Critical Final
poignancy effect
"if only he had sopped at his regular store" -counterfactual feeling -part of reversal
WYSIATI
"what you see is all there is" -notion that we form impressions and judgments based on the information thats available to us -taps into halo effect -while talking, our thoughts and words need to flow by: --working in parallel --effortless speed is essential --conscious mind hands over much of the work of talk to system 2 (efficient and quick) -system two uses the constant flow of data from the effortless, perception process of system 1 to fill in blanks
representativeness
(tom w's speciality) -stereotypes (pos or neg) system one a simplified portrait of a group of people, often assumes they are homogenous and that some key traits, typically derogatory, are shareable by all members of a group -normal cognitive shortcut to understand more complex realities -ignores base rate -can limit if they block deeper understanding think like a clinician
base rate
(tom w's specialty) *better to use* -prior probabilities -desciptive info and allows us to infer other patterns and predictions (implications: descriptive stats are means, modes, stand dev. inferential test, ANOVA, correlations, etc) -think like a statistician system two
priming
-be being primed with eat you can think of soup faster -not restricted to concepts and words (by being primed with OLD you walk slower)
errors in reasoning
-infer physical causality -able to start inferring causality since birth -we make errors (ex. ice cream sales and sexual assault cases)
how to become an expert
-knowledge compilation (shift from declarative to procedural memory/habit) -proceduralisation (predict rules becomes faster) -composition (a repeated sequence of single actions becomes fluent)
hostility toward algorithms
-nobody wants to believe intuition is wrong -nor will they accept intuition were right by chance
why is experiencing self different from remembering self?
-peaked effect -duration neglect
faulty critical thinking
-representativeness heuristic -conjunction fallacy
Expectations
-strong belief that something will happen or be the case in the future -can be unrealistic and lead to disappointment/damage COMES FROM: -past experiences -media -society -family
allias problem
2% difference is weighted more (98%-100%) than a different 2% difference (61% to 63%) -humans are not consistent -whenever you form a global evaluation of a complex object (car purchase, potential spouse, etc.) you assign weight to its characteristics
sight
83% of impressions are dictated by ____
certainty effect
95-100% is qualitative change that has a large impact
affective forecasting
A couple who are struggling in their marriage, decide to have a baby because they believe it will save their relationship
"Distinctions" such as making distinctions by classifying objects based on color, size, and differences
From our TED talk on DSRP - what does the D represent?
allows us to connect with others
From the TED talk on the power of vulnerably, why do we need to be vulnerable?
It induces cognitive ease and a comforting feeling of familiarity with the product
How does repetition of commercials influence consumers?
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is a(n):
We do not expect to see regularities (such as a sequence of six girls) because it is statistically less probable then a more random process
In looking at the three sequences of babies being born we can note that there are difference patterns of boys and girls. Why is it the second sequence of babies being born is judged much less likely than the other two sequences?
duration neglect
In terms of remembering an event, we typically do not remember the length of the experience. What is this phenomenon termed
top down processing
Information is driven by our knowledge, experience, and intentions, is termed ____________.
heuristic (system 1)
Ms Anderson opens the door to the new babysitter the agency sent over. She sees a young women with purple spiked hair and a nose ring and tattoos. She immediately thinks this is a bad idea. This is an example of
risk policies
Narrow framing is a sequence of simple decisions considered separately like a heuristic, whereas broad framing is a single comprehensive decision with many options, like an algorithm.
