False
There is no difference between biological positivism and psycho logical positivism.
False
paternalistic families
Families in which fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners, while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters
egalitarian families
Families in which spouses share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace.
Sampson and Groves
Family disruption decreases social control
Chauvanistic theory
Females are viewed differently under the law
Law of criminal saturation (Ferri)
Ferri believed that within a social environment with generally fixed conditions only a certain amount of crime can be realized.
Law of criminal saturation
Ferris theory that crime expands to fit the amount of law enforcement machinery.
Classical School
Founded by Cesare Beccaria. Believes that people have free will, are rational beings, and are hedonistic. It believes that laws should treat everyone equally and should follow due process.
Positivist School
Founded by Cesare Lombroso Believes that criminality can be explained by using science. Criminals are born, not made and one could tell if an individual will become a criminal from birth. Criminality can be inherited. The State has the right to use this belief to control society.
Routine Activities Theory
Founded by Lawrence Cohen and Felson Crime is likely to occur when these 3 elements are present: - Likely Offender - Suitable Target - Absence of a Capable Guardian It is through _________ that offenders come into contact with suitable victims and targets
Impact of classical school?
French and American revolutions, embraced equality of people, right to life and liberty, fairness in administration of justice, restriction of actions of the state. Not until sentencing stage is there a movement away from classical school of thought in contemporary criminal justice system.
general theory of crime
Gottfredson and Hirschi's developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self control
marginalization
Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society. These groups include poor, uneducated, undesirable color and language. These groups will stay on the margin of acceptance by society unless there is social intervention.
Problems with classical school.
Hard to calculate the exact degree of punishment needed to offset pleasure. Lesser offenses punished more than serious offenses.
Lombroso's theories and ideas
He pointed out that criminals have subhuman, physical features. Criminals manifest traits of sensory impairment, lack of moral sense (lack of remorse), the use of slang and tattoos. Biology causes crime.
dropout factories
High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40% or less. (page 209)
The XYY syndrome has been used to explain which kind of crime?
Homicide
Konrad Lorenz
Human aggression serves other purposes but takes on covert forms (drive to acquire wealth and power) Human behavior is adapted instinctive behavior (instinctive response) pp 88
Symbolic Interactionism (Chicago)
Human behavior is the product of purely social symbols communicated between individuals. The mind is not innate. Expectations, generalization. Own self concept based on what we think others think about us. Misreading of situational guidelines can lead to deviance.
What were the basic ideas representing the classical school of thought?
Humans are free-willed and rational. Utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number) Civil rights and due process of law. Rules of evidence and testimony, determining sentencing and deterrence. Concerned with legal definition of crime rather than a concern with legal behavior. U.S. constitution reflects concerns of the classical movement.
Arson
Illegal burning of property
role exit behaviors
In order to escape from a stifling life in male-dominated families, girls may try to break away by running away and or even attempting suicide.
NIBRS
Incident based system where crime data is collected on each crime occurrence
Social Learning Theory (Akers)
Incorporated behavioral and cognitive theories to Sutherland's Differential Association.
Deterrence theory
Individuals choice is influenced by the fear of punishment
Specific Deterrence
Instilling fear of punishment into individuals actually helps to deter crime
The human genome project
International research project mapping the human genome HGP may support concept of behavioral genetic determinism Belief that genes are major determining factor in human behavior Dominant view today holds that the interaction of genes and the behavioral possibilities they represent, with environmental features, produce meaningful human activity Recent research suggests the explanatory power of heritability limited by the fact that it may only apply to specific environments existing at the time of given study
CHarles Darwin
Interspecies aggression favors the strongest and best animals in the reproductive process
Shaw and McKay (Social Disorganization)
Investigates the relationship between crime rates and the 5 different concentric zones. Found that delinquency persisted in the same areas over an extended period of time even though ethnic composition in the area changed. Which means that crime rates are not explained by ethnicity but rather the position of the groups in terms of economic status and cultural values
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Herschi General Theory of crime
It suggests that low self-control accounts for all crime at all times and is the primary individual-level cause of crime (hence general)
why the transitional zone and the inner-city were a cause of concern
It was an undesirable place to live because t was cheap and deteriorating. Many immigrants chose to live there bc of price and close to their work. It was an area were crime and illness was rampant. More socially disorganized than other areas. Encroachment of the business and factory business district also played a role.
