crj 463 final

Which school of thought within the discipline of victimology would support the narrowest definition of victim? a. Conservative tendency b. Liberal tendency c. Radical left tendency d. Critical tendency

A. Conservative tendency

When a victimologist is involved in the process of operationalization, it means that he or she has __________. a. identified which subjects will be included in the study b. created the tables and figures that will be used to present the findings of the study c. identified the limitations of the study and how they may have impacted the findings of the study d. developed a working definition of the concepts to be measured in the study

d. developed a working definition of the concepts to be measured in the study

What were the prevalence rates reported in 2016 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics for violent and property crime? a. 1 percent for personal violent crime and 9 percent for household property crime b. 10 percent for personal violent crime and 20 percent for household property crime c. 25 percent for personal violent crime and 12 percent for household property crime d. 25 percent for personal violent crime and 42 percent for household property crime

a. 1 percent for personal violent crime and 9 percent for household property crime

Which decade has been tied with the rediscovery of crime victims? a. 1940s b. 1960s c. 1980s d. 2000s

a. 1940s

According to the NCVS, in which year did we see the highest number of murders committed during robberies? a. 1980 b. 1990 c. 2000 d. 2010

a. 1980

According to the FBI's Crime Clock, in 2016, one violent crime occurred in the United States every __________. a. 27 seconds b. 27 minutes c. 2.7 hours d. 2.7 days

a. 27 seconds

Regarding lifetime prevalence rates, what percentage of males are expected to experience a sexual assault? a. 3 percent b. 13 percent c. 23 percent d. 33 percent

a. 3 percent

According to the FBI's Crime Clock, in 2016, one property crime occurred in the United States every __________. a. 4 seconds b. 4 minutes c. 4 hours d. 4 days

a. 4 seconds

Which criminal justice reform in regards to sexual assaults fails to support best practices for a victim-centered approach? a. 40 percent of rapes being cleared by police b. Police department participating in programs known as sexual assault response teams (SARTs) c. Hospitals employing sexual assault nurse examiners (SANE) d. The timely testing of rape kits

a. 40 percent of rapes being cleared by police

In 2009, what percentage of felony cases in the 75 busiest urban U.S. counties were plea negotiations? a. 95 b. 75 c. 45 d. 25

a. 95

What does the bystander effect state? a. As the number of bystanders increases, the likelihood that any particular individual will intervene decreases. b. As the number of bystanders decreases, the likelihood that any particular individual will intervene decreases. c. As the number of bystanders increases, the likelihood that any particular individual will intervene increases. d. It is impossible to determine whether any particular individual will intervene just by looking at the number of bystanders present.

a. As the number of bystanders increases, the likelihood that any particular individual will intervene decreases.

Which characteristic is typical of those elders at lowest risk for abuse a. Caucasian b. Over the age of 80 c. Female d. Diagnosed with dementia

a. Caucasian

Which of the following is least likely to be a factor in the increased vulnerability of college students to identity theft? a. College students tend to be more careless than other groups of adults. b. College students often live in shared housing like dormitories. c. College students may post identifying information on a social media account. d. College students may throw out paperwork with sensitive information, like account numbers, rather than shredding it.

a. College students tend to be more careless than other groups of adults.

Which of the following will decrease the unfounding rate for child abuse? a. Concerns about the reputation of innocent people accused of abuse b. Laws requiring mandatory reporting c. False and vengeful claims of abuse in order to get a person in trouble d. Increased media coverage of child abuse

a. Concerns about the reputation of innocent people accused of abuse

Which of the following exemplifies a "guilty" victim? a. Filing a theft insurance claim after losing a ring at the lake b. Pushing your child off the sidewalk, but then being struck yourself by a drunk driver c. Walking into a convenience store at the time it is being held up and having your wallet taken d. Locking your car that is subsequently stolen out of your driveway

a. Filing a theft insurance claim after losing a ring at the lake

Which legislative reform fails to support victims of intimate partner violence? a. Giving landlords the right to penalize those who break their lease in order to move away from an abuser b. Informing victims as to the whereabouts of the offender within the correctional system c. Allowing for civil orders of protection for unmarried victims, as well as married victims d. Gun surrender laws

a. Giving landlords the right to penalize those who break their lease in order to move away from an abuser

Which Supreme Court decision opposed victims' interests and rights? a. Gonzales v. Castle Rock Police (2005) b. Maryland v. Craig (1990) c. Davis v. Washington (2006) d. Maryland v. King (2013)

a. Gonzales v. Castle Rock Police (2005)

Which of the statements regarding the relationship between the crimes of murder and robbery is false? a. In most robberies the victim is murdered. b. Due to data collection methods the NCVS will undercount the number of robbery-related murders. c. Data from the SHR will undercount the number of robbery-related murders. d. The nationwide annual death toll from robberies is dropping

a. In most robberies the victim is murdered.

Which is the newer and more inclusive phrase used today that represents violence within romantic relationships? a. Intimate partner violence b. Intimate family violence c. Domestic violence d. Wife beating

a. Intimate partner violence

Which statement reflects the maximalist perspective regarding child maltreatment? a. Large numbers of children are maltreated each year. b. Only a small number of children are maltreated each year. c. Data from the UCR and the NCVS show similar rates of child maltreatment each year. d. Victimologists agree as to the rate of child physical and sexual abuse that occurs each year.

a. Large numbers of children are maltreated each year.

Activists in the battered women's movement would be MOST likely to accept which of the following explanations for intimate partner violence? a. Learning theory's sex-role socialization b. Bonding theory's attachment concept c. Investment theory's commitment argument d. The psychological perspective of individual pathology

a. Learning theory's sex-role socialization

Which statement reflects a success in charging and convicting a husband of rape? a. Marital rape is considered a crime in all 50 states. b. English common law considered it impossible to rape a wife. c. Many states today will charge the abusive husband with a lesser charge than rape. d. Wives who have been sexually assaulted by their husbands are the victims least likely to report the offense

a. Marital rape is considered a crime in all 50 states.

Recent studies have examined the victims' experience with parole boards. In which study area were the findings positive in light of victim involvement? a. Number of corrections departments that notify victims of the upcoming parole hearings b. Level of involvement by victims at the parole hearings c. Extent of influence victims had on the outcome due to their participation in the parole hearings d. How satisfied victims were as a result of participation in the parole hearings

a. Number of corrections departments that notify victims of the upcoming parole hearings

Which of the following fully supports the rights of the husband to dominate his wife? a. Patriarchy b. Post-1600s Puritan laws against abuse c. The rule of thumb d. The practice of "moderate correction within domestic chastisement"

a. Patriarchy

Which of the following statements regarding differential reporting rates is false? a. People are more likely to report a victimization if they believe the offender was a gang member. b. People are more likely to report a victimization if they are attacked by a stranger. c. People are less likely to report a victimization if they are male. d. People are less likely to report a victimization if they are young

a. People are more likely to report a victimization if they believe the offender was a gang member.

Which of the following statements is false concerning how UCR and NCVS data reflect aggravated assault trends in the United States during the past 45 years? a. Changes in how aggravated assault is measured is reflected in the yearly rates. b. UCR data and NCVS data are in agreement as to the trends in aggravated assault from the early 1970s to today. c. UCR and NCVS data report a general decline in aggravated assault since the early 1990s. d. UCR and NCVS date report a slight increase in aggravated assault since 2015.

b. UCR data and NCVS data are in agreement as to the trends in aggravated assault from the early 1970s to today.

What is the percentage of black females who will be the victim of one or more rapes over their lifespan? a. 1 percent b. 11 percent c. 21 percent d. 31 percent

b. 11 percent

What percent of teenagers report having been physically hurt on purpose during a date in the previous year, according to a 2014 study of 14,000 high school students? a. 3 percent b. 13 percent c. 33 percent d. 53 percent

b. 13 percent

Between 2005 and 2016, what percentage of recoveries of abducted children can be credited to the use of the Amber Alert system? a. 2 b. 22 c. 42 d. 72

b. 22

Which of the following fails to represent a community policing approach? a. A victim-oriented approach b. A closed-door policy so officers can focus on solving cases c. A user-friendly model d. Allowing citizens to have a larger say in the workings of the department

b. A closed-door policy so officers can focus on solving cases

According to the UCR, what item has the highest recovery rate? a. Currency (cash) b. A motor vehicle c. A firearm d. Livestock

b. A motor vehicle

Feminist theory supports which of the following explanations for intimate partner violence? a. Resorting to physical violence to settle disputes is more acceptable in poor communities than within the middle class. b. A patriarchal system promotes and enforces intimate partner violence. c. Power stems from economic and social position. d. Resorting to force is a way of regaining normalcy within a relationship.

b. A patriarchal system promotes and enforces intimate partner violence.

For which of the following testimonies would the phrase witness immunity most likely apply? a. The defendant testifies that his sister was the actual person involved in the break-in. b. A woman testifies in good faith that the person she saw break into her neighbor's house was the neighbor's grandson. c. The police officer testifies that the sister's fingerprints were found on the door frame. d. The victim testifies that her big screen television set was taken from her home

b. A woman testifies in good faith that the person she saw break into her neighbor's house was the neighbor's grandson.

Which of the following best defines the term victimization? a. The outlook of people who share a sense of common victimhood b. An imbalanced interpersonal relationship that is abusive, painful, destructive, and unfair c. The scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people experience because of illegal activities d. People who experience illegal acts, accidents, natural disasters, and other social problems

b. An imbalanced interpersonal relationship that is abusive, painful, destructive, and unfair

Which statement reflects the problem of the intergenerational transmission of child abuse? a. Abuse can lead to affective disorders like guilt, shame, fear, and low self-esteem. b. As an adult, they harm their own children in the same ways that they were mistreated. c. Suicidal ideation and self-mutilations are a potential outcome of sexual assault. d. Drug taking, acting out, and repetitively entering in abusive relationships can occur after abuse.

b. As an adult, they harm their own children in the same ways that they were mistreated.

