CSC 2300 EXAM 1 & 2 RECAP

This RAID level only provides redundancy and does not provide additional error correction beyond that found in a single disk drive. Its main intent is to provide backup should one drive fail. A - RAID 0 B - RAID 1 C - RAID 3 D - RAID 5 (SELECT ONE)

B - RAID 1

What makes current flow through a transistor?

Base

What is a "Benchmark Program"?

Benchmark Program - A set of programs used to test performance of a program or subsystem

A ___ is a set of connections or wires that interconnect computer components. (FILL IN BLANK)

Bus

This term is used to designate the number of lines interconnecting devices or components within a computer system.

Bus Width

Flash drives like thumb drives or flash (virtual) hard drives on netbook computers are programmed using a "high" voltage level of A - 3.9 Volts B - 5 Volts C - 12 Volts D - 120 Volts (SELECT ONE)

C - 12 Volts

What is "cache hit ratio"?

Cache Hit Ratio - is the percentage of time that sought words or blocks are available in the cache.

What type of signal clocks a CPU & the system?

Clock Signal

What are the inputs and outputs of a transistor?

Collector & Emitter

How do you convert a decimal number into octal?

Convert the decimal to binary first, then group by 3 starting from least significant. REMEBER! The largest octal number you can have in a group of 3 is 7! EX - Octal of "30" = 36

How do you convert a decimal number into hexadecimal?

Convert the decimal to binary first, then group by 4 starting from least significant, and use either numbers or letters depending on how big it is. EX - Hexadecimal of "30" = 1E

In a five stage pipeline, an Operand can be fetched from A - Memory B - Hard Disk Drive C - Cache D - All of the above (SELECT ONE)

D - All of the above

This RAID level, commonly used in Web, Database, E-Mail, and Transaction Servers, uses parity striped across all disk. A - RAID 0 B - RAID 1 C - RAID 3 D - RAID 5 (SELECT ONE)

D - RAID 5

What does DMA stand for?

Direct Memory Access

A hard disk drive spins at a constant rate. This means that it is spinning with constant linear velocity. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE

Virtual Machines usually present programming opportunities in lower level languages. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE

Parity bits provided error correction code where Hamming Code provides error detection. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE - (Other way around) Parity bits provides error detection while Hamming code provides error correction code.

Where CD's record data in a spiral fashion, DVD's record data on concentric circles like hard disk drives to achieve higher capacity. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE - CD's and DVD's both record data in a spiral fashion. ONLY Hard Disk Drives use concentric disk!

Although cache is slower than internal registers, it is more expensive. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE - If it was more expensive but slower then why would we pay for it?

Where a CD's track are organized in concentric circles, fixed disk tracks are organized in a spiral fashion. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE - OTHER WAY AROUND! CD = spiral fashion Fixed Disk Tracks = concentric circles.

Hardware and Software are not logically equivalent. TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE - They are logically equivalent!

The sequences of steps commonly executed (with some variations) on all computers are "FETCH-ENCODE-EXECUTE". TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE - its actually "FETCH-DECODE-EXECUTE"

How do you get the 1's compliment of a binary number?

FLIP THE BITS - EX. 1010 = 0101

How do you get the 2's compliment of a binary number?

FLIP THE BITS, AND ADD 1 Bit. EX. 1010 = 0110

__ Is a modulation technique where the (0 or 1) data is determined by the rate at which the signal or voltage is received. (FIB)

FM Frequency Modulation

SSD uses what kind of memory?

Flash based memory

Using binary arithmetic with one bit, what is 1 + 1 = ?

0 (zero) - remember, represent the evaluation with "ONE" bit.

What 3 leads are used on a transistor?

1. Base 2. Collector 3. Emiiter

Can you list 3 types of cache?

1. Direct Mapping 2. Associative Mapping 3. Set Associative Mapping

List 4 replacement Cache Algorithms

1. FIFO - First In First Out 2. LRU - Least Recently Used 3. Random 4. LFU - Least Frequently Used

Can you list some basic approaches for increasing speed of execution?

1. Reduce # of clock cycles needed to execute an instruction 2. simplify organization so that clock cycle can be shorter. 3. Overlap Execution of instructions. 4. Increase Clock speed.

Difference between Synchronous busses and Asynchronous busses?

1. Synchronous busses are clocked and are confined to specific time intervals for reading, writing, controlling, etc. 2. Asynchronous busses are event-driven and are much more versatile when a component capabilities increase in frequency or capacity.

How many transistors are in a D- LATCH and what is it?

15 transistors and a D-LATCH is a binary storage device.

How many address lines does it take to directly address 1K of RAM?

2^10 2^10 = 1024 bits, therefor 1K (1000) < 1024

How many address lines does it take to directly address 4G of RAM?

2^32

How many bits does it take to address 4GB?

30 bits

How many bits does it take to address 16 bytes?

4 bits

What is a bounceless switch?

A "Bounceless Switch" is a circuit that helps keep a switch from creating more than one "on/off" (chatter) when controlling a circuit.

This RAID level provides no redundancy nor additional error correction beyond that found in a single disk drive. its sole intent is to increase throughput for large blocks of data. A - RAID 0 B - RAID 1 C - RAID 3 D - RAID 5 (SELECT ONE)

A - RAID 0

Whats the difference between AM and FM?