endowment effect
People often demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire. This is termed
base rates
Prior probabilities are also known as
emotional framing
RED HAT -fee for using cc at gas station OR save money when u use cash at gas station -price the same but less product instead of decreasing price -these are economically the same but not emotionally equivalent
Are we in control of our decisions dan ariely
TED TALK -illusion is a metaphor -why do some ppl donate organs and some dont depends on wording at DMV -behavioral economics -rome w coffee is better -useless options help
How thinking works Derek Cabrera
TED TALK -metacognition -epistemology to teach thinking: -distinction -systems -relationships -perspectives
Amy Cuddy body language shapes who you are
TED TALK -tiny tweaks give big changes -power= test go up, cortisol goes down, and how you react to stress -high power gambles more -change posture
power of vulnerability brene brown
TED TALK -vulnerability is being strong -shame: you are bad guilt: you did something bad -emotional armory -shame resilience -courage: to tell story of who you are with your whole heart courage, compassion, connection, vulnerability -can numb vulnerability but can't numb an emotion let ourselves be seen, practice gratitude/joy and we will believe we are enough
surprising science of happiness dan gilbert
TED TALK two different futures -lottery -parapeliegic after a year equally happy -synthesize happiness yet expect it to be found natural happiness: get what we want synthetic happiness: when you don't get what you want "are longings are overblown" key is inability to change mind
utility
The ________ theory makes logical assumptions of economic rationality
when our mental resources are depleted
Under what conditions are we more likely to fall prey to anchoring techniques?
cognitive dissonance
What is the concept to describe that idea that we are in two conflicting states of mind (e.g., want to eat candy but also want to eat healthy)?
Men tend to be more confident than women
What is true about gender differences and confidence
It eats its own brain
What is unique about the sea squirt?
representativeness
When making a decision and told to "think like a statistician", people are more likely to use base rate information. When told to "think like a clinician", people are more likely to use
the Science of Happiness
Which TED TALK talks about freedom to choose promotes natural happiness but reduces synthetic happiness
Reconstructed memories foster a hindsight bias
Why do many people have a tendency to believe they "knew it all along", when in fact, if asked, prior to the outcome, they would not have any greater ability to predict the outcome than chance.
Movement
Why do people have brains?
we overweigh sad events
Why does cognitive ease, evoked from a vivid image of an event (e.g., the delight of receiving red envelope on Valentine's day), illicit the a sad thought that the event may not occur?
possibility effect
Why does upgrading from 0 to 5% feel more significant than an increase from from 5% to 10%?
availability cascade
Your friend tags you in a news story he read on line about a college student being killed while skateboarding. This story is shared among thousands of college students and university administrators and ultimately results in your campus banning skateboarding. This is an example of
keeping score
__ violates risk choice/risk policy -we value gains and losses differently
decision makers
__ who were made to consider safety concerns that induced negative emotions when deciding a purchase, were more likely to "choose not to choose" or stick with status quo
fera
___ based facial expressions gain our attention and are processed faster *and words -no real threat but system 1 is processing both
loss aversion
___ is certainly the most significant contribution of psychology to behavioral economics
causes
___ trumps stats: -concrete examples are easier ex. psych 300 easier than math 125 because even tho same stats psych is interesting
extreme
____ groups regress to the mean over time -depressed children are treated with energy drink to improve significantly over three month period. extreme group. (not bc energy drink but bc extreme group)
memory
____ is an attribute of system 1
rationality
____ should be distinguished from intelligence. -those who excel in intelligence can switch from task to another quickly
schema and frames
_____ can influence decisions (system 1)
bernoullis theory
______ assumes that utility (pscyhological value) of wealth is what makes people more or less happy -money can't buy happiness but a change in wealth impacts happiness psychophysics: branch of psychology that investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and results in sensation/perceptions