Which group has the smallest risk for rape victimization? a. Being female b. Being over age 50 c. Being single d. Living in a low-income family

b. Being over age 50

Which of the following terms is the least likely to be associated with the problem of repeat victimizations from the victim's point of view? a. Hot spots b. Boost explanations c. Flag explanations d. Victim careers

b. Boost explanations

Which statement captures rape trends from UCR and NCVS data from the 1990s to today? a. Both UCR and NCVS data indicate an overall upward trend. b. Both UCR and NCVS data indicate an overall downward trend. c. The UCR indicates an overall upward trend, while the NCVS indicates an overall downward trend. d. The UCR indicates an overall downward trend, while the NCVS indicates an overall upward trend.

b. Both UCR and NCVS data indicate an overall downward trend.

Which of the following significant events did not occur around the time of the shift away from a victim-oriented justice system? a. The American Revolution b. English common law c. The adoption of the Constitution d. The adoption of the Bill of Rights

b. English common law

What does the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution promise? a. Due process b. Equal protection under the law c. Differential handling d. Second-class treatment

b. Equal protection under the law

Which of the following is an argument against the creation of cold case squads? a. New technological advances allow for the testing of evidence which may lead to useful clues. b. Family members and friends could be faced with repeated disappointments when the murderer is not arrested. c. The creation of new databases for missing persons and unidentified corpses may assist in identifying murdered persons. d. There is no statute of limitation for murder.

b. Family members and friends could be faced with repeated disappointments when the murderer is not arrested.

Social movements have failed to champion the causes of various groups of victims in which way? a. Setting up dependable support systems for injured parties b. Fighting against constitutional safeguards and due process guarantees for suspects, arrestees, defendants, and prisoners c. Launching awareness campaigns d. Bringing to light the group's experiences with police officers

b. Fighting against constitutional safeguards and due process guarantees for suspects, arrestees, defendants, and prisoners

Which statement is more representative of male abusers who are killed by their female victims than other male abusers in general? a. His abuse is less frequent and less severe. b. He consumes more drugs and alcohol. c. He is less likely to have isolated the family from outsiders. d. He is less likely to have also abused any children in the household.

b. He consumes more drugs and alcohol.

A victimologist designing an explanatory study would be most likely to ask which research question? a. Which senior citizens are most likely to be a victim of telephone fraud? b. How does having a family support network protect senior citizens from becoming a victim of telephone fraud? c. Does a neighborhood watch program decrease the number of senior citizens in that neighborhood who are a victim of telephone fraud? d. What information regarding fraud types can be gleaned from focus groups of senior citizens?

b. How does having a family support network protect senior citizens from becoming a victim of telephone fraud?

Which of the following is a positive outcome experienced by many who have experienced motor vehicle theft? a. Personal items left in the car add to the financial loss associated with motor vehicle theft. b. Insurance covers the losses experienced from a motor vehicle theft, so most people are not out any money. c. Those affected have feelings of violation and insecurity. d. They experience inconveniences due to having to make arrangements resulting from the loss of transportation.

b. Insurance covers the losses experienced from a motor vehicle theft, so most people are not out any money.

According to data from the NCVS, which of the following statements regarding robberies is false? a. Almost one-half of the offenders are reported to be strangers to the victim. b. Nearly all robberies involve an assailant with a handgun. c. Two-thirds of victims reported their victimization to the police. d. About one-quarter of robberies are unsuccessful thefts.

b. Nearly all robberies involve an assailant with a handgun.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of emergency assistance services for victims of sexual assault in the 1970s? a. The first to step forward to offer emergency assistance to victims of sexual assault were feminist activists. b. No other emergency services were available prior to the 1970s for victims of sexual assault. c. Emergency services included such things as 24-hour hotlines, volunteers to accompany the victim to the hospital, and peer counseling. d. Part of the mission of emergency assistance programs was to educate the public as to the myths and realities surrounding sexual assault.

b. No other emergency services were available prior to the 1970s for victims of sexual assault.

Which statement supports the maximalist position regarding child lures? a. Victimization prevention strategies may cause psychological or emotional harm to children. b. Parents should take advantage of every opportunity to secure their children from strangers. c. Information and services should be free and made readily available to those searching for their children. d. Some child safety measures fail to protect children.

b. Parents should take advantage of every opportunity to secure their children from strangers.

According to the NCVS, for which crimes did victimization reporting rates to the police decrease dramatically between the years of 1973 and 2016? a. Robberies b. Rapes and sexual assaults c. Simple assaults d. Burglaries

b. Rapes and sexual assaults

For the robber moving through the five stages of a robbery, during which stage would he or she establish co-presence? a. First stage b. Second stage c. Third stage d. Fifth stage

b. Second stage

What does the "SAID" in the SAID syndrome mean? a. Sexual allegations in distress b. Sexual allegations in divorce c. Sexual abuse in divorce d. Sexual abuse in daughters

b. Sexual allegations in divorce

What is the most common form of abuse within the family? a. Spousal abuse b. Sibling abuse c. Parents abusing children d. Children abusing parents

b. Sibling abuse

Which of the following is a victims' right that has yet to be given to those who have been harmed by an offender? a. Have any royalties and fees paid to notorious criminals confiscated and used to repay victims or to fund victim services b. State in a victim impact statement what punishment the offender should receive c. Be protected from suspects whose pretrial release on bail might endanger them d. Privacy concerning any medical records or statements made to counselors

b. State in a victim impact statement what punishment the offender should receive

Which of the following reflects a pro-victim approach to addressing sexual misconduct on campus? a. The reinterpretation of Title IX under the administrative leadership of President Trump b. The 2013 Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act requiring incidents of dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking be included in annual campus crime statistics c. Changing the "no means no" consent policy on campus to "yes means yes" d. Creating judicial procedures on campus to administratively address cases of sexual assault

b. The 2013 Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act requiring incidents of dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking be included in annual campus crime statistics

Which of the following statements is supportive of the use of repressed memories to charge someone with sexual assault? a. Sigmund Freud's conclusions about repressed memories after he studied women diagnosed with hysteria b. The extension of statute of limitations for filing civil lawsuits by victims of incest c. The decrease in the use of repressed memory in court cases after 1996 d. The use of intervention techniques to create pseudomemories

b. The extension of statute of limitations for filing civil lawsuits by victims of incest

Numerous differences make it difficult to directly compare the data from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). However, which of the following represents a similarity across the two data sets? a. The number of years the data have been available b. The fact that governmental agencies compile the data c. The definitions used to define the crimes for which data are collected d. The types of crimes for which data are collected

b. The fact that governmental agencies compile the data

Which of the following is true regarding the trends in murders due to intimate partner violence between the years of 1977 and 2015? a. The number of murders for both males and females has increased. b. The number of murders for both males and females has decreased. c. The number of murders for males has increased, while the number of murders for females has decreased. d. The number of murders for males has decreased, while the number of murders for females has increased.

b. The number of murders for both males and females has decreased.

In which way are the disciplines of victimology and criminology similar? a. The age of the disciplines b. The position that crime is unevenly distributed across society c. The position on which actor should be the central focus of study d. The position that crime violations should be the focus of study

b. The position that crime is unevenly distributed across society

Which of the following best defines the term victimology? a. An asymmetrical interpersonal relationship that is abusive, painful, destructive, parasitical, and unfair. b. The scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people endure because of illegal activities. c. People who experience illegal acts, accidents, natural disasters, and other social problems. d. The outlook of people who share a sense of common victimhood.

b. The scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people endure because of illegal activities.

What is the requirement that judges must announce the actual minimal amount of time a defendant has to serve before he or she is eligible for release from confinement? a. Allocution b. The truth-in-sentencing rule c. A bifurcated capital trial d. A presentence investigation report

b. The truth-in-sentencing rule

Which of the following are protected by rape shield laws? a. Information on the victim's past convictions for prostitution b. The victim's past sexual experience history c. Consensual sexual relations the victim had with the defendant prior to the assault d. Information pertaining to past sexual conduct about which the victim has an obvious incentive to lie

b. The victim's past sexual experience history

Which of the following can be considered a positive outcome of the sensationalism found in the media as they cover cases of victimization? a. How the media's right to report the incidents clash with the victim's right to privacy b. The voice that has been given to victims to be vocal about how their cases ought to be resolved in court c. How the selection of the cases to be featured may reflect unconscious biases of those working in the various media outlets d. The rule "if it bleeds, it leads"

b. The voice that has been given to victims to be vocal about how their cases ought to be resolved in court

Victimologists have been critical of Uniform Crime Report's (UCR) data. Which of the following, however, do victimologists recognize to be a strength of UCR data? a. UCR data underreport the actual number of crimes that occur each year. b. UCR data include local, county, and state data. c. UCR data provide information on characteristics of the offender, but not the victim. d. UCR data lump together attempted with completed crimes.

b. UCR data include local, county, and state data.

The results from a 2011 study of police reports support each of the following statements concerning the characteristics of a "typical" stranger or slight acquaintance kidnapping EXCEPT __________. a. the victim is typically a female b. about one-half of the victims were between the ages of 2 to 7 c. about two-thirds the victim-offender relationships were that of stranger d. minority victims were overrepresented

b. about one-half of the victims were between the ages of 2 to 7

Challenges to making international comparisons of victimization rates include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. differences in record-keeping practices make comparisons difficult b. there is no organization that collects victimization date cross-nationally c. some countries do not routinely disclose reliable data about their crime rates d. police in various countries use different definitions for crimes

b. there is no organization that collects victimization date cross-nationally

According to the results of a variety of studies looking at rapes on campus, what percentage of college women report they were targets of attempted or completed sexual assaults? a. 2 percent b. 12 percent c. 20 percent d. 42 percent

c. 20 percent

What percentage of same-sex couples report intimate partner violence? a. 2 to 3 percent b. 12 to 13 percent c. 25 to 35 percent d. 45 to 55 percent

c. 25 to 35 percent

In 2016, the NCVS estimates that Americans 12 years of age and over experienced nearly __________. a. 60,000 violent victimizations b. 600,000 violent victimizations c. 6,000,000 violent victimizations d. 60,000,000 violent victimizations

c. 6,000,000 violent victimizations

Which of the following reflects a secondary prevention program to address intimate partner violence? a. High school programs on dating violence b. Media campaigns that challenge stereotypes of what it means to be a man or a woman c. A counseling program for couples who have gone to court for an abusive incident d. Programs to empower girls and women

c. A counseling program for couples who have gone to court for an abusive incident

Which of the following statements fails to reflect levels of victim facilitation today regarding auto theft? a. About 20 percent of motorists admit that they did not always lock their vehicles. b. Seven percent of drivers sometimes left spare keys in their vehicle. c. A recent insurance industry publication indicated that between 40 and 90 percent of all thefts were facilitated by motorists' carelessness. d. One-third of drivers have left their car unattended while it was running

c. A recent insurance industry publication indicated that between 40 and 90 percent of all thefts were facilitated by motorists' carelessness.