Who were the main influences for the classical school and what where their theories?
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832): Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794):
Culpable states of mind
Knowingly, Purposely, Recklessly, Negligently
Control Theory
Lack of Control •See the world being a consistent, uniform, normal, cultural whole
Four definitional perspectives
Legal, Political, Sociological, Pyschological
Physical stigmata
Lombroso's theory that criminals could be denoted on the basis of their facial appearance.
neutralization techniques
METHODS OF RATIONALIZING DEVIANT BEHAVIOR SUCH AS DENYING RESPONSIBLITY OR BLAMING THE VICTIM.
UCR
Major source of crime data produced by agencies of Part 1 crimes and compiled by the FBI
Psychometry is the field that seeks to?
Measure psychological / mental differences between criminals and non - criminals.
Felonies
More than a year and a day in prison
primary deviance
Norm violations that a person commits for the first time and without considering them deviant
M'Naghten Rule
Not guilty by reason of insanity. (NGRI)
overt pathway
Path to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent crime
covert pathway
Pathway to criminal career that behinds with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms to theft and fraud
peacemaking criminology
Peace and humanism can reduce crime; conflict resolution strategies can work
moral entrepreneur
Person who creates moral rules, which reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective universal standards of right and wrong.
Which ideas suggest that the shape of a person school will determine if he or she will engage in crime?
Phrenology
Assault
Physically striking or touching a victim
racial profiling
Police targeting of racial minorities as potential suspects of criminal activities.
Life Course Theory (Sampson and Laub)
Positive and negative changes affect individuals involvement in criminal behavior.
deviance amplification
Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-identity
Criminal law
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
population heterogeneity
Propensity to commit crime is stable; those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course
General Deterrence
Punishing criminals will deter potential criminals as they realize the punishment outweighs any potential gains
Anomie (Durkheim)
Rapid changed causes normlessness, confusion about right and wrong. Transition from Mechanical Society to a Organic Society.
Classical school principles
Rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, and due process
age graded theory
Sampson and Laub's theory that individual traits and childhood experiences are important to understand onset of delinquent and criminal behavior
Bentham, like Beccaria, argued against great judicial discretion, however...
Saw the need of some forms of decreased rationality among offenders. Punishments should not be added if not needed.
Circumstances
Self Report Surveys •Social movements in oppositions to entrenched power -Civil rights movement -Women's movement -Anti-war movement -Anti- colonial revolutions
Self control theory
Self-control involves a person's ability to alter his/her states and responses It is most obvious when the person acts contrary to his/her preferences and impulses
How did Bentham systemize legal procedures?
Separated crimes into private, public, against person and property, and violations of trust.
Psychotic
Seriously mentally ill
why does Environmental pollution affect violent behavior?
Several studies have found a link between industrial and environmental pollution and violent behavior Correlation between juvenile crime and high environmental levels of lead and manganese Toxic pollutant may cause learning disabilities, an increase in aggressive behavior, loss of control over impulsive behavior Exposure to the color pink may have a calming effect on people experiencing anger and agitation Prenatal exposure to marijuana, tobacco, alcohol may lead to higher rates of conduct disorders, delinquency, psychiatric problems
Monozygotic concordance
Similar behavior in identical twins.
age of enlightenment 17th and 18th century
Social Contract, natural law, natural lights
Social Process Approach
Social Learning Theory, Social Control Theory, Social Reaction Theory
Superego
Social conscience learned during childhood
Learning Theories
Social/ Cultural Learning Characterized by diversity -Argues that criminality is from within -The criminal is inside, is a conformist, is socialized •Conformist that learns to accept and do crime as a normal, moral part of social life
Park and Burgess Model (Social Disorganization)
Society expands in concentric zones from the center. 5 Concentric Zones: - Central Business District - Transitional Zone - Working Class Zone - Residential Zone - Commuter Zone
William Sheldon's work was instrumental in attributing physical types to various forms of criminality. What was the name he gave for his research on physical types?