system 1
__________ instantly draws upon its past experience and upon whatever info is immediately present.
remembered
__________ utility is a memory-based measure of pleasure associated with past outcomes
availability heuristic
____________________ is the process of judging frequency by "the ease with which instances come to mind".
illusion of validity
a cognitive bias in which ppl tend to overestimate their ability to interpret data/predict
cognitive strain
a problem exists, which will require system 2 -affected by effort and unmet demands
narrow framing
a sequence of simple decisions considered separately like a heuristic
riskless choice
a theory that decision makers reach utility maximizing choices through consistent and stable choices -when making choices we calculate risks -can use manipulation through this *not often applicable, often violated*
intuition
ability to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or conscious reasoning (DE BONO'S RED HAT --> COMPLEX EMOTION) implication is cognition, hunch, vibe
hindsight bias
after an event, we think we could have predicted it explains why we judge people "get what they deserve, wouldnt happen to me"
pygmalian effect/teacher expectancy effect
after we treat them differently they change behavior -halo effect
marquitte mask of beauty
an attractive facial ratio using fibonaccis ratio
affective forecasting
an error in reasoning whereby we predict our affect incorrectly -worst predictors of ourselves -overestimate pos and underestimate neg. -when estimating your happiness other ppl are better at it
implications for halo/horns effect
appearances produce the halo/horns effect -ex. education (2 products graded back to back, if one gets an A, second one is more likely to get an A even if poor quality)
number of instances retrieved and ease with which these come to mind
availability hueristics are impacted by
Tom W's Speciality
base rate vs. representativeness
hostility
being able to detect ___ in a voice is an example of system 1
Halo effect
belief that if you like one aspect of a person you'll attribute other positive aspects as well
evoking imagery
blue envelope evokes a richer representation and we are able to envision it NOT happening
intuitive intuition/conjunction fallacy
can avoid ______ by: -knowing the decision is high stakes -told to follow logic and not answer until sure -think like statistician -given more time
10 mill dollars
case 1: child suffered mild burns after brother lit a candle case 2: bad dealings of bank A caused bank B loss of 10 million dollars How much money do you award each person? this is an example of preference reversal but what is the anchor??
expert
characteristics of ______: -able to recognize problem in a new situation and diagnose it -know the answer to many problems due to prior experience -know how to solve new problems because of set of skills for this -may see the world differently because people must learn the relevant perceptual features in their domain
amygdala
choices are equal but different results bc of ___. -region commonly associated with emotional arousal -accessed rapidly by emotional stimuli (system 1)
law of least effort
cognitive and physical exertion -several ways of achieving same goal, ppl will eventually gravitate towards easiest one
System 1
cognitive ease --> clear display (reading clear text is effortless) -when leading we will believe almost anything -gullible and biased to believe
System 2
cognitive strain--> difficult to read (reading fuzzy text is hard) -in charge of doubting and unbelieving -busy and often lazy *in charge of self-control - needs to overcome impulses of system 1*
TED TALK riddle of experience vs memory caughman
cognitive traps: reluctance to complexity, notion of happiness, focusing illusion -remembering self: keeps score, maintains story of life, makes decisions, IN CHARGE -think of future as anticipated memories -why do we pick vacations we do? for pleasure when remembering -correlation is low -happiness is being happy with people we like not a sub. for well-being
anterior cingulate
conflict and self control -was more active when subjects rebelled (didn't gamble when should) -resisting system 1 triggers conflict
cognitive dissonance
conflicting beliefs or behaviors that produce discomfort so we rationalize one of the beliefs/behaviors so they no longer conflict create state of tension --> motivated to get rid of discomfort -rationalize
Remote Associations Test (RAT)
cottage, swiss, cake (answer: cheese)
blue hat
de bono's hat -focus: control and organization -group leader -will ___ elaborate? -we've covered this, next item is...
black hat
de bono's six hats focus: caution and criticism -stops us from doing something illegal, immoral, unwise -identifies risk, obstacles, etc bad idea bc... implementation is difficult bc..
green hat
de bono's six hats focus: creativity and new ideas -brainstorming -new ideas and ways of looking these ideas parallel... the synergy resulting from what you're saying and he's saying is..
red hat
de bono's six hats focus: emotions and feelings -simple: mad, sad, etc -complex: hunches, intuition, gut reactions (due to implicit cognition) -don't analyze feelings just have them -all emotions are legit and dont need reasoning I have a feeling that..
white hat
de bono's six hats focus: objective facts and figures --first class: verifiable and verified (how many ppl cnu accepts) --second class: we think we know (how many ppl we think accepts cnu) -planning a paper -what info do we need? what info do we have? objectives?
yellow hat
de bono's six hats focus: positie and speculative aspects -no judgements/logistics -bright side -spring board good idea to... we should attempt to..