Which example best reflects the practice of target hardening? a. Staying home so as to not mix with strangers at a party b. Carrying a concealed weapon when going to a dangerous neighborhood c. Adding dead bolt locks to the external doors to one's home and adding a fence around the property d. Studying up on where crimes occur in your community

c. Adding dead bolt locks to the external doors to one's home and adding a fence around the property

Which police response leads to the lowest recidivism rate for intimate partner violence, according to the classic 1980s field experiment conducted in Minneapolis, Minnesota? a. The officer compels the batterer to leave for a period of time to cool off. b. The couple is referred to counseling by the police officer. c. An arrest is made of the aggressor by the police officer. d. Both the aggressor and the victim are arrested by the officer.

c. An arrest is made of the aggressor by the police officer.

For which of the following would the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) be least useful as a source of data? a. Number and types of hate crimes reported to police departments across the nation yearly b. Number of law enforcement officers who were slain in the line of duty each year c. Annual estimated losses in billions of dollars due to property crimes d. Number of fires set intentionally each year nationwide

c. Annual estimated losses in billions of dollars due to property crimes

Who is the person identified as the "father of victimology"? a. Edwin Sutherland b. Hans Von Hentig c. Benjamin Mendelsohn d. Marvin Wolfgang

c. Benjamin Mendelsohn

How is victim provocation similar to victim facilitation? a. Participants in a victim provoked incident tend to share common characteristics. b. More responsibility for the harm is placed on the victim than on the person who is the victor. c. Crimes of violence are most likely to have been provoked than property crimes. d. Clear definitions for each of the victim instigations makes it easy to distinguish between them.

c. Crimes of violence are most likely to have been provoked than property crimes.

Which group of people would have the least impact on the social construction of the designation "victim"? a. Police officers who make arrests b. Legislators who formulate criminal laws c. Criminals who were once victims themselves d. Media outlets that shape public opinion

c. Criminals who were once victims themselves

Each of the following is true about victim impact statements EXCEPT __________. a. victim impact statements are typically incorporated into the presentence investigation report b. all 50 states and the District of Columbia allow for victim impact statements c. victim impact statements, in all of its forms, are supported by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution d. another form of victim impact statement is known as allocution

c. victim impact statements, in all of its forms, are supported by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution

Each of the following is true regarding the interactions victims have with corrections officials EXCEPT __________. a. correction officers can utilize an electronic notification system to inform victims as to the status of their offender b. victims expect probation and parole officers will work to keep the victim safe from further harm by the offender c. victims can expect to spend many years interacting with jail officials as the offenders serve their sentences d. when the sentence includes a requirement of restitution, victims want corrections officials to provide them the payments on schedule

c. victims can expect to spend many years interacting with jail officials as the offenders serve their sentences

The juvenile justice system operates differently than the adult justice system. Characteristics unique to the juvenile justice system include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. the juvenile justice system operates on the principle of rehabilitation rather than punishment b. the names of the accused youth may not be revealed in news reports, even though victim information is revealed c. victims have more opportunities to share with the court what the juvenile did to them and how they would like the case to be resolved d. while the case progresses through the juvenile court system, the youth will probably be released to a parent or guardian

c. victims have more opportunities to share with the court what the juvenile did to them and how they would like the case to be resolved

In 2016, the NCVS estimates that American households experienced nearly __________. a. 16,000 property victimizations b. 160,000 property victimizations c. 1,600,000 property victimizations d. 16,000,000 property victimizations

d. 16,000,000 property victimizations

Which perspective argues that punishing the offender is the best way to decrease future sexual assaults? a. Blame-the-offender approach b. Blame-the victim approach c. A system-blaming approach d. A deterrence approach

d. A deterrence approach

Which of the following is an example of a primary victim? a. A family member who steps in to care for a child whose parent is murdered b. A spouse whose wife is the victim of sexual harassment at work c. A police officer who responds to gang-related shootings d. A senior citizen who loses thousands of dollars due to a telephone scamWhich of the following is an example of a primary victim? a. A family member who steps in to care for a child whose parent is murdered b. A spouse whose wife is the victim of sexual harassment at work c. A police officer who responds to gang-related shootings d. A senior citizen who loses thousands of dollars due to a telephone scam

d. A senior citizen who loses thousands of dollars due to a telephone scam

What was the name of the victim whose kidnapping and murder led to the creation of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA)? a. Jeanne Clery b. Matthew Shepard c. Emmett Till d. Adam Walsh

d. Adam Walsh

What is the purpose of the safe haven law? a. Funds shelters for children to go to when they are abused b. Gives grants to families with four or more children to help pay for expenses c. Classifies the courtroom as a "safe place" for children d. Allows parents to abandon their newborn without penalty

d. Allows parents to abandon their newborn without penalty

Which of the following is true when looking at national crime/victimization rates from both the UCR and the NCVS? a. Most Americans have been victims of violent offenses. b. Most Americans have been victims of both violent and property offenses. c. Americans are more likely to have been victims of violent offenses than of property offenses. d. Americans are less likely to have been victims of violent offenses than of property offenses.

d. Americans are less likely to have been victims of violent offenses than of property offenses.

Which of the following can be classified as a rape myth supported by victim-defenders? a. Real victims fight back physically. b. She is lying because she wants to get him in trouble. c. Rape arises out of uncontrollable sexual urges. d. Any vulnerable woman may be at risk for rape.

d. Any vulnerable woman may be at risk for rape.

Which statement best reflects the outlet-attractor perspective? a. One will apply force to accomplish a goal. b. As the confrontation unfolds, at least one party attempts to save face at the other's expense by not backing down, which then escalates into a fatal showdown. c. For individuals who binge drink, their judgment will become clouded and they are likely to misinterpret another's intentions and actions. d. At certain drinking locations, people gather with the expectation that they will be released from normal constraints on their behavior.

d. At certain drinking locations, people gather with the expectation that they will be released from normal constraints on their behavior.

Which of the following fails to represent a victim-oriented police department? a. Extending outreach efforts to neighborhoods in the community b. Returning recovered stolen property to the owner in a timely fashion c. Placing as much emphasis on the minor offense as one would a major case d. Keeping results from performance measures in-house so as to not dampen community-police relations

d. Keeping results from performance measures in-house so as to not dampen community-police relations

vWhich of the following statements regarding murder rates across American cities is false? a. Historically, the highest homicide rates have been reported in the South. b. Urban centers tend to have higher homicide rates than do rural areas. c. Some of the safest large cities in America include Seattle, Austin, and New York. d. Large urban areas have consistently experienced high murder rates since the 1990s

d. Large urban areas have consistently experienced high murder rates since the 1990s.

Which of the following statements is least likely to pertain to the phrase lifetime likelihoods? a. For lifetime likelihoods, estimates are viewed over a period of 60 or more years. b. While the chance for victimization may seem small in any given year, when viewed as a lifetime likelihood, the chances for victimization are much higher. c. Over the span of about 60 years, nearly all Americans will be the victim of theft according to projections based on crime rates in the late 1970s and 1980s. d. Lifetime likelihoods for victimizations are the same across all Americans

d. Lifetime likelihoods for victimizations are the same across all Americans.

In which way will the Prosecutor's office be LEAST able to assist crime victims? a. Keeping victims informed as to the status of their case b. Protecting the victims from harassment and intimidation c. Getting the victim's property from the police as soon as it is recovered d. Making sure the case is resolved as quickly as possible

d. Making sure the case is resolved as quickly as possible

Which of the following statements is the victim defender MOST likely to support? a. Women are responsible for inciting the wrath of their husbands. b. Aggressive and demanding women take advantage of their shy and dependent husbands. c. Women hold secret masochistic cravings to be punished by her male partner. d. Male abusers are typically bigger and stronger than the female victims.

d. Male abusers are typically bigger and stronger than the female victims.

According to the NCVS, the highest victimization reporting rates to the police today are for which crimes? a. Rapes and sexual assaults b. Household larcenies c. Aggravated assaults d. Motor vehicle thefts

d. Motor vehicle thefts

Which form of child abuse is the most prevalent? a. Physical abuse b. Sexual abuse c. Emotional abuse d. Neglect

d. Neglect

What is considered to be a positive outcome for victims from plea negotiations? a. Victims do not testify on the witness stand to a jury. b. Victims are not consulted prior to the finalization of the negotiation. c. Victims are not notified of the outcome of the negotiation. d. Plea negotiations result in the conviction of an offender

d. Plea negotiations result in the conviction of an offender.

Which best reflects what actually happened to the majority of children who are reported as missing each year? a. Abducted by strangers b. Taken short-term by a nonfamily member c. Taken long-term by a family member d. Ran away or were driven out of their home (throwaways

d. Ran away or were driven out of their home (throwaways)

In which phase of the battered woman syndrome is the abuser MOST likely to apologize and ask for forgiveness? a. Learned helplessness phase b. Acute battering incident phase c. Tension-building phase d. Reconciliation phase

d. Reconciliation phase

What was the most common motivation for stranger or slight acquaintance kidnappings of children, according to a 2011 NISMART-3 study? a. To keep the child b. Express rage c. Gain a ransom d. Sexual assault

d. Sexual assault

Which of the following statements is false regarding shelters for victims of intimate partner violence? a. The first shelter in American was established in 1974 in St. Paul, Minnesota. b. Shelters place restrictions on the age of children allowed in the facility. c. Shelters place restrictions on whether pets can be brought into the facility. d. Shelters are one type of reform that has experienced universal support since they were established.

d. Shelters are one type of reform that has experienced universal support since they were established.