Somatotypes
Food additives verse crime
Some food additives (MSG, dyes, artificial flavorings) may be linked to violence Caffeine and sugar may trigger antisocial behavior Vitamins, other nutrients may have behavioral impact
Social norms
Standards and rules of acceptable behavior
social reaction theory
Suggests that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such
Why is temperature consistently related to crime?
Temperature is the only weather variable consistently related to crime Relationship moderated by temporal factors Consistent with routine activities theory Possible link between barometric pressure and violent crime
Bursik and Web (Social Disorganization)
Tested Shaw and Mckays idea about Social Disorganization. Showed that it was in fact true
Anit social personality disroder
The APA has replaced psychopath and sociopath with the above term. A lack of love or the sensed inability to depend unconditionally on a central loving figure (usually the mother) are often suggested as major psychogenic factors contributing to the development of antisocial personality disorder
Critical feminist theory
The Capitalist system creates patriarchy, which oppresses woman
power
The ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others. to shape public opinion, and to define deviance
Discretion
The ability to make a decision based on judgement or personal conscience
Lombroso's foresight
The availability of new neuroimaging technologies has prompted several researchers to seek connections between alterations in the form or functioning of the brain and antisocial behavior. cortical processes that appeared to predispose murderers to homicidal behavior.strong consensus on the connection between dysfunctional parts of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and violent antisocial behavior. Genetics play a role in criminals.Minor Physical abnormalities have been recently studied. criminals are less reactive and less susceptible to pain than noncriminals, and consequently that the criminal, like primitive man, is less sensitive There are no aggressive adolescents who were not aggressive children first, while many aggressive children subsequently learn to control their aggressiveness
Feeblemindedness
The belief by Goring that criminals were mentally defective.
Atavism
The belief that criminals represent genetic "throwbacks to the ape" or earlier, more primitive humanity.
Social Darwinism
The belief that there is a survival of the fittest in society.
Major principles of biological theories
The brain is the organ of the mind and the locus of the personality Basic determinants of human behavior are constitutionally or genetically based Observed gender/racial differences in rates/types of criminality may be at least partially the result of biological differences Much human conduct is rooted in instinct (Territorial, adultery, acquisitiveness) Biological roots of human conduct have become increasingly disguised Some behavior is the result of biological propensities inherited from more primitive developmental stages The interplay among heredity, biology, and the social environment must be considered
Restitution
The court ordered repayment of money to victims
globalization
The creation and maintenance of transnational markets
Diversion
The development of alternatives to the formal criminal justice system
NGRI defense ( Not guilty by reason of insanity)
The earliest insanity ruling, sometimes called the right / wrong test.
August Volmer
The father of police reform
Sir Robert Peel
The father of policing
Probation
The most widely used sentence that allows a person to stay within the community while complying with court imposed conditions
U.S. Marshalls Service
The oldest Federal law enforcement agency
extraordinary rendition
The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects
socialization
The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture.
Rehabilitation
The process of attending classes to change one illegal or improper habits
state dependence
The propensity to commit crime profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization. Early rule breaking strengthens criminal motivation and increases the probability of future rule breaking.
Phrenology
The pseudoscience that claims to determine personality and intelligence on the basis of size and shape of a person's skull.
Astrology
The pseudoscientific believe that astrological signs such as configurations of the planet or stars influence human behavior.
Incapacitation
The removal of a person from society
Victimology
The study of victims and their patterns of victimization
Lobotomy
The surgical removal of the frontal lobes of the brain.
Interactional Theory (Thornberry)
The theory is a combination of the Social Control Theory and the Social Learning Theory in that it emphasizes a weak societal bond and learning that encourages deviant behavior.