empty intuitions
decision makers tend to prefer the sure thing over gamble (risk averse) when outcomes are good -tend to reject the sure thing and accept the gamble (risk seeking) when both outcomes are negative
mood/affect heuristic
decisions are influenced by current emotion -fear, pleasure, surprise -ppl not buying cars bc of 9/11 (implications: can use to manipulate)
framing effects
different ways of presenting the same information often evoke different emotions Ex. "the odds of survival 1 month post surgery are 90%" vs. "mortality within 1 month of surgery is 10%"
sadness
drooping lower eyelids lose focus in eyes pull down in lip corners
the law of small numbers
each sequence has no effect on the next. If you flip heads doesn't influence next flip
peaked effect
end will be remembered more than entire event (why movies have biggest impact at endings)
fear then relief technique
evoking fear* people who experience anxiety whose source is later abruptly eliminated usually respond positively to various requests -fake blind man: walking through mall and someone puts his hand on your shoulder feel anxiety and turn around and its a blind man so you feel relief then someone asks fro donation and they will says yes
mere exposure effect
ex. familiarity breeds liking -psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
prospect theory
explains the relationship between psychological intensity and magnitude of stimulus -bernoulli concluded that psychological response to a change of wealth is inversely proportional to initial amount of wealth
anger
eyebrows down and together eyes glare narrowing of lips
surprise (facial expression)
eyebrows raised eyes widened mouth open
fear
eyebrows raised and pulled together -raised upper eyelids tensed lower lids lips slightly stretched back horizontally to eats
a Day Reconstruction Method inventory
f you are asked to relive your day and rate events on negative and positive emotion from mild to intense, what are you completing
conjunction fallacy/intuitive intuition
faulty critical thinking -assumed that multiple specific conditions are more probable than a single generic one
representativeness heuristic
faulty critical thinking -linda is more representative of a feminist bank teller than just a bank teller alone
gain frame
favored by risk averse behavior (keep $20 and walk away or gamble with a 50/50 chance) KEEP MONEY
availability cascade
fear based statement that triggers a chain reaction of panic and sharing that statement that then causes more people to believe the statement, when in reality the statement is false or only partially true. -repetition from cognitive ease -lead to gross exaggerations of minor threats often with important consequences -ex. sharing post on fb
galton
first person to investigate expertise (in scientific manner)
narrative fallacy
flawed stories of the past shape our views of the world and our expectations for future -most thinking is guided by system 1 -steve jobs and iphone
regression to the mean
flight cadets were praised for clean execution of maneuver did worse than those who received punishment - they did better -violates behaviorism -jinxing top performers (CAUSAL INTERPRETATION) -if performance is above or below average the next time will be closer to average if you score 70 on first test, 95 on second test you are NOT likely to keep getting higher. you are more likely to score mean of 70 and 95 on third
evoking yes saying
foot in the door technique - ask for small favor first can we put a flyer in your window to raise awareness for our organization? can you donate money to our organization?