According to the NCVS, why do females fail to report sexual assaults to the police? a. So they can be rescued from a rapist b. To prevent the rapist from hurting them again c. to prevent the rapist from attacking another person d. So the rape can remain a private incident

d. So the rape can remain a private incident

Which of the following historical events is associated with an increase in the homicide rate since 1900? a. Repeal of Prohibition in 1933 b. Years of World War II from 1939 to 1945 c. Conservative 1950s d. Social protest movements of the 1960s

d. Social protest movements of the 1960s

Which statement is false regarding murder clearance rates? a. Today, two out of every five murderers get away with their crime. b. Law enforcement in the cities of Memphis, Detroit, and Columbus are least likely to arrest someone for the crime of murder. c. Law enforcement in the cities of New York, Oklahoma City, and Seattle are most likely to arrest someone for the crime of murder. d. Special homicide squads have no better clearance rates than do other detectives.

d. Special homicide squads have no better clearance rates than do other detectives.

Which of the following represents an ineffective way to use crime statistics? a. Estimating the costs and losses resulting from illegal behaviors b. Providing estimates of future workloads for law enforcement agencies c. Evaluating the effectiveness of criminal justice policies d. Supporting superstitions and long-held myths in a community

d. Supporting superstitions and long-held myths in a community

Concerning the #Me Too movement, which of the follow statements are INCORRECT? a. The purpose of the movement is to highlight how common it is for powerful men to take sexual advantage of women. b. The movement uses social media as a way to get its message out to the public. c. Sexual misconduct experienced at work was the primary focus of the movement. d. The #Me Too campaign was started in the 1960s

d. The #Me Too campaign was started in the 1960s.

Which statement is false regarding differential risks of victimization? a. Differential risks refers to estimates of the likelihood members of one group versus another will be likely to experience a negative life event. b. Differential risks are impacted by various demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and race. c. Individuals have widely varying risks of being a target for crimes. d. The assumption that crimes are evenly distributed across a population.

d. The assumption that crimes are evenly distributed across a population.

Of the following, which would a victimologist be least likely to do when studying crime victims while utilizing an objective approach? a. Put aside their own views, personal feelings, and experiences b. Rely on facts, carefully recorded observations, and reliably measured statistics c. Decrease feelings of empathy or compassion for victims and their families d. Consider constructive remedies and countermeasures (for example, programs and policies) that may decrease criminal offending and the suffering it causes

c. Decrease feelings of empathy or compassion for victims and their families

What has been the major trend in property victimization rates in the United States since the 1990s? a. Slight lowering of rates b. Slight increase in rates c. Dramatic lowering of rates d. Dramatic increase in rates

c. Dramatic lowering of rates

What has been the major trend in violent victimization rates in the United States since the 1990s? a. Slight lowering of rates b. Slight increase in rates c. Dramatic lowering of rates d. Dramatic increase in rates

c. Dramatic lowering of rates

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the use of a guardian ad litem (GAL)? a. The role of the GAL is to look after the best interest of the child. b. GALs can submit their own recommendations to the court. c. GALs have to be attorneys. d. GALS are used primarily in cases when the parent is charged with abuse

c. GALs have to be attorneys.

Historically, which group of victims has received the LEAST amount of media coverage? a. Children who have been abused by a parent or guardian b. Women who have been battered by an intimate partner c. Good Samaritans who try to break up crimes in progress but wind up injured or killed themselves d. Females who have suffered date rapes

c. Good Samaritans who try to break up crimes in progress but wind up injured or killed themselves

Which of the following is an illegitimate reason why law enforcement should be critical of each claim of victimization? a. The reporting of race related hoaxes b. The use of victimization claims in order to make a fraudulent insurance claim c. Ignoring victimization claims in an effort to bolster a department's crime control records d. The use of victimization claims to gain revenge on another

c. Ignoring victimization claims in an effort to bolster a department's crime control records

Which judicial reform fails to serve the needs of victims of intimate partner violence a. Integrating victims' wishes in bail decisions b. Approving orders of protection and restraining orders for victims c. Implementing pro-arrest policies d. Establishing special domestic violence courts

c. Implementing pro-arrest policies

Which of the following is not part of the structure and administration of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? a. Participants represent a random sample of households across America. b. Interviews are conducted every six months for a period of three years. c. Individuals six years of age or older are interviewed. d. Survey questions include victimizations experienced by the individual and by the household.

c. Individuals six years of age or older are interviewed.

Which characteristic is more likely to be found in a "guilty" victim who played a role in his or her own victimization? a. Is weaker in comparison to the aggressor b. Was engaged in conventional activity at the time of the incident c. Is related to the offender d. Did nothing to provoke the offender

c. Is related to defender

Which of the following fails to accurately portray the theft of boats? a. Three-fourths of boats are stolen while they are on their trailer. b. Nearly one-half of all insurance claims for boat theft comes out of Florida. c. Larger and more lavish cruisers are more likely to be stolen than smaller boats. d. The recovery rate for stolen boats is less than that for stolen cars.

c. Larger and more lavish cruisers are more likely to be stolen than smaller boats.

Which social movement is credited with raising concerns about the plight of victims of street crimes of violence and theft in the 1960s? a. Feminist movement b. Women's movement c. Law-and-order movement d. Civil rights movement

c. Law-and-order movement

Special interest groups can use statistics to mislead and deceive their audience in all of the following ways EXCEPT by __________. a. presenting results that highlight what they want to focus on and downplaying those areas they don't want to focus on b. wording the research question towards the results they want to see c. making systematic observations and accurate measurements d. manipulating what is being measured and how the variables are operationalized

c. making systematic observations and accurate measurements

A study whereby the researcher discovers the kinds of suffering experienced by the victims and identifies what sorts of assistance is required to return them to the level they were at prior to the victimization is known as a __________. a. secondary analysis of data b. case study c. needs assessment d. ethnographic field study

c. needs assessment

Once crimes were reconceptualized as hostile acts against the authority of the government, the role of the victim was replaced by __________. a. sheriffs b. lawyers c. public prosecutors d. civil court judges

c. public prosecutors

The challenge to recover stolen property can be frustrating for victims in the following ways EXCEPT __________. a. victims, at times, will take on the burden themselves to recover their own property b. victims may have to accept only partial recovery of their property c. recovery rates are high, so victims are likely to get their stolen property back d. even if their property is recovered, the police can retain it until after the trial or even, in some cases, after all appeals have been exhausted

c. recovery rates are high, so victims are likely to get their stolen property back

The term just deserts can be used to represent __________. a. a liberal perspective b. being blameworthy c. retribution d. a safety net

c. retribution

All of the following are minimalist responses to the maximalist claim that "1 in 4 children have experienced neglect or abuse in their lifetime" EXCEPT __________. a. the definitions for child abuse and neglect are too broad b. mandatory reporting laws have forced people to report unsubstantiated abuses c. the public's increased awareness of childhood abuse and neglect is bad d. all forms of physical discipline (slaps and spankings) should not automatically qualify as abuse

c. the public's increased awareness of childhood abuse and neglect is bad

Since the 1980s, legislators nationwide have enacted thousands of new laws named after victims. Which statement reflects a negative outcome from politicians using the media to publicize this new legislation? a. Politicians can use the media attention to pursue their own agenda. b. The strong feelings evoked by the media coverage of the victimization make it difficult for critics to argue against proposed reforms c. The publicity surrounding the passage of new legislation may lead to fewer of these particular victimizations in the future. d. Media attention concerning the passage of new legislation may inform those particular victims of available services and programs they had not known about.

a. Politicians can use the media attention to pursue their own agenda.

Which of the following is least likely to demonstrate how the concept of shared responsibility challenges the operations of the criminal justice system? a. Practitioners within the criminal justice system were the first professionals to apply the phrase shared responsibility to the actions of the victim. b. To determine guilt, the criminal justice system will need to identify who was responsible for which part of the crime incident. c. The criminal justice system strives to place the blame for the offense at the feet of the offender. d. Once found guilty, the criminal justice system will strive to punish the offender

a. Practitioners within the criminal justice system were the first professionals to apply the phrase shared responsibility to the actions of the victim.

What is the first step in the rediscovery process for a group of crime victims? a. Raising the public's consciousness about some type of illegal situation b. Countering the concerns of critics who oppose the goals of the activists c. Designing research studies to examine whether the treatment and prevention programs in place have decreased the problem d. Designing and implementing projects and programs that can meet the needs of the crime victims

a. Raising the public's consciousness about some type of illegal situation

Which of the following statements relating to reducing risks of victimization is false? a. Senior citizens are victimized more than young adults because of their physical vulnerability. b. It is safer to stay at home than to travel outside the home. c. A person can reduce risks by not becoming intoxicated. d. Traveling with another or in a group is safer than traveling alon

a. Senior citizens are victimized more than young adults because of their physical vulnerability.

The NCVS provides information about no-force entries that lead to a burglary. Which of the following are least likely to facilitate the burglary by negligently leaving a door unsecured? a. Senior citizens' households b. Households that include a lot of people c. Minority households d. Lower income households

a. Senior citizens' households

Check My Work Which statement regarding intimate partner violence that results in the abuser's death presents a system-blaming argument? a. Social service agencies failed to protect the female victim who ultimately became the perpetrator. b. The battered woman experienced temporary insanity at the time of the killing. c. The courts had granted the female victim of abuse an order of protection against her abusive partner. d. She had filed for divorce.

a. Social service agencies failed to protect the female victim who ultimately became the perpetrator.

Critics have identified shortcomings of the data obtained by the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). However, which of the following represents a strength of the NCVS? a. Tapping into victimizations the police know nothing about b. Memory decay c. Forward telescoping d. A limited list of offenses addressed in the survey

a. Tapping into victimizations the police know nothing about

When considering victim blaming and victim defending, which of the following is a negative outcome of the ongoing debate? a. Tendency to place less attention on the larger social and environmental conditions that shape both the victim and offender b. Willingness of the victim blamers and victim defenders to scrutinize specific criminal acts and review real-life incidents c. Need to go outside the fields of criminology and victimology to utilize other social sciences to better understand causal factors d. Fact that sometimes victim blamers and victim defenders will switch sides depending on the crime that is being examined

a. Tendency to place less attention on the larger social and environmental conditions that shape both the victim and offender

Which statement is false in regard to the recovery of stolen property? a. The NCVS is the best source of recent recovery rates. b. The UCR notes the overall dollar value of recovered stolen goods for all kinds of reported thefts. c. The UCR notes which kinds of possessions have been recovered. d. User-friendly recovery rates are not routinely tabulated and published by police departments or the FBI.

a. The NCVS is the best source of recent recovery rates.