AM - Is the measure of amplitude or strength of wavelengths are. (KHz) FM - Is the measure of frequency or how quick wavelengths are. (MHz)

__ Is a modulation technique where the (0 or 1) data is determined by the height or intensity of the signal or voltage. (FIB)

AM Amplitude Modulation

What company makes many of the of the RISC CPU's for smartphones and digital cameras with its RISC architecture? (FIB)

ARM

Where are ARM processors commonly used?

ARM processors are primarily used in mobile phones, tablets, cameras, etc.

When you press a key on a keyboard or print a character in a program, the character being transmitted or received is part of the _____ character set. (FIB)

ASCII

What company makes many of the of the RISC CPU's used in embedded controllers like in washing machines, microwaves, cars, and digital clocks? (FIB)

AVR

Where are AVR processors commonly used?

AVR processors are primarily used in small embedded controllers like washing machines, microwaves, cars, digital clocks.

So how do we minimize the "path length?"

Add a degree of parallelism by adding latches (buffers)... This creates the ability to add rudimentary pipelining.

Difference between Data Bus & Address Bus

Address Bus - Address bus is a part of the computer system bus that is dedicated for specifying a physical address. Data Bus - A data bus simply carries data.

A SIMD instruction is an example of an instruction that might be included with a CISC instruction set. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

ARM is an acronym for the company Advanced RISC Machines and its processors are commonly found in smartphones and tablet computers. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Because personal computers are so powerful today, they can easily be converted to servers by adding additional processors and faster disk and I/O subsystems. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Caches is fast and expensive memory that speeds up fetching data and instructions from main memory. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a integrated circuit will double approximately every 18 months. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

No matter how disk drives in a RAID array are configured, they look like a single drive to an operating system. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Operating Systems such as UNIX or Linux are computer resource managers that can be used to create a great environment for web servers. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Optical Drives like CD's and DVD's record data by distorting a reflective surface. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

RISC is an acronym for Reduced Integration Set Computing. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Superscalar computer architecture is one where it combines pipelining instructions with some degree or level of parallelism in the pipeline or execution. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

The Intel x86 line of computers use Little Endian byte ordering. TRUE OF FALSE?

TRUE

Thinking of platters on a fixed disk drive, a sector is one physical section on a track. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

Thinking of the memory hierarchy pyramid, the top of that pyramid consists of expensive, fast registers that the CPU can directly address in instructions. TRUE OR FALSE?

TRUE

2^40 = ? Name?

Terabyte

Linear speed is the measure of speed where?

The measure of speed at the edge of a disk.

Angular speed is the measure of speed where?

The measure of the speed at which the central angle swept out by the object changes as the object moves around the circle.

What kind of a device is used to clock a CPU?

crystal oscillator

Did you know this?

n-way set associative mapping does not relate to levels of cache.

Getting operands from different areas within a computer is known as _____?

operand fetching

Error detection can be found using ______ bits? (FIB)

parity

What is Little Endian?

the process by which the byte containing the least significant bit is stored first.

What is Big Endian?

the process by which the byte containing the most significant bit is stored first.

What is a modem used for?

transferring data via telephone line, cable, or satellite connection.

What does "PC" stand for?

PC - Program Counter

The ___ is the most common bus used in PC's (and the same set of control signals and data paths in notebooks) currently used. (FILL IN BLANK)

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

What is Path Length?

Path Length - The number of clock cycles needed to execute a set of operations.

2^-40 = ? Name?

Pico

What registers did the Von Neumann architecture use?

RAM (Random Access Memory)

2^20 = ? Name?

Megabyte

2^-20 = ? Name?

Micro

Where is cache implemented and controlled?

Micro architecture Level

What set of instructions are closes to the CPU?

Micro instructions

2^-10 = ? Name?

Milli

A _____ is a device that transmits and receives data as it modulates and demodulates that data into a transmittable signal. (FIB)

Modem

What does modem stand for?

Modulator Demodulater

Will we ever hit 100% cache hit ratio?

NO!

2^-30 = ? Name?

Nano

What is a computer family?

A category of computers with the same design and microprocessors that are compatible with each other. (This is known also backwards compatibilty)

What is a "Data Path"?

A data path is a collection of functional units (such as arithmetic logic units or multipliers, that perform data processing operations), registers, and buses. Along with the control unit it composes the central processing unit (CPU). "HEART OF ANY COMPUTER"

2^30 = ? Name?

Gigabyte

R. W. Hamming made an ECC that is used to detect and correct bit errors that occur when data is transferred or stored. What is the name of his code?

Hamming Code

Frequency is measured in ____? (FIB)

Hertz (Hz)

What does "IFU" stand for?

IFU - Instruction Fetch Unit

What are Intel processors commonly used?

Intel proccesors are primarily used in computers. (Intel is CISC)

2^10 = ? Name?

Kilobyte

What does "MAR" stand for?

MAR- Memory Address Register

What does "MIR" stand for?

MIR- Micro instruction Register

What does "MMU" stand for?

MMU - Memory Management Unit

What does "MPC" stand for?

MPC - Micro Program Counter

What is an Operating System?

The OS is what controls the computer, the programs, and memories. (Computer's Resource Manager)

Why is DECAY important here?

The capacitors that store the "1's" or "0's" need to be refreshed periodically.

KEY POINT ON SET-ASSOCIATIVE MAPPING

Use Set-Associative Mapping to minimize the searches required to determine if a memory block is available in cache