in our head
gains, losses, rewards and punishments, promises and threats are all ____. we carefully score them
horns effect
generalize one negative aspect of a person, you'll attribute other negative aspects
test satisfaction using DRM (day reconstruction model)
go through the day and rate events as mild to intense negative obvious: work, commute unobvious: child care, socializing, TV viewing
two measures of utility
hedonimeter (measure of exp. now) retrospective assessment (recall the experince) they are both systematically different
experienced utility
hedonistic magnitude reflecting agents experiences of pleasure and pain -pleasure seeking and pain avoidance -instant utility -remembered utility -anticipated utility
anchors
how much would you pay for a ticket at aquarium? would you pay $5 for ticket to aquarium? would you be $400 for ticket to aquarium? Occurs when ppl consider a particular value for an unknown quantity before estimating that quantity. Will be influenced by asking price or to consider. (implications: negotiating salary/raise/teacher supplies ask for more)
manipulate
how to ___ people's behavior -system 2 = peoples system 2 is lazy and ppl are tired -system 2 --emotional frames (loss averse) --activate schema about desired behavior ------(show pics of person using product) ------(use words - image, pic, visualize) --have person do the behavior (samples)
associative activation
ideas that have been evoked trigger many other ideas, in a spread of cascade activity in your brain
voluntary actions
if system one is endorsed by system two impressions and intuitions turn into beliefs and _______ -system two is effortful, but one main characteristic is lazy, reluctant to invest more info than necessary
changes
if we can envision something happen it __ our decisions
cognitive illusions
illusions of thought and not visual -two lines same length but don't see them that way -client tells you that he has seen several doctors and none of them can treat him but you seem different (psychopath)
hedonimeter
imaginary instrument that measures the level of pleasure or pain that an individual experiences at any measure (only measured experienced utility) -ex coding words in tweets to assign happiness score (ex. patient A had higher reveal of negative experiences so leave equipment up for 2 extra min so better final note)
endowment effect
imagine if give 2 dollar lottery ticket for free - would you sell it? how much? people often demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay for it again -losses feel larger than gains (loss aversion)
overgeneralization effect
impression is based because of prior, unrelated association -jordan = school bully
halo effect
impression of person is biased due to attractive traits (physical) -if more attractive they are happy, warm, etc.
fuzzy domains
in which situation are experts's judgments no better than novices?
bottom up processing
information from our senses (what we see) -system 2/algorithm
apgar
invented algorithm in 5 areas (scale 0-2) to determine health of children and college success
expertise
is not about intelligence but what you know about particular domain -can be an expert in one science but not in another
causal interpretation
jinxing something (regression to mean)
emotionally loaded words
keep and loss -produce an immediate tendency to approach the sure thing (framed as good thing like keep)or avoid it (framed as loss-lose)
classical conditioning
learning by association, people learn to associate a response with a stimulus
less is more
less the number of events, the more likely to be true (linda is more likely to be a bank teller than a bank teller femenist)
contempt
lip corners tightened and raised only on one side
utility theory
makes logical assumptions of economic rationality. We make choices based on financial gain. does NOT reflect peoples actual choices and does not take into account behavioral biases ppl are more loss-averse: they are more likely to act to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain. The value placed on a change in probability depends on reference pt.
decision utility
mathematical representation of preferences to be inferred from observed choices -take job because better health insurance
overconfidence
may lead to a failure to look for diconforming evidence
supraliminal message
message that is consciously recognized and associated with something popular
algorithm
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (ex. checklist/rubric)
overly optimistic
most people are ________ due to neglect -overconfident -focus on: goal, what we can do, what we know, CAUSAL ROLE we neglect: relevant base rates (stats), what we do not know, how great other ppl are, role of luck
fourfold pattern
most people choose 61% chance to win 520,000 dollars and 100% chance to win 500,000
surprise
most sensitive indication of how we understand our world and what we expect from it (implications: learned helplessness, cycle of abuse)
clickbait
neurological surprise implication -man tries to hug you, you won't believe what happens next --> have to click
surprise passively
normal events you do not have an S-R pairing but they happen (it's your bday and friends throw you a surprise party) (surprised event did happen) -if surprise event continues to happen, you become less surprised by it
disgust
nose wrinkling upper lip raised nose flare
rebels
not susceptible to framing effects -showed enhanced activity in frontal area - anterior cingulate
ego depletion
not the same mental state as cognitive busyness -at least in part to loss of motivation -after exertion of self control, you do not feel like making another effort
systematic violations
observed and violate rational choice theory (anchors, heuristics, stereotypes, reference pts, framing effects)
single evaluation
only look at one case to make an opinion
one
operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. is an example of system __
laziness
other methods to influence and manipulate are to take advantage of ____ of system 2 ex. extra step to check organ donor box or not
mere stats
our mind is strongly biased toward causal explanations and does not deal well with ______
self fulfilling prophecy
over years, cute kids benefit from the bias, giving them higher levels of confidence -halo effect
task sets
overrides habitual responses -ex. find f in every paragraph, now find s (one task to another)