In which area have activists been LEAST successful in gaining rights for victims of crime? a. The addition of pro-victim language to the Bill of Rights b. The passage of laws by city and county governments c. The addition of pro-victim language to state constitutions d. The successes of grassroots activists

a. The addition of pro-victim language to the Bill of Rights

Which practice of the defense attorney is LEAST likely to be seen as directly antagonistic towards the victim? a. The cross-examination of state witnesses during trials b. The offering of advice to defendants about legal proceedings and the options they can exercise c. The postponement of hearings d. Participating in plea negotiations with the prosecuting attorney

a. The cross-examination of state witnesses during trials

Which of the following is a false statement regarding the intimidation of victims and witnesses? a. The federal Witness Security Program assists only law-abiding citizens in relocating and establishing a new identity when testifying against organizations like the mob or street gangs. b. Intimidation of victim levels have not changed substantially over the past few decades. c. When citizens respond to threats of intimidation with their own violent acts, we see an increase in vigilantism within the community. d. The primary responsibility for protecting victims from intimidation falls to the prosecuting attorney.

a. The federal Witness Security Program assists only law-abiding citizens in relocating and establishing a new identity when testifying against organizations like the mob or street gangs.

Which of the following statements fails to capture how UCR and NCVS data reflect motor vehicle theft trends in the United States during the past 45 years? a. The rate of carjackings, a form of motor vehicle theft, is about 17 per 100,000. b. While NCVS data report about half a million vehicle thefts in 2016, the data from the UCR places that number at just over three-quarters of a million vehicles. c. Motor vehicle thefts cost the nation nearly $6 billion each year. d. Both UCR and NCVS data show a slight increase in motor vehicle thefts after a consistent decrease since the 1990s.

a. The rate of carjackings, a form of motor vehicle theft, is about 17 per 100,000.

The suffix -ology in the term victimology means __________. a. the scientific study of b. on behalf of c. in place of d. because of

a. The scientific study of.

Which of the following is a positive outcome of empowering victims within the workings of the criminal justice system? a. The victim could serve as an ally with criminal justice officials. b. The victim could interfere with the case agenda for the prosecutor. c. Constitutional rights of the offender could be diminished. d. Different cases could have different outcomes

a. The victim could serve as an ally with criminal justice officials.

Which characteristic is NOT found in the ideal type for rape? a. The victim-offender relationship was that of acquaintance. b. The offender used a weapon. c. Force is used during the assault. d. At the time of the assault, the victim was engaged in a wholesome activity.

a. The victim-offender relationship was that of acquaintance.

What does it mean if a crime is unfounded? a. There is not enough evidence to believe that the offense occurred. b. There is belief the offense took place, just not as serious of an offense as originally believed. c. The offender cannot be found. d. The victim cannot be found.

a. There is not enough evidence to believe that the offense occurred.

Regarding differential risks of being a victim of robbery, who has a lower risk of victimization? a. Those older than 65 b. Those from the lower class c. Those who are male d. Those who are divorced

a. Those older than 65

Which of the following best reflects the use of the term victim in ancient societies? a. To represent the notion of sacrifice b. To represent an individual who suffered a hardship c. To represent a person who was involved in an accident d. To represent people who were discriminated against

a. To represent the notion of sacrifice

At this time, if you were looking for data on all incidents of crime known to local, county, and state police departments across the country, you would turn to the __________. a. Uniform Crime Report (UCR) b. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) c. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) d. Census Bureau

a. Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

When it becomes impossible to balance the needs of the victim, government, the prosecutor's office, and the prosecuting attorney's own career, whose needs typically are met last? a. Victim b. Government c. Prosecuting attorney's office d. Prosecuting attorney's own career

a. Victim

In the early years of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the survey findings revealed what has been called the "dark figure" of crime. What does this phrase represent? a. Victimizations that were never reported to the police b. Criminal incidents that occurred at night c. The most serious violent offenses d. Crime incidents that led to the biggest financial losses

a. Victimizations that were never reported to the police

Historically, victims have expressed multiple concerns as to how law enforcement treats their case. Victim complaints have included all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. Victims were not read their "victims' rights" when the officer came to investigate the complaint. b. Victims were notified that their case was too minor to be investigated. c. Cases were closed even though they remained unsolved. d. Victims were not notified even when their cases were resolved.

a. Victims were not read their "victims' rights" when the officer came to investigate the complaint.

Which research question would a victimologist who is designing a study using the focus of survivorology be least likely to propose? a. Which types of telephone fraud lead to the highest financial take for the offenders? b. What is the corporate philosophy of a company that is able to rebound after experiencing harm from an external computer hacker? c. What are the social support networks of successfully married couples who were former victims of child abuse. d. What was the relationship between the rape victim and offender, for rape victims who then go on and volunteer with rape crisis services?

a. Which types of telephone fraud lead to the highest financial take for the offenders?

Which of the following fails to explain why older cars are more likely to be stolen than newer cars? a. With each major redesign of the car, it provides more car parts to be sold. b. Newer cars are equipped with the latest antitheft devices. c. Black markets nationwide, in part, drive the need for stolen vehicles. d. As vehicles age, owners may be less deliberate about securing their vehicles.

a. With each major redesign of the car, it provides more car parts to be sold.

Which of the following study results is MOST likely to be presented to the public by a maximalist? a. Women sustain about 2 million injuries from intimate partner violence each year. b. As many as 60 percent of female intimate partner violence victims and 85 percent of male ones do not sustain any physical injury from their experience. c. Only 0.5 people (both male and female) out of every 100,000 were slain by an intimate. d. Less than 3 out of every 1,000 persons age 12 or older suffered a simple or aggravated assault from an intimate partner

a. Women sustain about 2 million injuries from intimate partner violence each year.

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in 2015, Americans 20 to 24 years of age were most likely to die from __________. a. accidents b. suicide c. homicide d. cancer

a. accidents

All of the following can be considered as byproducts of the reconceptualization of crimes as hostile acts against the authority of the government EXCEPT the __________. a. creation of laws forbidding what are now called street crimes b. creation of the civil court c. creation of tort laws d. use of the plea negotiation

a. creation of laws forbidding what are now called street crimes

The Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) can be a useful tool in providing a picture of murder in the United States. Strengths of the SHR include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. departments fill in the SHR early in the investigation and send it to the FBI so the data can be compiled with other reports b. information on the cause of death is included in the SHR c. the SHR indicates that a friend or acquaintance is most likely to be the person who kills you d. information on the circumstances surrounding the homicide are included in the SHR

a. departments fill in the SHR early in the investigation and send it to the FBI so the data can be compiled with other reports

Conventional wisdom predicts that crime victims would want to "lock up offenders and throw away the key." A national study finds that victims support all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. harsh punishments for those who get caught and convicted b. increased spending on prevention and rehabilitation programs c. job training instead of building more jails and prisons d. more treatment programs for substance abusers

a. harsh punishments for those who get caught and convicted

Prosecutors are MORE likely to charge the defendant in all of the following situations EXCEPT when the victims __________. a. have a prior arrest record b. are women and the offender is a male stranger c. have high status in the community d. can establish that they weren't engaged in misconduct themselves at the time of the crime

a. have a prior arrest record

In an ideal world, the criminal justice system would address the needs of crime victims in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________. a. judges would give offenders the sentence that the victim wants b. prosecutors would make sure the defendant is indicted and there is a swift trial c. correctional authorities would make sure the probationer does not harass the victim d. law enforcement agencies would arrest the offender and recover any stolen items in a timely fashion

a. judges would give offenders the sentence that the victim wants

Victim-defenders would classify rapes as each of the following EXCEPT __________. a. miscommunications between a male and a female b. acts of aggression c. expressions of contempt for females d. attempts at expressing dominance

a. miscommunications between a male and a female

Each of the following statements regarding the Amber Alert are true EXCEPT __________. a. most of the Amber Alerts are for stranger abductions b. a goal of Amber Alerts is to deter kidnappings by convincing would-be offenders that they would be quickly apprehended c. most of the Amber Alerts are for minority children d. "Amber" stands for "America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response"

a. most of the Amber Alerts are for stranger abduction

The best definition for the phrase differential risk is the __________. a. odds of a crime taking place for members of one social demographic group as compared to another b. number of new victims per 1,000 or per 100,000 persons annually c. proportion of people per 1,000 or per 100,000 who have ever experienced some crime d. estimates of lifetime likelihoods of being a crime victim by projecting current offending situations into the future

a. odds of a crime taking place for members of one social demographic group as compared to another