XYY syndrome
The theory that males who possess an extra Y chromosome are more prone to violence.
social learning theory
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
Murder
The unlawful killing of a human being
Behavioral modification
The use of a system of rewards and punishments in order to modify or engineer behavior.
social process theory
The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.
Identity theft
Theft of a persons identity for the purpose of stealing property
Contemporary Theories
Theories that are currently used.
Individual Level Theories
Theories that imply that crime is caused by an individuals circumstances.
Structural Level Theories
Theories that imply that people are passive,that social structure is imposed on them and that economic and social disenfranchisement are often fundamental causes of crime.
Biological positivism
Theories that propose that crime is caused by inherited genetic or other biological causes.
life course theory
Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events
Cheater theory
Theory that holds that males have a greater interest in meeting and little interest in child rearing and use illegitimate means to maximize their offspring.
Bentham changed what with regard to prisons?
Those not yet convicted did not stay in jail, conditions were improved.
Atavism is a combination of work of Darwin and Lombroso.
True
Findings from twin studies contend that there is a biological link to crime.
True
IQ is a good predictor of criminality as race or social class.
True
Proponents of Freud's theory suggests crime is attributable to?
Unconscious motivation
dark figure of crime
Undiscovered, unreported and unrecorded crimes
Rape
Unlawful forcible sex with a male/female against their will
Misdemeanors
Up to a year in a house of correction
Ideology (Knowing Subject)
Use of reports about the world that justify commands to do something in the public realm that serves interests rooted in particular circumstances. (Chiricos definition based by Gouldner's book)
critical feminism
View that gender inequality is a result of the exploration of women in a male-dominated society
What is one of the key weaknesses of early biological positivism?
Weak methodology / operationalization.
Superordinate vs. Subordinate
Wherever there is power as an aspect of human relations = superordinate and subordinate joined together. Cannot have one without the other. Cannot of have power without the relationship •Both of realities, but different realities •Superordinate's have interest in maintain the status quo •Ideology reflect circumstances of interests in particular conditions
Subculture of Violence
Wolfgang Subcultures with values that demand the overt use of violence in certain social situations.
Neutralization Theory
Youth learn ways of neutralizing moral restraints and periodically drift in and out of criminal behavior patterns
Shaw and McKay concentric zones
Zone 1 and 2 always had the highest crime rates, inner city. Even when ethnic competition changed
power control theory
a criminological theory that maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate
sentencing circle
a method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and members of the community
Hirschis Control theory
a persons bond to society prevents him or her from violating social rules. if the bond weakens the person is free to commit crime.
PTSD
a psychiatric disorder that occurs after a person witnesses or experiences a life threatening event
self control
a strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms
social control theory
a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society main institutions
differential association theory
a theory that explains deviance as a learned behavior determined by the extent of a person's association with individuals who engage in such behavior
Reimen: Ideology
a widely held set of beliefs hat justify the status quo and its inequalities
Ego
a. Emphasizes how ones objectives can best be accomplished, develops strategies that maximize pleasure and minimize pain. b. Functions on the reality principle and recognizes the need to delay gratification to achieve a long term goal.
Positivism
a. positivism uses scientific method to study criminality b. positivism is based on hard determinism, the belief that crime results from forces beyond ones control, and rejects the idea of free will. -1970s many assumptions of positivism were undermined and a resurgence of classical ideals led to the development of neoclassical criminology
parental efficacy
ability of parents to be supportive of their children
Mala in se
acts are fundamentally inherent ally wrong regardless of time or place
mala prhibita
acts are said to be wrong because they are prohibited
Mala in Se
acts that are criminal, wrong, immoral or evil in themselves (street crimes)
reaction formation
adopting norms directly opposed to middle class goals just to form hostility
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
advanced the notion of the social contract
Social contract and implications?
all individuals equal before law. Due process had to be followed, aboveboard, evidence had to be obtained from facts, equality had to be maintained. All punishments must be specific by law.