fibonaccci sequence
pattern where you start with 0,1 PHI: = *1.62* (aesthetically pleasing proportion) -olden ratio is 1.618034 is found throughout nature
joint evaluation
patterns the same in both cases but amount to emotional development increased -system 1 was more triggered and more so when compared to emotional vs financial loss
insufficient adjustment (failure of weak/lazy system)
people adjust less (stay closer to anchor) when their mental resources are depleted, either because their memory is overloaded or they're tired/intoxicated
disposition effect
people sell winning stocks rather than losing stocks. keep assets that have lost money because loss-averse mr b regrets more event though both subjects got robbed violates risk choice/risk policy
change blindness
phenomenon in visual perception in which very large changes occurring in full view in a visual scene are not noticed (gorilla video)
planning fallacy
phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display on optimism bias --> we think success is easy but it's not that easy -underestimate time, costs, and risks and overestimate benefits to avoid: estimate 7x regular time -plan ur tasks -general stats -use local knowledge to adjust
confirmation bias
positive test strategy -ex. is same friendly? is sam mean? -deliberate search for confirming evidence (implications: leading questions: do you have any problems with your boss? vs. Tell me about your relationship with your boss)
overestimate
ppl _____ the probabilities of unlikely events and overweigh unlikely events in their decisions -more fear of flying than a car accident (implications: irrational fears)
Availability Heuristic
process of judging frequency by the "ease with which instances come to mind" EX. are there more words that have v as third letter or start with v -is judged more frequently occurring because it's easier to generate words that begin with a letter -if you say "tell me 3 instances where you were smart" ppl will rate themselves, if they can't think of when they were smart they will feel dumb -implications: positive self talk/writing (or negative)
product placement
product placed in TV/advertising (uses all 4: repition, clear, good, primed)
possibility effect
qualitative change to a quantitative problem ex. upgrading from 0-5% is more impressive than 5-10%
rational choice theory
regards behavior as rational and logical to satisfy requirements
evoking guilt
remind them of help you've given them before
loss frame
risk seeking behavior (give up $30 and walk away now or gamble with a 50/50 chance) CAN'T LOSE MONEY
heuristic
rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
schema theory
schemas are cognitive frames of your knowledge about objects, ppl, or situations -come from prior experiences/knowledge -simplify reality, setting up expectations, and allow predictions ex. italy won vs. france lost (two different schemas)
confirming evidence
seek this rather than attempting to look for evidence that might disprove their idea
top down processing
sensory information counseled by immense knowledge derived from the past (what we expect) -optical illusions -system 1/heuristics
cognitive ease
sign things are going well - not threats, no major news or need to be redirected.
Ann approached the bank
since we are in college we think money bank, children think river bank
broad framing
single comprehensive decision with many options, like an algorithm.
biology
some distinctions between good and bad are hardwired into our _______ -certain events feel good (baby) -certain events feel bad (failing) -relief of pain is a good feeling because it indicates a biologically significant improvement of circumstances
media coverage
some ranks are correct but more often were wrong because of ___ -biased towards novelty and fear
evoking fear
something could happen but won't if you do this -fear then relief technique
80%
statistical formulas were more accurate ___ of the time over intuition
misunderstanding
steps to ___________: -attention stage -> notice behavior/appearance -snap judgment-> categorize as good/bad -causal inference stage-> make attributions to explain specific behavior -impression formation stage -> form general idea of person's character -prediction stage-> predict how person will behave
neurologically surprised
surprise distinctive pattern was detected in brain actively, starting within 2/10s of a second -male voice says "I am pregnant because I am sick every morning" (implications: clickbait)
machine (your brain) for jumping to conclusions
system 1 bets on an answer, bets are guided by experience -we have a bias to believe and confirm -prewired: understanding a statement must begin with an attempt to believe it (implications: NPD and psychopaths are capable of deception because humans have a bias to believe them)
familiarity
system 1 produces the impression of __ and system 2 relies on that impression for a true/false judgement
mental overload
system 2 protects so it receives attention and spare capacity
De Bono's 6 hats
technique displays six thinking styles -generally wear the same hat everyday -this technique forces you to change your hat to increase perspective taking (blue, white, red, yellow, black, green)
preference reversal
tendency for the preference ordering a pair of alternatives to depend on the process used to elicit it -enjoy last preference more than first -emotional reactions of system 1 are much more likely to determine single evaluation *contradicts risk policy/risk choice* bc doesn't make consistent/stable choices, uses emotion basically opinion about something but how true is it? when presented differently it changes our opinion
engine of capitalists optimism
tendency to see positive side and to expect more favorable outcome -changing how we think decreases emotional impacts
norm theory
that nontraditional behavior (such as that associated with collective action) develops in crowds as a result of the emergence of new behavioral norms in response to a precipitating crisis. -moses illusion (how many animals of each kind did moses take into the ark) -moses took no animals in the ark, noah did -ark put a biblical context on it so moses was not surprising to hear if you said George Bush, you would be surprised
planning fallacy
the tendency to be overly optimistic of an upcoming event, and not budget enough time, money, or other resources for the event, is termed _______________.