Each of the following statements about sexually abused children are true EXCEPT __________. a. physical force is always present when a child is sexually abused b. studies report that females are twice as likely to have been a victim of sexual abuse as males c. children are most likely to be the victim of sexual abuse between the ages of 7 and 13 d. children growing up in poverty are more likely to be sexually abused

a. physical force is always present when a child is sexually abused

Although the defendant is extended a number of due process protections through the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution, child-friendly adjustments that have been utilized in court include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. removal of the defendant from the courtroom while the child victim testifies b. relaxation of the hearsay rule c. allowing children to use drawings to describe what happened to them d. allowing children to testify via closed-circuit television or videotape

a. removal of the defendant from the courtroom while the child victim testifies

In an effort to be scientifically objective when conducting research, victimologists should do all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. side with the victim to demonstrate a pro-victim stance b. prevent personal prejudices from impacting the study c. prevent emotions from clouding reasoning d. maintain social distance from the people one is investigating

a. side with the victim to demonstrate a pro-victim stance

The ideology of victimism has negatively impacted the field of victimology in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________. a. supporting an objective, neutral, and unbiased examination of crime victims b. creating a preoccupation of dwelling on past wrongs to explain current perceived inequities c. using the term victimology to support partisan political points of view d. blaming various social ills on particular sex, class, or race groups

a. supporting an objective, neutral, and unbiased examination of crime victims

According to deterrence theory, the solution to criminal offending can be found in __________. a. swift and sure punishment experienced by the offender b. changing the deviant lifestyles of the offender c. changing the routine activities of the offender d. decreasing the attractiveness of the target

a. swift and sure punishment experienced by the offender

Each of the following statements regarding the battered-child syndrome are true EXCEPT __________. a. the term was coined by a representative of the criminal justice system b. the term refers to a clinical condition of non-accidental injuries repeatedly inflicted by parents or guardians on their children c. the typical child said to be suffering from the battered child syndrome was less than 3 years of age d. it set the stage for mandatory reporting legislation for doctors, teachers, and others who come into contact with youth

a. the term was coined by a representative of the criminal justice system

The definition for the crime of statutory rape includes all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. the threat or use of force b. exploitation c. a minor victim d. lighter penalties for the offender

a. the threat or use of force

Challenges to the meta-analysis of journal articles that found 28 percent of females and 22 percent of males reported that they had perpetrated physical violence in intimate relationships can be found in each of the following statements EXCEPT __________. a. there is gender symmetry across offenders in intimate partner abuse b. official statistics from the NCVS indicate that between 1994 and 2010, 80 percent of all victims of partner violence were girls and women c. the motives behind aggression by females is often self-defense d. when considering the most severe aggression, the offender is overwhelmingly male

a. there is gender symmetry across offenders in intimate partner abuse

If we used statistics to establish realistic assessments of threat levels that criminal activities pose to particular individuals or groups, we would be looking at __________. a. victimization rates b. patterns of criminal activities c. trends of victimization d. statistical profiles

a. victimization rates

The victim's involvement in the criminal justice system will allow him or her to pursue each of the following outcomes for their offender EXCEPT __________. a. seeing that his or her offender is punished to a level comparable to the harm caused b. advocating for lawmakers to increase the harshness of penalties for their offender c. compelling the criminal justice system to order the offender to a rehabilitation or treatment program d. urging the criminal justice system to require restitution from the offender

b. advocating for lawmakers to increase the harshness of penalties for their offender

The rediscovery process for groups of victims will often include opposition. Each of the following represents global concerns from entities who challenge activist groups who are working toward reform EXCEPT the __________. a. charge that the activists might be overestimating the number of people harmed when the actual threat is much smaller b. call for research studies that will evaluate the effectiveness of the new reforms c. question that those who were harmed were totally innocent of any blame in the victimization incident d. concern that new policies will undermine our constitutional rights

b. call for research studies that will evaluate the effectiveness of the new reforms

According to the classic (yet criticized) 1971 study by Amir, victims precipitated their sexual assault in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________. a. consuming alcohol b. clearly stating to the offender they did not want to have sex c. behaving seductively d. secretly harboring fantasies of being taken by force

b. clearly stating to the offender they did not want to have sex

A primary motivation for the establishment of the American Society of Victimology in 2003 was to __________. a. provide a professional organization for students who are obtaining degrees in victim studies b. encourage collaboration between academicians, researchers, and practitioners c. provide a central location for documents that trace the history of the field of victimology d. provide an easy way to search for information about restitution and compensation programs across states

b. encourage collaboration between academicians, researchers, and practitioners

All of the following are specifically identified by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as a form of intimate partner violence EXCEPT __________. a. bullying the victim in an effort to undermine the person's sense of self-worth b. forcibly tattooing a young woman against her will c. sneaking into a partner's home or car d. pushing, scratching, or biting the victim

b. forcibly tattooing a young woman against her will

Examples of the safety net mechanism include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. rape crisis centers b. just deserts paid by the criminal offender c. subsidized crime insurance

b. just deserts paid by the criminal offender

Victim/Witness Assistance Projects (VWAPs) provide all of the following services EXCEPT __________. a. assistance for immediate lock repairs if one's home was broken into b. last-minute phone calls or texts to defense witnesses about changes in hearings c. arrangements for transportation to and from court d. assistance with signing up for an automated notification system

b. last-minute phone calls or texts to defense witnesses about changes in hearings

Wolfgang's 1958 study of victim precipitated homicides in Philadelphia from 1948 to 1952 concluded all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. about one-quarter of the homicides during this time could be identified as victim precipitated b. offenders consumed alcohol prior to precipitated homicides c. more than a third of the precipitative victims had a history of committing at least one violent offense d. nearly all precipitative victims were men

b. offenders consumed alcohol prior to precipitated homicides

Statistics are used to get the big picture of crime in the United States in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________. a. making systematic observations and measurements on the local level b. relying on stereotypes and widely held myths to predict who is at highest risk for offending c. aggregating city and county reports to reveal what crimes have been happening at the state level d. utilizing a random selection of people nationwide to report on their experiences with offenders during the past year

b. relying on stereotypes and widely held myths to predict who is at highest risk for offending

Each of the following are goals of the Prison Rape Elimination Act passed by Congress in 2003 EXECEPT to __________. a. support a zero-tolerance policy for sexual assault within prison b. shorten prison sentences so inmates will have less time when they are vulnerable to assault c. establish annual meetings to examine why some prison facilities have more success in reducing sexual violence than others d. respect the inmate's Eighth Amendment rights

b. shorten prison sentences so inmates will have less time when they are vulnerable to assault

Victim facilitation, precipitation, or provocation within an offense may impact how a case moves through the criminal justice system in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________. a. the case may be moved to a mediation center for review b. the prosecuting attorney would want to place greater emphasis on the testimony of the victim since he or she was involved in the crime incident c. police may have a difficult decision at the scene of the crime to determine who is the offender and who is the victim d. judges may inflict a lighter sentence on offenders when the victim played an active role in the crime

b. the prosecuting attorney would want to place greater emphasis on the testimony of the victim since he or she was involved in the crime incident

The primary goal of the field of victimology is __________. a. the reconstruction of crime victimizations in an effort to identify offenders b. the scientific study of victims c. working with victims of crime on a one-to-one basis d. the treatment of victims of crime in an effort to help them recover to the level they were at prior to the victimization

b. the scientific study of victims

Each of the following statements regarding the sexual misconduct of religious figures is true EXCEPT __________. a. it is more difficult to study sexual misconduct in protestant religions because they are not as centralized as the Catholic church b. the sexual misconduct of clergymen peaked in the early 2000s c. even when multiple claims of sexual abuse were brought against a clergyman in the 1960s and 1970s, he would remain in his position within the church d. over three-fourths of those claiming to be a victim of sexual abuse by a clergy of the Catholic church are males

b. the sexual misconduct of clergymen peaked in the early 2000s

Which of the following statements is false regarding sexual assault in the military? a. Between 2010 and 2016 there was a significant reduction in the estimated number of men and women who experienced sexual assaults. b. Reporting rates by victims of sexual assaults increased between 2006 and 2016. c. More than one-half of respondents to a 2012 study were women reporting they were sexually hazed by males. d. Two-thirds of females who files complaints regarding sexual assault faced retaliation.

c. More than one-half of respondents to a 2012 study were women reporting they were sexually hazed by males.

In recent years, which city reported the lowest murder rate? a. St. Louis in the United States b. Caracas in Venezuela c. Moscow in Russia d. Acapulco in Mexico

c. Moscow in Russia

a. the term was coined by a representative of the criminal justice system

c. National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Which notion fails to support victim blaming? a. The just world outlook b. Techniques of neutralization c. Peer pressure related to substance abuse experienced by the offender d. Careless and rash behaviors of the victim

c. Peer pressure related to substance abuse experienced by the offender

Which of the following reflects characteristics of anti-victim legislation? a. Creating new policies and laws that intend to reduce suffering and facilitate recovery by providing concrete forms of assistance b. Providing for the services of professionals like doctors, therapists, and lawyers at low cost or free to those who have been victimized c. Placing victims' needs last so other issues can be resolved first d. Providing preferential treatment to victims of crime due to the violation of the social contract

c. Placing victims' needs last so other issues can be resolved first

What is the significance of the Eighth Amendment for victims? a. Establishes the defendant's right to a speedy trial b. Allows for electronic monitoring of defendants while on bail c. Prohibits judges from setting excessive bail for the defendant d. Gives victims the right to be present and heard at bail hearings

c. Prohibits judges from setting excessive bail for the defendant

Which statement reflects the MOST RECENTLY supported view of rape and rape victims? a. Rape is a crime that harms the financial and social interests of men. b. Interracial rape is of primary concern. c. Rape is a social and political problem, not just a personal tragedy. d. The abduction and then rape of a young woman is one way for a man to move up socially.

c. Rape is a social and political problem, not just a personal tragedy.

Which of the following terms best reflects when an offender is ordered to pay money to the victim to return the victim to his or her previctimization financial state? a. Rehabilitation b. Revenge c. Restitution d. Retribution

c. Restitution

Which of the following established the right for indigent people accused of capital crimes to be represented by competent counsel provided by the government at no cost? a. The President's Task Force on Victims of Crime b. Supreme Court case Coker v. Georgia, 1977 c. Supreme Court case Powell v. Alabama, 1932 d. Supreme Court case Kennedy v. Louisiana, 2008

c. Supreme Court case Powell v. Alabama, 1932

Which of the following will support a social scientist's goal for objectivity and quest to draw conclusions based on solid evidence? a. Personal experiences with various forms of victimization b. Collective preferences and priorities of the founders of the discipline of victimology c. The social events that shape public opinion during different periods of time d. A compassionate commitment to do something on behalf of crime victims

c. THe social events that shape public opinion during different periods of time

Which of the following statements concerning elder abuse is false? a. All 50 state legislatures have passed mandatory reporting laws for cases of suspected elder abuse. b. While adult protective services agencies can intervene on behalf of the abused senior, the senior retains the option to refuse these services. c. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention limits the definition of elder abuse to physical and sexual harm, as well as neglect. d. Elders are often reluctant to report the abuse they are experiencing.

c. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention limits the definition of elder abuse to physical and sexual harm, as well as neglect.