courtroom work group
all parties work together to settle cases
equal justice perspective
all people should be treated equal before the law
Sociological perspective
an antisocial act of such a nature that its repression is necessary or supposed to be necessary to the preservation of the existing system of society Human relationships offenses first, violation of law second
left realism
an approach that is left leaning but realistic in its appraisal of crime and its causes. crime is seen as class conflict in an advanced industrial society
propensity
an innate natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way or pattern
negative affective states
anger and frustration produced by a variety of sources of strain
institutional anomie theory
anomie pervades US culture because the drive for wealth is undermines social and community values
anomie theory
anomie results when socially defined goals are mandated but access to legitimate means is stratified by class and status
transitional neighborhood
area undergoing shift in population and structure, middle class to lower class
concentration effect
as middle and working class people move away from the inner city, the most disadvantaged people are consolidated in the ghettos
Social disorganization concept as developed and described by Shaw & McKay and be able to explain the most important features of a "socially disorganized area".
based on conception of primary relationships similar to those found in a village. Loyalty leads to social stability. Proper family values. 4 Elements of social disorganization: 1.) low economic status 2.) mix of ethnic groups 3.) highly mobile residents moving in and out of area. 4.) disrupted families and broken homes In the inner cities, life is fast, relationships are weak, and life is superficial. Loss of primary social relationships led to social disorganization explaining the emergence of crime. Immigrants who lived in inner circles struggled with the difficulty of maintaining relationships and the difficulty of succeeding in a class bound society led to immigrants retreating to the safety of their own cultures. It is a dual problem of social disorganization and culture clash. Cultural transmission theory explains that juveniles affected by social disorganization are more likely to be exposed to those who espouse delinquent behavior, consequently are more likely to adopt that behavior.
due process perspective
basic rights of defendant in criminal proceedings and requirements for a fair trial
neutralization techniques
blaming the victim, denying responsibility
Types of criminals (Ferri)
born, criminals of passion, and the habitual criminal.
social disorganization theory
breakdown in inner city neighborhoods of institutions such as family, school, and employment
Political perspective
built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal Laws serve interest of the politically powerful
Secondary Victimization
caused by insensitive questioning and by reporting inappropriate information about crime victims
What are the three components to deterrence? Which were most important?
celerity (speed), certainty, and severity. (Swift and certain) Too much severity and there may be public outcry and therefore make citizens unruly.
Natural law
certain laws are fundamental to human nature and can be determined through reason
Robbers, Extortionists, and Occupying Soldiers
characterize those who enforce an unjust law and an unjust order
Neo Classical Criminology
classical criminology in 1800's gave way to approach knows as "positivism"
early sources of criminal law
code of hammurabi: one of the first known written laws and emphasized retribution roman law: twelve tables, these were a collection of basic rules relating family, religious, and economic life Common law: a body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions during the middle ages in England
collective effecacy
communities coming together to maintain public order and supervise children
pretrial diversion
community based rather than jail based
restitution
community service or paying in order not to face trial
Classical theory
concept of right and wrong and concepts of morality and propriety known as mores and folkways
theory building of criminological research
construction of theories or models that improve our understand of criminal behavior and help us create effective strategies to deal with the crime problem
primacy of sociology
contemporary criminology rests on a tradition of social scientific investigation in to the nature of crime and criminal behavior
crime control perspective
control of dangerous offenders and protection of society
strain theory
crime as a function of the conflict between peoples goals and the means available to obtain them
Left realism
crime is a function of relative deprivation; criminals prey on the poor
Concentric zone model
crime rates and various community zones
secondary deviance
crime that applies negative label on person
primary deviance
crime that has little to no affect on long term
Criminal causality according to Ferri
crime was caused by factors such as physical (race, geographic, temperature, and climate), anthropological (age, organic, sex, and psychological), and social factors such as customs, religion, economics, and population density.