emotional blocks
to make decisions -fear or making a mistake -fear and distrust of others -latching on to the first idea (ex. pass/fail option)
regression
to predict any variable we run a _____
Stimulus response training
told to raise hand to ask and use restroom, in college you can just go
flow
two sets of effort: concentration on task and deliberate control of attention
expert intuition
two ways to determine if ______ is better -compare experts to novices -->in some fuzze domains experts are no more accurate --> in stable domains, experts are better -compare experts to stat models -->stat models generally out predict experts experts in combo w stats are best
instant utility
type of experienced utility -current hedonic experience (chair sitting in)
remembered utility
type of experienced utility -memory based measure of pleasure or pain with past outcomes (comfy couch you love at home)
anticipated utility
type of experienced utility -one's beliefs about hedonic quality of future experiences (swinging bed hammock you've never sat in)
prewired
understanding a statement must begin with an attempt to believe it
reframing/cognitive restructuring
use to recognize impacts of negative thoughts and shifts mind to be more positive -increases activity in left lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and decreases amygdala activity
diminishing sensitivity
utility changes the subjective difference between the same ratio -our choices are not based on dollar values but on psychological values of outcome (utility)
surprise is active and conscious
waiting for an S (S-R pairing), S does not happen (surprised event did not happen)
overweigh
we ___ events because of the availability heuristic of negative events (think of everything that can go wrong) -probability of a rare event is most likely to be overestimated when data is not known
duration neglect
we remembered the ending not the length of the experience
correlation coefficient
we use this to compare the relationship of two variables -half genes from each parent
system one
when an incorrect intuitive junction/conjunction fallacy is made: _______ suggested incorrect intuition
system two
when an incorrect intuitive/conjunction fallacy junction is made: _____ endorsed/expressed an incorrect intuition in a judgement -failed because ignorance/laziness
negative self talk (heuristic)
when negative traits are easily generated, undermines confidence -if you mess up in a meeting "I'm an idiot" Prevention: -reflect: what would ced say -reframe: I used poor choice of words -possible thinking ---->positive: I am stunning ----> possible: I can get healthy
implications to advertising
when tired you're more likely to believe empty messages
A group who watched a show that had 500 fireworks, 100 of which were fired during the last minute in a grand finale
who is more likely to recall a firework show being very grand?
anchors, heuristics, stereotypes, reference pts, framing effects
why we aren't critical thinkers:
associatively coherent
yielding a self-reinforcing pattern of cognitive, emotional, and physical responses that is both diverse and integrated -the event of a lost wallet could evoke many different causes, slipped, left in a restaurant, etc. but the ideas of lost wallet, NY, and crowds jointly evoke the thought of pickpocketed.
passive surprise
you don't wait for these events but are not surprised when they happen
reversals
you have the task of setting compensation for victims of a violent crime - judge differently based on whether they usually go to a store or not poignancy effect (opinion is the same until you hear something else)
active surprise
you know you are waiting for a particular event to happen, will be surprised if it does not happen