Which of the following is least likely to lead to burnout experienced by law enforcement officials? a. The traditionally macho norms of police subcultures b. The task of notifying next of kin about the death or murder of a loved one c. The detachment and distancing of oneself when dealing with crime victims d. Being taught how to offer "psychological first aid" to people in distress

c. The detachment and distancing of oneself when dealing with crime victims

What is the newest contributing factor to delayed response times of law enforcement once a 911 emergency call has been placed? a. Delays by citizens at the scene or victims themselves to call 911 to report the emergency b. Increased travel time to the scene c. The near universal use of cell phones and their increased accidental calling of 911, thus clogging investigations of emergencies with unnecessary delays d. How the call is prioritized by those who monitor 911 calls

c. The near universal use of cell phones and their increased accidental calling of 911, thus clogging investigations of emergencies with unnecessary delays

Which of the following is not used to classify a crime as "cleared"? a. The suspect has died. b. The suspect has been arrested. c. The suspect has been sentenced to prison. d. The suspect is in another country that will not extradite him or her back to the United States.

c. The suspect has been sentenced to prison.

Which is the primary reason why victim activists are critical of plea bargains? a. The practice of bedsheeting b. The practice of overcharging c. The victim's inability to formally challenge a plea bargain d. The victim is spared undergoing cross-examination

c. The victim's inability to formally challenge a plea bargain

Which of the following is inaccurate regarding those whose homes are burglarized? a. They experience feelings of violation due to having an intruder in their private space. b. There are financial losses, on average, of nearly $2,500. c. There is the loss of many valuable items since households of the rich are victimized at a rate higher than that of the poor. d. They experience an increased chance that their home will be burglarized again.

c. There is the loss of many valuable items since households of the rich are victimized at a rate higher than that of the poor.

Which of the following is least likely to add to the suffering that crime victims experience due to interactions they have with representatives of the criminal justice system? a. The role of the crime victim as a witness for the state means they are treated as a piece of evidence. b. The victimization occurred because the police were unable to protect them in the first place. c. Victims are assisted in navigating the criminal justice system and in obtaining the services they need. d. The criminal justice system must follow federal and state regulations that extend due process protections to defendants

c. Victims are assisted in navigating the criminal justice system and in obtaining the services they need.

Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence for those who have been the victim of rape? a. Rape victims are likely to react to the assault with self-recrimination. b. The rape victimization may interfere with future relationships with men. c. Victims of gang rape, where there were multiple offenders, are unlikely to report the victimization to the police. d. Rape victims can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

c. Victims of gang rape, where there were multiple offenders, are unlikely to report the victimization to the police.

Which of the following best exemplifies the problem of the second wound? a. When 911 call centers place the victim's request for help low on the priority list of calls b. When police officers feel drained or anxious due to the violence and stress of their job c. When police officers address crime victims in a detached, dismissive, or callous manner d. The revenge one feels towards the offender after being victimized

c. When police officers address crime victims in a detached, dismissive, or callous manner

When are judges MOST likely to give more serious sentences to defendants? a. When their victims are unemployed b. If the victims were related to the offenders c. When the offenders are black, but their victims are white d. If victims provoked the attack by the offender

c. When the offenders are black, but their victims are white

Which of the following statements is the maximalist MOST likely to support? a. Many incidents of female abuse against a male reflect her attempt at self-defense. b. Police officers looking for signs of abuse need to remember that not all abuse incidents lead to bruising. c. Wives often use claims of abuse as a way to gain custody of children in divorce proceedings. d. Just because there is insufficient evidence to charge the male does not mean she was telling a lie about the abuse.

c. Wives often use claims of abuse as a way to gain custody of children in divorce proceedings.

All of the following are true concerning the challenges of enforcing statutory rape laws EXCEPT __________. a. in cases of statutory rape, the victim often consents to the act b. different states utilize different ages of consent c. a national study shows that for nearly one-quarter of girls, their first sexual experience could be considered statutory rape d. different countries utilize different ages of consent

c. a national study shows that for nearly one-quarter of girls, their first sexual experience could be considered statutory rape

Because of the negative connotations associated with the term victim, some who have experienced harm as the result of another's actions prefer to be called __________. a. a winner (as in one who wins) b. a coper (as in one who copes) c. a survivor (as in one who survives) d. untraumatized (as in one who is not traumatized)

c. a survivor (as in one who survives)

Victims' rights that have been gained at the expense of criminal justice agencies and officials include all of the following EXCEPT the right to __________.

c. be paid by the state for pain and suffering resulting from the victimization incident

The concept of exemplary behavior under duress is demonstrated in all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. talking one's way out of a dangerous situation b. outwitting an assailant c. begging the offender not to hurt you d. prevailing against the offender when faced with overwhelming odds

c. begging the offender not to hurt you

Characteristics of victimization prevention include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. following tips and warnings to secure one's identity, car, and home b. becoming crime conscious or "street smart" c. changing one's lifestyle so day-to-day behaviors will not place himself or herself at risk d. collective actions taken by community groups, businesses, and police departments to decrease crime

c. changing one's lifestyle so day-to-day behaviors will not place himself or herself at risk

When examining the differential risks of becoming a murder victim, which of the following characteristics is associated with lower risks? a. Male b. Southerner c. Child d. African American

c. child

A victimologist interested in studying whether burglaries are more or less common today than in previous decades would most likely be __________. a. looking at cumulative risks b. looking at differential risks c. conducting a trend analysis d. examining prevalence rates

c. conducting a trend analysis

The hierarchy rule of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) __________. a. ranks crimes from the most common to the least common b. ranks offenders from the most violent to the least violent c. counts only the most serious offense when multiple crimes were committed d. counts those offenses where a weapon was utilized

c. counts only the most serious offense when multiple crimes were committed

Routine Activities Theory supports each of the following themes that are found in the disciplines of criminology and victimology EXCEPT __________. a. social conditions continuously generate criminally inclined individuals b. opportunities for committing thefts and robberies multiply as possessions increase c. crime prevention methods will work best by strengthening the criminal justice system d. certain activities and circumstances expose people and their possessions to heightened dangers

c. crime prevention methods will work best by strengthening the criminal justice system

The historical relationship between the fields of victimology and criminology is best stated as __________. a. criminology and victimology can be considered twins that were born about the same time and have grown up together b. criminology and victimology are both the offshoots of the older parent discipline of delinquency c. criminology is the older parent discipline and victimology is the newer offshoot d. victimology has developed separate from the other disciplines of criminology and delinquency

c. criminology is the older parent discipline and victimology is the newer offshoot

Which of the following statements is false concerning how UCR and NCVS data reflect burglary trends in the United States during the past 45 years? a. Both UCR and NCVS data report peak numbers of burglaries occurring in the decade or two prior to the 1990s when other crimes seem to have peaked. b. Burglaries are the most common type of all the serious Index crimes tracked by the FBI. c. UCR and NCVS data portrayed different trends in burglary between 1973 and 1980. d. Both UCR and NCVS data represent a slight increase in burglaries over the previous couple of years.

d. Both UCR and NCVS data represent a slight increase in burglaries over the previous couple of years.

When looking at recent clearance rates for murder, rape, robbery, and burglary, which offense has the lowest clearance rate? a. Murder b. Rape c. Robbery d. Burglary

d. Burglary

For which of the following tasks are victimologists least likely to use data? a. Determining how many people are harmed by crimes each year b. Establishing trends in victimization over time c. Gauging the "moral health" of society d. Constructing a statistical portrait of crime offenders

d. Constructing a statistical portrait of crime offenders

Which of the following incorrectly places the blame for identity theft offenses on the victim rather than the system? a. Federal and state officials fail to create legislation to provide governmental compensation or offender restitution programs to help those who experienced financial losses due to identity theft. b. Individuals post identifying data (like date of birth) on social media sites. c. Banks and credit card companies fail to secure the information of their clients, and then pass on the losses to the clients through higher rates and charges. d. Credit monitoring companies are making a profit by emphasizing the threat of victimization the public faces with identity theft.

d. Credit monitoring companies are making a profit by emphasizing the threat of victimization the public faces with identity theft.

Which statement concerning the Good Samaritan is false? a. The phrase Good Samaritan can be traced back to biblical times. b. Neighborhood watch groups are one program based on the philosophy behind the Good Samaritan. c. Civil laws have been passed to protect Good Samaritans from lawsuit liability. d. Criminal laws have been passed requiring all individuals to intervene if they witness a violent incident.

d. Criminal laws have been passed requiring all individuals to intervene if they witness a violent incident.

Historically, each of the following represent reasons why an innocent person was arrested for the crime of rape EXCEPT __________. a. an honest mistake made by the victim when identifying the suspect b. a fraudulent claim made by the victim c. racial prejudices held by law enforcement d. DNA evidence identifying the person as the offender

d. DNA evidence identifying the person as the offender

Which of the following best represents official information on the rate of abuse of parents by adolescents? a. Information is clearest on whether it is the mother or the father who is most likely to be abused b. Information is worst on the level of abuse experienced by stepparents c. Data are best when an outsider is recruited to commit harm against a parent d. Due to underreporting, all information is poor

d. Due to underreporting, all information is poor

Which of the following continues to place the blame for property offenses on the victim rather than shifting it to the system? a. Recognizing the growing gulf between the rich and the poor in light of the continued emphasis on material possessions b. Identifying the black market that supports an industry of stolen automobiles for sale or parts c. Condemning the automobile industry for failing to create a way to secure one's vehicle safely and easily d. Dwelling on the actions of careless motorists and opportunistic car thieves

d. Dwelling on the actions of careless motorists and opportunistic car thieves

Of the following countries, which one is most likely to report the highest murder rate? a. The United States b. Japan c. Canada d. El Salvador

d. El Salvador

Which of the following was a negative outcome of the early 1800s House of Refuge movement? a. Children were removed from abusive and dysfunctional homes. b. It paved the way for the creation of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1874. c. It paved the way for the "child savers" of the early 1900s. d. Facilities were developed where neglected children, children who had been abused, youthful offenders, and young vagrants were housed.

d. Facilities were developed where neglected children, children who had been abused, youthful offenders, and young vagrants were housed.