Mala Prohibita
crimes because the law says so
State (organized) crime
criminal acts committed by government officials
criminal justice
criminal law and study the components of the justice system
social process theory
criminalit is a function of peopels interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society
Folkways
customs which have a force of tradition but whose violation is less likely to violate the survival of the social group (dress code, social manners)
Depressants
decrease or depress the central nervous system
Self control defined
defined as the degree to which a person is vulnerable to momentary temptations -Self control is acquired early in life -Low self control is the Premier individual level cause of crime Gottfredson and Herschi reject the idea that some people have a propensity to commit crime; they suggest, rather, that some people have a tendency to ignore the long-term consequences of their behavior
Overlap
describes the relationship between good and bad at the same time. -Sometimes the line between crime and non crime is not so clear -Was he a good boy? Yes. Was he a bad boy? Yes. At the same time good. He was not either bad or good. There was an overlap of bad and good.
Irony
describes the relationship between good and bad over time. -The bad can eventuate in good and the good can eventuate in bad
secondary deviance
deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms
condemnation fo the condemners
dog eat dog world
Hypoglycemia
early research linked murder to hypoglycemia - low blood sugar reduced the minds ability to reason affectively Recent research has linked excess sugar consumption to hyperactivity, aggressiveness, etc. Current evidence on sugar/behavior link unclear PET scans found lower glucose levels in prefrontal cortex of murderers
people to know
edwin h Sutherland -differential association Greshams sykes nd david matza- neutralization theory Volkin topalli- learning theory pg179 travis hirschi- social control theory (cause of deliq) Edwin lemerts- primary and secondary deviance karl marx- critical criminology / conflict theory Richard quinney- the social reality f crime/ conflict theory of crime howard zinn- disobedience and democracy alette smeulers, roelof haveman- supranational crimes Jim Messerschmidt- masculinity and crime John Hagan- power control theory Howard Zehr- restorative justice Rolf Loeber- pathways to crime Hirschi and Gottfredson- self control theory Sampson and Laub- life course theory Herrnstein and Wilson- integrated theory Terrie Moffit- developmental theory of crime Sykes and Matza- techniques of neutralization David Farrington- integrated cognitive antisocial potential
relative deprivation
envy and mistrust resulting from perceptions of economic and social inequality
secondary anaylasis
evaluation fo existing data that was gathered for a different purpose
Thomas Hobbs
fear of violent death forces humans in to the social contract
problem indentification
frequently involves testing a hypothesis, because those are measurable and can be tested
Power-Control Theory
girls are controlled more closely then boys in traditional male dominated households; there is gender equity in contemporary egalitarian homes
Mens Rea
guilty mind
rehabilitation perspective
helping to care for criminals
social responsibility
holds tha people are fundamentally responsible for their own behavior and that they choose crime over other, more law-abiding courses of action
Legalistic perspective
human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has power to make such law
social contract
humans abandon their natural state of individual freedom to join together and form a society, surrendering some freedoms but forming a government which is obligated to assume certain responsibilities toward citizens and to provide for their protection and welfare
Classical school Principle: Rationality
humans have free will and choose their actions (rational choice)
successful degradation ceremony
identity is publicaly redifined and destroyed and viewed as socially unacceptable
case studies
in depth investigations in to individual cases, suffer from high levels of subjectivity but provide the opportunity to examine individual cases in depth
Rational Choice theory
includes many of the theories of classical criminology, and based on the belief that criminals make conscious, rational and at least partially informed choices to commit crime
containment theory
inner and outer forces that push/pull a person to criminality or conformity
Types of criminals (Lombroso)
insane criminals, epilectic, occasional,
problems in data collection
intersubjectivity: independent observers must see the same thing under the same circumstances Replicability: when the same symptoms exist the same results can be expected
classical school principle: punishment
is a deterrent to crime, and deterrence is the best justification for punishment
Psychopath
is the concept of the mental disease or diseased mind also generally viewed as cruel and without thought or feeling for victims
Concentrated Disadvantage
isolated, concentrated, poverty. -Higher than usual of drug use, unemployment, single parent households. -Over specification
adolescent-limited offenders
kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood
Mass Murder
killing of several people in one event
Serial Murder
killing of several persons over time
impulsive
lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making. and impulsive person lacks close attention to details has organizational problems and is distracted and forgetful
neutralization theory
law violators neutralize conventional values and attitudes allowing them to drift between right and wrong
John Locke
life path depends on experiences
deviance amplification
locks a person into cycle of deviance
Positivist school leaders
lombroso (teacher) , Ferri (student)
differential opportunity
lower class youths, who legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs to achieve success
culture of poverty
lower-class culture. mistrust of government agencies. Passed onto generations
appeal to high loyalties
loyal to peer groups as well as being lawful
Social Control Theory
maintains that everyone has the potent ions to become a criminal, but that most people are controlled by their bonds to society. Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken
culture conflict
manifests itself whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties
reflected appraisal
messages you receive from others that assess your self concept
drift
movement in and out of delinquency
general strain theory
multiple sources of strain interact with an individuals emotional traits and responses to produce criminality
Thomas Paine
natural rights, rights retained in the face of govt. action & interest
reflected appraisal
negative labels on children by parents
social phenomena
observable, explainable, and measurable in quantitative terms
Ideological Context
once starts to create meaning
criminologist
one who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
culture conflict
opposing norms and attitudes of right and wrong
authority conflict pathway
pathway to deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance
restorative justice perspective
peaceful solutions and mediation
social control theory
people commit crime when the binding to society is broken
differential association theory
people commit crimes when their social learning leads them to percieve more definitions favoring crime
Labeling theory
people enter into law violating careers when they are labeled and organize their personalities around the labels
stratified society
people grouped by economic or social class
Social Learning Theory
people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close and intimate relationships with criminal peers; crime is a learned behavior
social learning theory
people learn to be criminals by observing others
Differential Association Theory
people learn to commit crime from exposure and anti social definitions.
social problems
perspective holds that crime is a manifestation of underluyihn social problems (poverty, discrimination, inequality of opportunity)
Classical school principle: Hedonism
pleasure and pain, reward and punishment are the major determinates of choice
in-presence requirement
police must witness the crime personally
social Capital
positive life sustaining relations with individuals and institutions
Means of study (ferri)
positive observation, criminal statistics, and penal law in a synthetic science that he called "criminal sociology".
specific deterrence
prevents an offender from re-offending (prison)
Psychological perspective
problem behavior, human activity that contravenes the criminal law and results in difficulties in living within a framework of generally acceptable social arrangements harmful or potentially harmful behaviors
stages in research
problem identification, development of a research design, choice of data collection techniques, review of findings
socialization
process of human development and enculturation
qualitative methods
produce subjective results, or results that are difficult to quantify
nolle prosequi
prosecutor drops a case after a complaint has been made
LEAA
provides technical assistance and dollars to aid state and local justice agencies
Hallucinogens
psychoactive substances that cause mild to intense distortions of visual or auditory functions
Stimulants
psychoactive substances that increase the functioning of the central nervous system
What were Bentham's ideas of punishment?
punishment was a necessary evil. Its justification was deterrence.
What ideas of human nature represented by the classical school led the rational for the building of legal structures?
rationality, hedonism, and deterrence
deinstitutionalization
removing as many offenders as possible from jail
social policy
research findings may have broader importance than theory testing includes government initiatives, programs, and plans intended to address problems in society
crime
result of free will and punishment can be effective by negating the pleasure derived from it
Natural Lights
rights that individuals retain in the face of the government action and interests
Eugenic criminology
root causes of criminality were passed down in the form of bad genes eugenics movement: 1920'2-1930's -buck v. bell (1927)
Mores
rules covering potnetionally serious violations to the groups values (murder rape robbery etc )
Social Reaction Theory (labeling theory)
says people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such, and they accept those labels as a personal identity
What was the felicific calculus?
schedule of punishments taking into account pleasure, pain, and mitigating circumstances.
diversion programs
sentences that keep offenders out of prison; for example, suspended sentences and probation
truth in sentencing laws
serve at least 85% of sentence before parole
classical school principle: human rights
society owes respect for the rights of citizens and their autonomy
criminalist
specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime
What were the two types of deterrence and what were their purposes?
specific and general. Idea was to implement just enough pain to offset the amount of pleasure gained from the offense. General deterrence focused on potential offenders and setting examples.
federalism
split between federal government and states
propensity theory
stable unchanging feature, characteristic property or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, makes some people crime prone
Commands
statements of what should be, or must be, or what should not be or must not be done.