What is a negative outcome from seeking vengeance? a. Increased specific deterrence b. Increased general deterrence c. Supporting the concept of lex talionis d. Feeding the victim's obsession

d. Feeding the victim's obsession

Which statement is incorrect concerning bias crimes? a. Bias crimes involve violent and property offenses motivated by hatred of the offender towards a particular "kind of person." b. Another name for bias crimes is hate crimes. c. Those convicted of a bias crime face stiffer penalties than if the act was not bias motivated. d. Historically, crimes by blacks against whites, as well as whites against blacks have been taken seriously and vigorously prosecuted.

d. Historically, crimes by blacks against whites, as well as whites against blacks have been taken seriously and vigorously prosecuted.

Of all vehicles stolen as of 2016, what make and model is most commonly taken? a. Jeep Cherokee b. Dodge Pickup Trucks c. Toyota Corolla d. Honda Accord

d. Honda Accord

In which way do the disciplines of victimology and criminology differ? a. In how they examine the social, economic, and political causes that lead to crime b. In how they use the scientific method to gather data c. In how they apply their findings to the development of crime prevention strategies d. In how they determine the types of crimes or victimizations their discipline should study

d. In how they determine the types of crimes or victimizations their discipline should study

What is the significance of the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990? a. It supported the 1895 Supreme Court decision in Wheeler v. United States. b. It required judges to evaluate whether a child understands the difference between the truth and falsehood. c. It supported the 1980 Supreme Court decision in Ohio v. Roberts. d. It established that children are competent witnesses unless there is evidence to the contrary.

d. It established that children are competent witnesses unless there is evidence to the contrary.

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement of how victim facilitation is applied to the crime of identity theft? a. Identity theft is the fraudulent access to and use of another's personal identifiers (for example, social security number) often for financial gains by the offender. b. Facilitating acts by victims that can make them more vulnerable to identity theft are measured by the NCVS. c. The crime of identity theft often goes unreported. d. The facilitated act of identity theft falls under the Part I offense of larceny theft.

d. The facilitated act of identity theft falls under the Part I offense of larceny theft.

Regarding differential risks of being a victim of aggravated assault, which of the following has a lower risk of victimization? a. Those living in urban settings b. Males c. People who are divorced d. The upper class

d. The upper class

Which of the following has been associated with increased use of violence during a sexual attack? a. The use of reasonable resistance by the victim b. The victim calling out for help c. The victim trying to reason or plead with the offender d. The use of utmost physical resistance by the victim

d. The use of utmost physical resistance by the victim

The prosecutor is MOST likely to pursue a case against the offender when which standard has been met? a. No interest in the case has been expressed by the media or community members. b. There are serious doubts about the guilt of the accused. c. The case is challenging, and the odds of conviction are low. d. The victim is credible and cooperative.

d. The victim is credible and cooperative.

Which of the following represents the problem of sentencing disparity? a. Some victims get to have a say in the offender's sentence whereas others don't. b. Defendants see judges as representatives of the state and thus partial to prosecution. c. Victims see judges as protectors of the rights of defendants instead of providing for an appropriate sentence relative to the harm experienced by the victim. d. There is variation among judges in the severity of punishment handed out in comparable cases.

d. There is variation among judges in the severity of punishment handed out in comparable cases.

Which of the following reflects a positive outcome of citizen arrests? a. Suspects are likely to resist and endanger victims or others who are present. b. Police officers may not take into custody a suspect who is "arrested" by another citizen. c. The arrestee can sue the arresting citizen in civil court for false arrest. d. Those interested in making a citizen's arrest may enjoy involvement in a police auxiliary unit.

d. Those interested in making a citizen's arrest may enjoy involvement in a police auxiliary unit.

In 2016, who had the lowest risk of being a victim of burglary? a. African American households b. Households with six or more persons c. Poor households d. Urban households

d. Urban households

Which of the following is a fundamental premise that goes against the notion of victim defending? a. Motivated offenders select victims irrespective of whether the victim has acted in a foolish or careless way. b. Victim blamers overestimate the actual proportion of cases where the carelessness of a person leads to their victimization. c. Urging people to be more cautious is not the answer to decreasing the crime rate. d. Victim defenders also want to be offender defenders and place the blame for crime more on the system.

d. Victim defenders also want to be offender defenders and place the blame for crime more on the system.

Which of the following statements incorrectly portrays victim facilitation? a. Victim facilitators typically make it easier for the offender through their carelessness. b. The amount of blame we place on the victim facilitator is minor. c. Offenses we typically classify as victim facilitated include rape, burglary, and property loss. d. Victim facilitation can best be thought of as a catalyst for a crime incident rather than as a straight causal factor.

d. Victim facilitation can best be thought of as a catalyst for a crime incident rather than as a straight causal factor.

Which research question best exemplifies a study examining cumulative risk? a. What are the odds of being attacked during any given year? b. Is robbery a growing problem in American society, or is it subsiding? c. How many people know what it is like to be confronted by a robber? d. What are the chances that a person will be harmed by a violence-prone offender at least once during his or her entire life?

d. What are the chances that a person will be harmed by a violence-prone offender at least once during his or her entire life?

When writing up the research project for publication, at which stage will the victimologist discuss the importance of the findings and the implications they have on policy? a. When introducing the study and making a statement of the problem b. When reviewing the literature that has already been published on the topic c. When presenting the findings from the current study d. When discussing the findings and making a call for future research

d. When discussing the findings and making a call for future research

Which would be of least interest to a victimologist, who is interested in studying a topic from the bystanderology focus? a. Whether the offender will continue with the crime or back down in the presence of onlookers b. Whether the reactions of others present were helpful or harmful to the victim c. How long it takes for an onlooker to intervene in a crime incident based on how many others are present d. Whether the victim's fighting back increases his or her odds of survival

d. Whether the victim's fighting back increases his or her odds of survival

Which statement accurately reflects the trends for the overall maltreatment rate and fatal maltreatment rate between the years of 1990 and 2016? a. Both rates are increasing over this time period. b. Both rates are decreasing over this time period. c. While the overall maltreatment rate is increasing, the fatal maltreatment rate is decreasing. d. While the overall maltreatment rate is decreasing, the fatal maltreatment rate is increasing

d. While the overall maltreatment rate is decreasing, the fatal maltreatment rate is increasing.

Studying victimology can lead to a number of positive outcomes for a student EXCEPT __________. a. understanding the odds of being harmed by a crime, especially in comparison to other misfortunes b. recognizing how one's personal troubles can be traced back to larger social problems c. fostering a sense of purpose, self-worth, and accomplishment d. decreasing one's "criminological imagination"

d. decreasing one's "criminological imagination"

Victim-defending arguments in cases when the male batterer is killed include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. law enforcement's argument that the abused women should have called for assistance instead of defending herself b. prosecutors' argument that while his physical assaults were wrong, she should not have escalated the violence c. court representatives' argument that the truth will never be known with the death of the suspected abuser d. feminists' argument that if he hadn't been hitting on her in the first place, he wouldn't have been killed

d. feminists' argument that if he hadn't been hitting on her in the first place, he wouldn't have been killed

When contemplating the impact of victims' rights, the zero-sum game model endorses all of the following EXCEPT looking at how victims' rights __________. a. come at the expense of the criminal b. come at the expense of the criminal justice system c. come at the expense of either the criminal or the justice system, depending on how those rights are expressed d. for one group of victims come at the expense of other groups of victims

d. for one group of victims come at the expense of other groups of victims

In 2014, the number of Americans who were the victim of identity theft was __________. a. just over 17,000 b. just over 170,000 c. just over 1,700,000 d. just over 17,000,000

d. just over 17,000,000

Each of the following statements pertains to the notion of shared responsibility EXCEPT that it __________. a. allows for a more complete explanation of why a crime occurred b. was a perspective first utilized by the criminologists drawn to the study of victims c. assumes that victims did not do what was necessary to protect themselves from the harm d. places the blame for a crime equally across all offenders when there are two or more present

d. places the blame for a crime equally across all offenders when there are two or more present

During the colonial era, victim-oriented justice prevailed. Characteristics of this type of justice can be found in each of the following statements EXCEPT __________. a. victims would conduct their own investigations b. victims would pay for warrants to have sheriffs make arrests c. convicted offenders would be forced to repay the victim up to three times the worth of the goods they stole or damaged d. police officers would consult with the victim concerning whether the offender should be arrested or just removed from the scene

d. police officers would consult with the victim concerning whether the offender should be arrested or just removed from the scene

As an interdisciplinary field, victimology draws from a number of different areas of study. Which area of study would be most likely to ask, "What kinds of therapeutic interventions would best help rape victims to cope and recover from the assault?" a. Economics b. Anthropology c. Law d. Psychology

d. psychology

The FBI is converting the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data collection format to a National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Significant changes in the UCR include the following EXCEPT __________. a. the abandonment of the hierarchy rule b. expanded coverage of additional illegal activities c. making a distinction between attempted and completed criminal acts d. the collection of victim-oriented data for all criminal offenses

d. the collection of victim-oriented data for all criminal offenses

Historically, prosecuting attorneys have been cautious about pursuing cases of intimate partner violence for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________. a. many women would change their mind about prosecuting the abuser b. conviction rates in cases of intimate partner violence were low c. the belief that intimate partner violent cases are private matters that should be resolved elsewhere d. the prosecuting attorney supported the no-drop approach

d. the prosecuting attorney supported the no-drop approach

Studies have shown that jurors are more likely to convict the defendant when __________. a. they are serving on a jury of their peers b. the defense attorney was more successful during the process of voir dire c. the victim behaves in a restrained manner during the trial d. they are a former victim

d. they are a former victim

The rediscovery campaign waged since the 1980s by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has been identified as one of the most effective. All of the following actions by the group have led to their success EXCEPT __________. a. using a wide range of tactics to mobilize public support b. having a presence in a wide range of locations where victims and their families may need information about services and programs that are available c. lobbying for changes in legislation to crackdown on the behaviors of driving under the influence and driving while intoxicated d. working with media outlets to show how drunk drivers are bad people

d. working with media outlets to show how drunk drivers are bad people