Shoplifting
stealing or theft of goods from a business
cultural deviance theory
strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms
Criminologist
study the nature and extent of crime,patterns and explanations of criminal behavior
LEAA
supplied funding for training, education and equipment for police department
Embezzlement
taking or converting anothers money or property with which they've been entrusted
Quantitative methods
techniques that produce measurable results that can be analyzed statistically
social responsibility originates form what perspective?
the Classical School
parental efficacy
the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways
hegemonic masculinity
the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior
reintegrative shaming
the concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream
surplus value
the excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners
Sigmund Freud: id
the fundamental aspect of the personality from which drives urges and deires emanate, operates the pleasure principle, instant gratification
nonintervention perspective
the least intrusive treatment possible. Decriminalization, less is better
Marijuana
the most widely used mind altering drug
Rebirth of deterrence
the public in moving towards a more conservative mode, clamored for harsher sentences. Tougher sentences will deter crime. Deterrence is hard to measure. Pubic believes deterrence is alive and well. Social learning theory is a cousin to deterrence.
social conflict
the struggle for power in society. human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups
Criminology
the study of crime, criminals and criminal behavior
patriarchal
the system of society or government controlled by men
Robbery
the taking or attempting to take with force or the threat of force or violence the property of another, or placing them in fear
cumulative disadvantage
the tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones and undermine success
Motor vehicle theft
the theft of a motor vehicle
social bonds
the ties that bond people to society
Theft
the unlawful taking of property of another
research
the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge
denial of the victim
the victim had it coming
developmental theory
the view that criminality is a dynamic process influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics
early onset
the view that kids that begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career
social reaction (labeling) theory
the view that people become criminals when they are labeled as such
trajectory theory
the view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders
self control
to a persons ability to exercise restraint and control over his or her feelings emotions reactions and behaviors
stigmatize
to brand with disgrace; to set a mark of disgrace upon
cultural transmission
traditions passed down to other generations
What flaw did Beccaria know would result from the social contract system? Why did he go through with it?
unfair treatment due to equal punishments. He knew the inequality would be less than the old system
Burglary
unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
Demonstrable
verifiable by some widely agreed-upon means, say, those used by science, and it should be sufficient gravity to outweigh the value of the freedom that is to be legally prohibited
social context of crime
very crime has a unique set of causes, consequences, and participants, these reactions may contribute to the creation of a new social policy
social structure theory
view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime
Direct Conditioning (Differential Reinforcement)
when behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others
Commitment to Conformity
which requires that they obey the rules of society
Differential Opportunity
which states that people in all strata of society share the same success goals but that those in the lower class have limited means of acheivng them
General deterrence
works by example and seeks to prevent others -punishment must be swift, certain, and severe if it is to be effective
Feudalism (Classical Criminology)
•Characterized by series of rigid hierarchal arrangements like the church -In each of those subs, people got what they got because of who they were •Classical criminology said the same thing about punishment, people get what they get because of what they do or who they are •Gave power based on who you are
Howard Becker
•Gave keynote address for the emergence for critical criminology -He challenged the presumption of detached neutrality •How he was raised on social science •Becker's address said -To have values or not to have values said that was nonsense because we are going to have values, the question was what are the values going to be?
Paradigm Shift
•Kuhn- Structure of Scientific Revolution -Normal Science Apply Dominate Paradigm Shift -Facts don't fit (Earth Centered Universe) Paradigm shifts happen when things being observed couldn't fit the paradigm •Two reasons that would emerge that didn't make sense -Galelo observation -The world changes
